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Hinds*  Farriery  and  Stud  Book — Neiv  Edition. 

FARRIERY, 

TAUGHT  ON  A  NEW  AND  EASY  PLAN; 
BEING  A  TREATISE  ON  THE 

DISEASES  AND  ACCIDENTS  OF  THE  HORSE; 

WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS  TO  THE  SH0EING-S5IITH,  FARRIER.  AND  GROOM. 

PRECEDED    BY 

A  POPULAR  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ANIMAL  FUNCTIONS  IN  HEALTH, 
AND  HOW  THESE  ARE  TO  BE  RESTORED  WHEN  DISORDERED. 


BY   JOHN    HINDS, 

VETERINARY  SURGEON. 


WITH  CONSIDERABLE  ADDITIONS  AND  IMPROVEMENTS,  PAR- 
TICULARLY ADAPTED  TO  THIS  COUNTRY. 

BY  THOMAS  M.  SMITH, 

Veterinary  Surgeon,  and  Member  of  the  London  Veterinary  Medical  Society. 

WITH  A  SUPPLEMENT; 

COMPRISING 

AN  ESSAY  ON  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS,  ESPECIALLY  THE  HORSE, 

WITH  REMARKS  ON  TREATMENT  AND  BREEDING; 

TOGETHER  WITH 

TROTTING  AND  RACING-  TABLES, 

SHOWING 

rHE  BEST  TIME  ON  RECORD,  AT  ONE,  TWO,  THREE,  AND  FOUR  MILE  HEATS  ; 

PEDIGREES  OF  WINNING  HORSES,  SINCE  1839 ;  AND  OF  THE 

MOST  CELEBRATED  STALLIONS  AND  MARES; 

WITH 

USEFUL  CALVING  AND  LAMBING  TABLES,  &c.  &c. 
BY  J.   S.  SKINNER, 

EUilor  now  of  ttie  Farmers'  Library,  New  York ;  Founder  of  tlie  American  Farmer,  in  1819 
aud  of  the  Turf  Reg:ister  and  Sporting  Mag:azine,  in  1829  :  being  the  first  Agricul- 
tural and  the  first  Sporting  Periodicals  established  in  the  United  Sta'es. 

PHILADELPHIA; 
J.    1^    L  I  P  P  I  N  0  OTT    &    CO. 

1807. 


Entered  according  to  the  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848,  by 

JOHN  GRIGG, 

m  the  clerk's  office  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States,  to 

and  for  the  eastern  district  of  Pennsylvania. 


PREFACE. 


Whatever  person  would  consult  these  pages  with  profit 
s.jould  previously  read  the  first  book  with  care  ;  for  in  it 
he  will  find  laid  down  the  principles  upon  which  all  the 
subsequent  details  are  founded,  how  the  process  of  nature 
is  carried  on  in  health,  and  the  cure  is  to  be  effected  in 
every  species  of  derangement.  Indeed,  he  should  study 
it  hard,  if  he  would  become  proficient  in  'Uhe  Art  of 
Farriery,"  and  not  rely  implicitly  upon  other  people's  pre- 
scriptions for  the  cure  of  any  alleged  disorder,  which  have 
been  composed  for  the  most  part  witiiout  any  such  prepa- 
ration. 

From  this  neglect,  also,  symptoms  of  one  disorder  are 
conlounded  with  those  of  another,  when  the  proposed  reme- 
dies can  not  possibly  eti'ect  the  cure.  If  he  be  imbued  with 
the  proper  thirst  after  knowledge,  be  his  station  in  life 
about  the  horse  what  it  may,  he  had  best  to  comply  with 
the  advice  strenuously  urged  at  the  very  outset,  to  examine 
the  iniernal  parts  of  dead  horses,  as  often  as  opportunity 
presents  itselt,  which,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  large  towns 
and  hunts  is  frequent  enough.  For  this  is  the  manner  m 
which  i  was  myself  mainly  instructed;  as  well  as  by  noting 
down  wnatever  then  appears  worthy  of  observation,  con- 
nected wiT.n  the  previous  disease  of  the  deceased  subject. 

Such  was  my  manner  of  proceeding  for  several  years. 
And  next  about  the  present  volume,  how  I  came  to  write 
it.,  and  what  were  my  views  in  the  manner  of  executing 
the  task  that  was  rather  imposed  upon  me  by  the  booksel- 
lers than  sought  after  by  me;  and  which  was,  in  efl'ect,  oc- 
casioned by  the  nature  and  quantity  of  veterinary  facts  and 
observations  I  had  a  long  time  been  in  thehaoit  of  heaping 
together.  But  I  had  already  been  an  author  nearly  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century,  having  partly  translated  the  manual  of  La 
I* 


iV  PREFACE. 

Fosse,  at  the  request  of  another  bookseller,  Mr.  Badcock, 
of  Paternoster-row.  I  claim  no  credit  for  that  performance, 
and  have  already  stated  my  present  opinion  of  its  degree 
of  usefulness,  atpao;es  133  and  135.  Proceeding  with  my 
*'  literary  history,"  I  may  here  add,  that  a  few  communi- 
cations in  the  (old)  Sporting;  Magazines,*  to  the  Monthly 
Magazine,!  to  the  Weekly  Dispatch  newspaper,  and  other 
such  publications,  on  topics  connected  with  animal  medi- 
cine, preceded  the  essays  on  the  structure  of  the  horse, 
which  comprise  the  first  book  of  this  volume,  and  found 
place  in  a  newer  and  much  more  brilliant  publication.  An 
accumulation  of  materials  for  these  pages  lay  by  me,  with  a 
i.itent  hope  of  publication,  when  the  mammon  of  a  '^  ten 
pound  prize,"  for  their  insertion  in  the  Annals  of  Sport- 
ing, and  some  cheering  commendations  that  attended  the 
appearance  of  those  essays,  from  time  to  time,  induced  me 
to  finish  the  design  of  a  complete  pocket  manual  for  owners, 
grooms  and  aspirants  after  the  knowledge  of  horse-medi- 
cine, of  every  degree. 

Like  all  other  practitioners  of  the  old  school,  or  rathei 
no  school,  my  late  father  had  long  amassed  together  and 
preserved,  in  an  immense  and  shapeless  volume,  entitled 
his  ''  Receipts,"  all  the  alleged  remedies  recommended  as 
eligible  and  found  good  in  every  variety  of  case:  I  believe 
lie  may  have  tried  the  efficacy  of  each,  though  I  am  now 
tolerably  well  convinced  that  some  must  have  failed  of  com- 
plete success.  Yet  was  the  manuscript  preserved  like  a 
family  treasure;  and  destined  to  fill  my  pockets  at  some  dis- 
tant day,  its  contents  were  secluded  from  vulgar  eyes, 
though  it  contained  notliing  but  prescriptions.  As  usual 
with  all  similar  accumulations,  the  proper  remedies  were 
therein  stated,  without  a  word  as  to  symptoms  or  those 
anomalous  cases  that  frequently  baffle  the  utmost  vskill,  for 
tlie  practice  of  medicine  in  any  of  its  departments  is  but  an 
imperfect  science,  even  when  we  can  ascertain  the  precise 
ailment  under  which  the  patient  labours.  This  necessary 
preliminary  is  not  always  possible  in  veterinary  practice 
wp  are  more  frequently  baffled  than  assisted  in  our  inqui- 
ries.    Notwithstanding  all  this,    my  revered  parent  sus- 

*  For  Nov':ml:)er  and  December,  1820,  on  "  Fever  in  the  foot,"  in  refuta- 
Uon  of  Mr.  Cherry,  in  which  was  described  the  successful  treatment  of  a  na* 
t»elonging  to  Mr.  Bowley  of  Covent  Garden. 

t  January,  1821,  &c. 


PREFACE. 


tained  a  high  character  for  successful  practice;  his  close  ob- 
serv^ition  of  the  symptoms  and  attention  to  the  operation 
of  his  physic,  supplying  the  want  of  a  *'  regular  education," 
which  no  one  farrier  could  at  that  time  iDoast  of:  indeed, 
few  of  them  could  even  copy  their  own   receipts,  which 


they  preferred  to  carry  in  their  memory.  At  a  very  early 
period  I  endeavoured  to  repair  this  apparent  defect  by 
study;  with  what  success  the  reader  may  judge,  and  I  will 


endeavour  in  the  next  pages  to  make  him  comprehend  how 
my  task  has  been  executed. 

The  reputation  of  our  name  induced  the  bookseller  just 
named  to  ask  my  father's  opinion  and  mine  (among  others), 
of  a  certain  manuscript  beheld  in  his  hand,  which  upon  in- 
spection turned  out  to  be  a  treatise  on  the  rationale  of  horse- 
medicine,  with  very  plain  directions  for  ascertaining  the 
true  symptoms  of  dieases  before  attempting  to  apply  any 
remedy,  howcA^er  estimable.  As  the  expositions  of  the 
writer  agreed  mainly  with  our  own  ideas,  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  withhold  approbation.  Finally,  Mr.  Badcock  also 
consulted  with  W.  S.  Rickword,  of  Moor-lane,  and  other 
veterinary  surgeons  of  the  college,  and  resolved  upon  the 
spirited  publication  of  his  new  purchase,  notwithstanding 
he  had  received  the  uncheering  disapproval  of  Bracy  Clark, 
of  Smithfield,  who  gave  for  answer  that  "no  one  could 
learn  the  treatment  of  horses'  diseases  from  printed  books.'' 
Yet  has  Bracy  Clark  since  then  printed  many  books.  The 
great  success  of  the  publication  alluded  to,  which  was  James 
White's  "  Com.pendium  of  the  Veterinary  Art,"  justified 
our  oj)inions  of  its  merits,  and  gratified  my  vanity  at  tlie 
early  share  I  took  in  its  promulgation,  and  the  revision  of 
many  passages  with  a  view  to  simplifying  the  terms  (in 
particular);  in  which  commendable  quality,  by  the  way, 
Mr.  White  is  not  deficient,  though,  in  other  respects,  a 
lapse  or  two  which  have  since  fallen  out,  come  unler  notice 
m  the  course  of  the  following  pages  (viz.  pp.  39,  83,  111, 
and  154).  No  man  can  be  perfect;  howfewamong  us  know 
every  thing  that  pertains  to  themselves. 

Even  at  this  moment  preceding  the  birth  of  my  volume, 
I  am  not  certain  but  1  may  be  found  similarly  tripping — to 
have  expressed  myself  obscurely,  when  1  fancied  my  Ian 
guii2;e  most  completely  understandable  by  the  meanest  capa- 
city; and  1  douht  thaf  my  familiar  style  may  frequently  ap- 
})oai  vulgar  to  more  polished  eyes  and  ears  than  mm  2.  But  I 


VI  PREFACE. 

take  credit  for  having  sedulously  avoided  the  use  of  technical 
plirases,  terms  of  science  and  learned  dissertation,  as  well 
as  the  crime  of  over-refinement  with  which  1  have  rebuked 
two  cotemporaries,  whose  laughable  sublimations  are  ideal- 
ized at  page  ibb. 

Candour  and  ability  for  the  task  are  not  always  found 
combined  with  willingness,  even  among  our  best  friends,  to 
amend  certain  slips  of  the  pen,  or  to  curtail  such  exuber- 
ances as  the  more  animated  writers  are  liable  to  fall  into; 
and  I  am  free  to  aver,  that  the  friendly  assistance  I  have 
obtained  in  this  respect,  the  nature  of  which  may  be  infer- 
red from  the  note  at  bottom  of  page  50,  has  not  always  se 
conded  my  plain  meaning,  nor  adequately  fulfilled  m}^  wish 
es,  though  1  am  grateful  for  these  and  every  act  of  kindness 
After  all  my  care,  repetitions  have  crept  in,  and  owing  to 
the  length  of  time  occupied  in  the  composition,  or  rather 
the  manner  in  which  the  various  particles  of  information 
were  collected  together,  and  digested  into  form,  great  va- 
riety of  style  may  be  discovered,  though  unity  of  purpose, 
and  the  desire  to  instruct^  pervades  every  page.  The  ar- 
rangement is  at  least  obvious;  the  principles  being  taught 
in  the  first  book,  the  details  of  practice  follow  in  natural 
order  in  the  second  and  third  books,  and  seem  to  arise  out 
of  the  preceding  "observations  on  the  animal  system  of  the 
horse,  as  regards  the  origin  of  constitutional  disorders." 
The  references  from  the  latter  chapters  to  the  former,  ope- 
rate as  exercises  with  those  students  who  may  have  neglect- 
ed to  acquire  and  retain  sufficient  intimacy  with  the  prin- 
ciples laid  down  in  the  pages  so  referred  to. 

The  diseases  of  brute  animals  are  few  and  simple,  and 
easily  cured  when  the  symptoms  can  be  distinctly  traced  up 
to  their  causes;  for  the  remedy  then  consists  in  little  more 
than  putting  the  animal  upon  a  direct  contrary  course  to 
that  which  brought  on  the  disorder  (though  not  too  rudely), 
and  health  follows.  For  example,  heat,  inflammation,  fever, 
is  the  most  general  cause  of  constitutional  derangement  in 
the  horse:  in  a  state  of  nature,  he  seeks  out  and  employs 
the  remedy  himself;  when  domesticated  and  pampered,  or 
at  least  denied  the  use  of  green  food,  we  judiciously  set 
about  reducing  the  licat  by  cooling  medicines  and  factitious 
regimen,  and  the  fever  subsides.  Again,  hard  work  occa 
Rions  lameness,  rest  restores  the  feet  to  their  wonted  state 


PREFACE.  VII 

m  incipient  attacks,  topical  applications  effect  the  remain- 
der in  Dad  cases. 

For  the  same  reasons  few  medicines  are  necessary  in  ve- 
terinary practice,  but  certain  modifications  of  these  add  to 
their  efficacy  in  particular  cases;  though  the  school  in  which 
I  was  first  initiated,  as  well  as  the  modern  writers,  White, 
and  the  Lawrences,  quite  overwhelm  their  readers  with 
the  quantity  and  apparent  contrariety  of  their  prescriptions, 
that  frequently  possess  no  essential  variation  from  others 
that  may  be  applicable  to  a  whole  series  of  disorders. 

Under  such  circumstances,  I  have  been  extremely  chary 
of  puzzling  the  reader  by  merely  altering  the  vehicle  when 
the  active  material  of  the  prescription  had  been  already 
compounded  for  a  similar  disorder;  therefore  1  have  avoid- 
ed repetition  of  such  (mostly  purgatives)  by  referring  the 
reader  to  the  page  where  these  may  be  found.  Notwith- 
standing the  apparent  difficulty  of  this  mode,  yet  has  it  cer- 
tain advantages  that  outweigh  the  trouble,  and  compensate 
for  the  moments  thus  expended.  During  my  noviciate, 
and  long  intercourse  with  persons  employed  about  the  horse^ 
in  almost  every  capacity,  I  noticed  that  all  those  who  con- 
sulted the  books  respecting  any  actual  disorder,  did  little 
more  than  turn  to  the  prescription  which  was  recommend- 
ed in  their  particular  case,  and  it  was  made  up  and  given  to 
the  animal  without  once  more  reading  over  and  comparing 
*'the  symptoms,"  and  notwithstanding  they  already  had 
the  same  medicine  upon  the  shelf.  By  this  blind  manner 
of  proceeding,  they  did  but  adhere  more  closely  to  the  old 
system  of  their  *'book  of  receipts,"  to  the  entire  neglect  of 
the  anomalous  symptoms,  and  risked  the  mistaking  of  one 
disease  for  another,  in  many  cases.  To  compel  the  inquirer 
to  study  his  case  before  he  applies  the  remedy,  1  at  one 
time  thought  of  adopting  the  method  of  La  Fosse,  and 
others,  who  have  thrown  their  prescriptions  all  together, 
and  referred  to  each  numerically;  but,  after  due  considera- 
tion, I  adopted  the  middle  course,  and  simply  avoided  re- 
petition in  this  respect,  as  that  which  best  suited  with  my 
views  of  instruction.  In  some  cases,  the  remedy  is  men- 
tioned in  general  terms  only;  for  example,  at  page  170,  1 
said,  <' blistering  ointment  may  beapplied,"  &c.  The  read 
er  will  of  course,  in  this  and  all  similar  cases,  consult  the 
Index;  and  under  ''Blistering,"  he  will  find  himself  ref^^.r 
red  to  page  76. 


VJU  PREFACE. 

Throughout  the  volume,  though  I  naturally  evaded  all 
r-ontroversy,  yet  in  a  few  instances  it  seemed  necessary  to 
advert  to  certain  existing  errors  and  authorized  mistakes; 
to  disabuse  the  public  mind,  to  negative  the  mischiefs  these 
were  calculated  to  spread  of  themselves,  and  to  assure  the 
reader  that  I  was  not  wholly  unmindful  of  the  dissonance 
of  opinion  betwixt  the  authors  mentioned  and  myself.  To 
the  **  Annals  of  Sporting,"  a  monthly  publication  much 
devoted  to  the  natural  history  of  animals,  I  have  frequent- 
ly referred,  and  often  quoted;  because  in  the  course  of  its 
earlier  volumes  many  desirable  facts,  some  good  and  useful 
hints,  and  valuable  suggestions,  appeared  from  time  to  time; 
some  new  opinions  and  statements  were  started,  and  met 
with  repulse,  or  were  more  securely  placed  upon  their  pro- 
per bases.  *  In  these  respects  a  favourite  project,  first  com- 
municated to  me  by  Mr.  Badcock  in  1802,  and  partially 
acted  upon,t  was  therein  realized,  viz.  of  collecting  together 
the  scattered  opinions,  remarkable  cases,  and  fugitive  sug- 
gestions that  should  occur  to  various  isolated  practitioners 
throuo;hout  the  kingdom,  in  the  same  manner  as  had  long 
effected  so  much  progressive  good  for  human  medicine.  He 
had  engaged  me  and  Mr.  Rickword  to  assist  him  in  this 
undertaking,  and  w^rote  to  Mr.  White  and  others  for  their 
contributions;  but  it  failed  at  that  period,  like  many  other 
projects  of  a  similar  nature;  and  I  observe  that  the  last- 
named  gentleman,  in  every  successive  edition  of  his  "Com- 
pendium," constantly  inserts  his  correspondents'  letters  on 
various  topics  at  length,  though  it  was  clear  to  me  that  dis- 

*  In  that  useful  publication  ordinary  passing  events  are  recorded  monthly, 
under  the  head  of  "Horse  Intelligence,"  with  brief  comments,  accompanied 
at  intervals  with  exhortations  to  veterinarians  to  contribute  their  experiences 
lo  the  same  stock.  In  one  instance,  a  vivid  appeal,  in  the  number  for  Sep- 
tember, 1824,  page  191,  produced  several  valuable  communications  concern- 
ing hydrophobia,  that  are  embodied  in  the  present  work,  and  acknowledged 
at  page  l()2-3.  The  intelligent  papers  of  Mr,  Perry,  of  Svvafl'ham,  and 
others,  also  owe  their  origin  to  the  same  stimulus  to  publicity  and  the  desire 
to  establish  a  name  for  ingenuity  in  their  profession  to  the  writers. 

1  1  took  occasion  to  advert  to  that  project  in  my  preface  to  La  Fosse's  Pock- 
et Manual,  and  to  lament  that  "the  want  of  a  more  liberal  practice  is  felt  as 
an  insuperable  bar  to  iinjirovement  in  the  art  of  farriery,  which  would  behest 
served  by  communications  of  the  discoveries  made,  and  the  mode  of  treatment 
most  successfully  followed  by  various  practitioners.  This  it  is  which  of  late 
years  has  done,  and  is  still  doing,  so  much  for  other  branchesof  medicine,  and 
which,  for  the  sake  of  humanity,  it  is  devoutly  to  be  wished  could  be  extended 
•X)  this  branch  also."     Pacje  vi. 


PREFACE.  1\ 

cussions  like  these  rather  belong  to  periodical  publications, 
such  as  the  ^^  Annals"  professes  to  be  (where  they  admit  of 
refutation),  than  to  a  *' Compendium."  For  my  part,  1 
was  early  induced  to  enter  into  the  spirit  of  those  periodi- 
cal investigations,  and  the  inquiries  set  on  foot  in  that  work, 
and  occasionally  to  furnish  the  materials  for  an  article,  or 
the  argument  in  point  for  a  controverted  doctrine,  or  dis- 
puted *'  improvement."  An  offer  of  two  premiums  of  ten 
and  live  pounds  for  the  best  and  second  best  of  an  *^  Essay 
on  the  Structure  of  the  Horse,"  had  first  induced  me  to  la- 
bour in  the  pages  of  the  Annals.  The  award  of  the  highest 
premium  to  my  paper*  encouraged  me  to  hearken  to  pro- 
posals for  its  enlargement,  and  the  present  volume  is  the 
result,  t 

The  volume  has  been  a  long  time  at  press,  and  in  October 
last  was  fully  announced  by  advertisement.  The  author 
could  not,  therefore,  satisfactorily  account  why  his  title 
was  adopted  by  another  in  the  month  of  April  of  the  pre- 
sent year 

*  Divided  into  magazir.e-like  portions,  and  inserted  as  convenience  offered 
in  many  successive  numbers  of  the  Annals  of  Sporting,  for  the  years  1822, 
3,  4,  5. 

tThe  second  premium  vi^as  followed  by  the  like  result:  the  writer  of  it, 
Mr.  Percivall,  (1  presume)  having  since  then  pubhshed  his  volume  on  the 

Principles  of  the  Veterinary  Art."  The  utility  of  such  periodical  worka 
that  devote  their  pages  to  the  promotion  of  useful  arts,  is  thus  manifest  in  the 
fact  that  to  those  premiums  the  public  owe  two  volumes  at  least  on  animal 
medicine. 

London,  July,  1827. 


IXTRODUCTIOW. 


As  the  value  of  the  Horse  is  daily  beeoming  more  mani 
fes%  it  is  presumdd  that  any  attempt  to  reduce  mto  a  sys- 
tem, the  art  of  preservmg  it  in  health  and  of  removing  dis- 
eases will  not  be  unacceptable. 

It  is  certain  that  at  no  period  in  the  history  of  this  coun- 
try, has  the  horse  stood  so  high  in  general  estimation,  or 
by  the  display  of  his  various  powers,  rendered  himself  an 
object  more  worthy  of  our  consideration. 

As  greater  attention  is  now  paid  to  the  breeding  of  horses 
ior  theditferent  purposes  of  the  turf,  the  road,  &c. ;  so  should 
our  anxiety  for  their  preservation  increase. 

The  object  of  this  publication,  is  to  render  as  plain  and  fa- 
miliar as  possible,  a  subject  that  has  for  a  length  of  tunc 
remained  in  obscurity:  the  want  of  a  work  possessing  prac- 
tical facts  and  illustrations,  has  long  been  severely  felt  and 
acknowledged. 

Under  this  conviction  I  am  induced  to  lend  my  aid,  in 
bringing  forth  the  present  volume,  with  such  alterations 
and  additions  as  an  extensive  practice  in  this  city  may 
warrant. 

To  remove  long  standing  prejudices,  I  am  aware  is  a  dif- 
ficult task;  still  1  venture  to  hope,  that  a  careful  perusal  of 
these  pages  will  excite  in  some  degree,  the  feelings  of  hu- 
manity, in  respect  to  the  many  sufferings  to  which  the 
generous  animal  is  frequently  hable  from  unmerited  cruel- 
ty and  injudicious  treatment,  and  that  mankind  may  be  in- 
duced to  view  his  sufferings  with  an  eye  of  sympathy  and 
tenderness,  and  have  recourse  to  a  rational  mode  of  prac- 
tice, when  accident  or  disease  may  require  it. 

1  am  not  aware  of  any  publication  having  issued  from  the 
2 


XU  INTRODUCTION 

press  in  this  country,  in  which  the  Veterinary  Science,  or 
Art  of  Farriery,  has  been  laid  down  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  be  clearly  understood;  the  present  work  is  so  familiar 
in  its  composition,  as  to  render  it  at  once  interesting  and 
intelligible  to  every  one  who  may  think  proper  to  peruse 
it. 

To  such  persons  who  are  removed  at  a  distance  from  those 
places  where  the  assistance  of  a  farrier  can  be  had,  in  cases 
of  emergency  this  work  must  prove  highly  useful,  as  such 
rules  for  the  discovery  of  disease,  and  such  a  plan  of  treat- 
ment is  recommended,  as,  if  judiciously  followed,  will  res- 
cue from  the  danger  of  blind  experiment,  the  noblest  and 
nciost  valuable  quadruped  in  creation. 

THOMAS  MOORE  SMITH. 

VETERINARY  SURGEON 
Philadelphia  February  I   1830. 


CONTEXTS. 


BOOK  L 

Page 
The  Origin  and  Seats  of  various  Diseases  in  the  Horse  explainedf 
with  a  view  to  their  Cure  or  Mitigation, 

Introduction.     The  necessity  and  advantages  of  veterinary  know- 
ledge, and  the  means  of  acquiring  it,  as  regards  prevention  and  cure  1 
Explanation  and  practical  use  of  the  skeleton    -----          4 

Cu;*PTER  I.  External  formation  or  structure  of  the  horse,  and  the  dis- 
orders originating  therein      --------  5 

Chapter  ii.  Concerning  the  horse's  inside,  of  its  conformation,  the 
fvinctions  of  the  organs  of  lifp,  and  the  diseases  to  which  each  is  lia- 
ble ;  together  with  outlines  of  the  principles  upon  which  the  cure  is 
to  be  effected -----21 

Chapter  hi.  General  observations  on  the  animal  system  of  the 
horse,  with  reference  to  the  origin  of  constitutional  diseases:  recapitu- 
lation and  further  development  of  veterinary  practice,  upon  the  prin- 
ciples before  laid  down  --------54 

BOOK  II. 

The  Causes  and  Symptoms  of  various  Bodily  Diseases  incident  to  the 
Horse  ;  with  the  most  approved  Remedies  in  every  Case. 

Chapter  I.     Of  internal  diseases  ------        59 

Chapter  H.     Of  external  disorders — abscess  and  tumours         -        -       11 

Chapter  m.  External  disorders — purulent  tumours,  diseases  of  the 
glands  -         -  ....  .        -        -       129 

BOOK  III. 

Of  the  Ijcg  and  Foot  of  the  Horse  ;  or,  Shoeing-smitk's  Guide. 

Chapter  i  .     Structure  and  physiology  of  the  foot ;  mode  of  studying 

rt  advantageously  -         -         -         .  .         ,         -         .       Ifir* 


XIV  CONTENTS. 

Chai'Tkr  II.     Disorders  of  the  foot  and  leg      -----  170 

Chapter  111.     Shoeing  --------  17i 

Chapter  iv.     Diseases  of  the  foot  --..--  188 

Chapter  V.     Of  strains  generally  ---.---  194 

On  A.cute  Founder         .-------.  209 


PLATES. 

I.  Skeleton  of  a  horse  -  -  Frontispiece. 
aS  and  3.  Anatomy  of  the  ioot  -  •  1G9 
Terms  used COI 


FARRIERY 

TAUGHT 

OJS  AN  IMPROVED  PLAN 


BOOK  I. 


niE  ORIGIN  AND  SEATS  OF  VARIOUS  DISEASES  IN  THE  HORSE  EXPLAINED, 
WITH  A  VIEW  TO  THEIR  CURE  OR  MITIGATION. 

Introduction. —  The  necessity  and  advantages  of  veterinary  knowledge^ 
and  the  mearis  of  acquiring  it,  as  regards  prevention  and  cure. 

Ai.THOPGH  it  can  not  be  denied,  that  "'tis  better,  in  a  humane  point  of  view, 
to  prevent  diseases  than  to  cure  them ;  "  yet,  looking  at  the  fact  as  a  veterina 
rian,  without  forgetting  my  feelings  as  a  man,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say,  "this 
is  a  consummation  we  can  not  reasonably  hope  to  arrive  at,  whilst  the  horse  is 
compelled  to  exert  himself  to  the  utmost  of  his  power  for  our  daily  profit," 
whereby  he  acquires  a  constant  disposition  to  create  disorders.  Nor  would  I 
be  thought  to  maintain,  that  "preventives  ought  never  to  be  employed:" 
the  succeeding  pages  fully  disprove  such  a  conclusion.  I  merely  mean  to  in- 
culcate, that,  under  existing  circumstances,  they  can  not  be  resorted  to  gene- 
rail  v  :  and  this  1  say,  notwithstanding  it  will  be  found  I  have  here  noted  very 
manv  occasions,  when  rest,  alteratives  and  regimen,  might  be  often  substituted 
for  active  medicines,  more  economically,  (in  my  opinion,)  both  of  rime  and  ex- 
pense. The  hour  is  not  arrived,  however,  for  me  to  insist  too  strenuously 
upon  an  entirely  new  mode  of  treatment  of  the  horse  in  health  and  in  disease, 
since  that  course  would  appear  rather  too  theoretical  for  a  Treatise  designed 
to  be  wholly  practical. 

Those  are  the  reasons  which  have  induced  me  to  keep  in  view  the  readiest 
wav  of  enabling  the  sick  animal  to  return  to  his  work  again,  according  to  the 
long  beaten  track  of  my  practice ;  whilst  my  main  purpose  is  to  show,  by  an 
examination  of  his  powers-and  his  parts  (external  and  internal,)  that  a  mode- 
rate mode  of  treatment,  in  sickness  and  in  health,  would  be  not  only  more  hu- 
mane but  more  profitable,  as  preventive  of  many  of  those  evils  to  which  thou- 
sands of  horses  prematurely  fall  victims  every  year.  More  conducive,  also,  to 
H  profitable  result  to  their  labours  would  it  be  for  the  owners  of  horses,  instead 
of  studying  how  to  "  physic"  their  property,  were  they  to  put  themselves  in  a 
condition,  as  near  as  may  be,  for  rejecting,  with  some  degree  of  certainty,  not 
only  such  horses  as  are  offeretl  to  them  actually  diseased,  but  such  also  as,  by 
their  awkward  built  or  structure,  and  consequent  ill-formation  of  the  internal 
parts,  can  not  fail  to  possess  some  inherent  bad  quahty,  and  thereby  a  prone- 
t.ess  to  its  corresponding  affliction  to  the  end  of  their  days.  This  ou4>,ht  tc 
2* 


U  HOW  TO  PROCEED  UTTH  DISSECTION. 

constitute  every  horseman's  first  step  to  horse  knowledge,  whether  he  under- 
lake  it  as  an  owner  or  as  a  farrier,  the  latter  most  especially;  of  him  1  may 
justly  add,  thai  he  can  not  be  said  to  exercise  his  calling  honestly  as  he  ought, 
who  sullenly  neglects  to  learn  those  rudiments  of  art  and  practice  that  teach  a 
knowledge  of  the  animal  economy  and  the  functions  of  the  horse  in  particular. 
1  do  not  hesitate  to  insist  upon  the  examination  of  the  animal's  internal  parts, 
as  constituting  one  main  item  of  those  rudiments;  and  I  would  not  avoid  giving 
this  operation  the  proper  name  of  dissection,  but  that  I  fear  to  alarm  the  gene- 
ral reader  with  an  apparent  difficulty  where  none  exists  in  reality.  Hovv 
without  that  previous  knowledge,  durst  he  venture  to  pronounce  what  parti 
cular  ailment,  out  of  the  numerous  catalogue  that  pertain  to  the  horse,  his  pa 
lient  labours  under?  How  can  he  ascertain  the  degree,  or  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  attack,  so  as  to  know  when  it  may  be  increasing  in  malignity,  or  its 
virulence  is  expended?  Least  of  all  can  he  succeed  in  the  cure,  when  so  much 
uncertainty  hangs  about  his  means  of  discriminating  between  one  disorder  and 
another, — to  say  nothing  of  the  usually  attendant  ignorance  of  the  mode  in 
which  medicines  operate  upon  those  internal  parts  that  lie  concealed  from  his 
view,  but  upon  one  or  the  other  of  which  they  are,  nevertheless,  destined  power- 
fully to  act.  If  it  be  allowed,  that  no  two  horses  are  ever  aflected  exactly  alike 
an  those  disorders  that  depend  upon  the  secretions,  as  1  shall  show  at  the  end 
of  this  chapter,  how  is  it  possible  'hat  such  neglectful  men  could  ever  reduce 
the  symptoms  of  any  disorder,  without  reducing,  at  the  same  moment,  th« 
power  or  functions  of  the  part  upon  which  their  strange  and  ever-violent  mix 
tares  expend  their  force,  and  thus  entail  upon  the  animal  a  disposition  to  ac- 
quire some  other  disorder. 

Every  man  who  would  make  himself  proficient  in  the  knowledge  of  diseases 
should  open  his  own  dead  horses,  and  as  many  more  as  he  can  obtain  access 
to,  and  attentively  examine  the  state  of  the  stomach,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the 
heart,  kidneys,  and  bladder.  If  the  animal  be  recently  dead,  this  profitalile 
inquiry  will  be  far  from  disagreeable,  unless  the  cause  of  death  has  been  ol 
the  putrid  kind,  spoken  of  in  Book  II.  Chap.  1.  as  Typhous,  but  which  rarely 
happens.  In  the  pursuit  of  this  necessary  first  step  to  veterinary  knowledge, 
he  will  proceed  in  this  manner.  The  horse  being  on  its  back,  two  legs  on  the 
Kan)e  side  are  to  be  elevated  by  a  cord  passing  round  the  fetlock  of  each,  and 
fastened  to  a  nail  in  the  ceiling  or  elsewhere  aloft.  Then  with  a  sharp  knife, 
of  the  common  shoemakers'  kind,  he  will  draw  a  straight  cut  all  the  way  from 
the  first  rib  or  breast  bone,  at  the  intersection  of  O  with  21  in  the  picture,  to 
the  sheath,  or  thereabouts.  If  the  cut  be  not  too  deep,  the  skin  will  recede  a 
little,  and  expose  the  membrane ;  cutting  through  this  the  intestines  will  pro- 
trude, and  drive  forth  a  thin  expansive  membranous  sac,  apparently  unattacli- 
»h1,  being  designed  for  holding  the  guts,  and  preventing  friction.  This  soon 
'jursts,  and  the  blind  gut  (or  ccecum)^  described  at  section  48,  appears.  He 
will  slit  open  this  pouch,  and  examine  its  contents  before  he  quits  the  subject, 
probably ;  but  his  first  business  is  with  the  stomach,  which  is  depicted  in  tlie 
annexed  plate,  ds  situated  at  the  conjunction  of  IKL  with  the  figures  •2(i — 29. 
Herein  will  be  found  the  last  drench  that  sent  him  out  of  life,  or  the  last  food, 
that  gave  hopes  of  a  prolonged  existence ;  and  on  its  surface,  vulgarly  termed 
the  coats  of  the  stomach  (when  turned  inside  out),  may  be  discovered  the  havoc 
committed  by  the  farrier's  unskilfulness  :  according  to  the  strength  of  the  poi- 
sons so  administered,  will  the  coats  show  the  dilapidation,  or  at  times  a  nole 
will  have  been  perforated,  that  is  the  cause  of  instant  death. 

The  young  operator  will  keep  in  mind  what  is  said  of  those  parts  at  sec- 
tions 45,  46,  &c.,  if  he  do  not  turn  to  and  read  them  over  once  more  before  he 
takes  up  the  knife.  With  the  same  precaution  as  to  re-reading  section  52) 
Vc  he  will  proceed  to  examine  the  state  and  ai»pcarance  of  tht  liver  and  kiij 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  msiDE.  3 

neys.  The  description  of  these  will  be  found  at  sections  52  and  53  respective- 
ly ;  and  they  are  delineated  as  situated  in  the  picture,  the  liver  hetween  the 
parallels  of  J — N,  22 — 28,  and  the  kidneys  at  11,  29,  30.  Returning  forwards, 
the  operator  will  find  his  way  to  the  heart  and  lungs  obstructed  by  the  midriif, 
(see  })late  at  22  to  28,  ascending  slantwise  from  L  to  H)  that  divides  and  keeps 
asunder  these  from  the  first-named  parts,  lest  the  guts  and  liver  should  ob- 
struct the  action  (functions)  of  the  heart  and  lungs,  and  I'z'ce  versa.  Its  ap- 
pearance has  been  described  (sect.  35.)  as  resembling  a  drum-head  ;  and  like 
it,  if  pricked  with  the  knife,  the  cavity  of  the  chest  is  instantly  laid  open — an 
immense  vacuity,  that  [)roves  to  what  a  vast  extent  the  lungs  must  fill  at  every 
inspiration  of  fresh  air,  to  occupy  so  great  a  space,  and  further  spread  out  the 
ribs  to  the  utmost  extent  of  the  intercostal  muscle  that  holds  them  together. 
In  the  plate  the  lungs  are  depicted  in  a  quiescent  state,  at  J  to  N,  and  15  to 
22;  but  when  filled  they  occupy  all  the  vacant  space  above,  in  addition  to  their 
lateral  width.  Hence,  the  im})ortance  of  this  viscus  (as  they  call  each  of  the 
vital  parts  above  named),  to  which  1  have  attached  such  high  consideration 
in  the  sequel,  will  at  once  be  seen  and  ap.{)reciated.     See  sections  31 — 3(5. 

Concerning  the  Heart,  its  structure  and  functions, —  so  much  has  been  said 
m  another  j)lace,  and  so  minute  is  the  description  of  each,  that  I  shall  add  no 
more  here,  than  refer  to  the  sections,  where  the  reader  may  find  ample  in- 
structions for  examining  this  main-spring  of  animal  life.  See  sections  37  to 
Ml.  In  the  annexed  picture,  it  is  delineated  as  lying  near  the  lungs  [LMN, 
<9 — 21];  to  the  upper  part  whereof  it  is  attached,  as  described  hereafter. 

By  pursuing  this  course  of  inquiry,  the  operator  will  discover  what  is,  or 
•ught  to  be,  the  healthful  state  and  appearances  of  the  main  functions  of  the 
jnimal  system, — he  will  perceive  the  auxiliaries  and  their  uses, — he  will  liave 
.ntbrmed  himself  (it  is  hoped)  of  the  treatment  any  horse  has  received  previ- 
ously to  its  death;  and  he  may  thus  store  up  in  his  mind,  or  better  still,  upon 
paper,  what  dread  eflects  may  be  produced  by  the  drenches,  cordials  and  diu- 
retics that  stimulate  but  to  destroy  the  vitals  of  the  animal.*  He  will  see  and 
compare  the  animals  that  die  in  health  (accidentally),  or  after  a  short  illness, 
with  those  which  die  after  protracted  illness;  upon  the  healthy  ones  that  are 
doomed,  a  few  hours  ]>reviou5ly,  he  may  try  the  experiment  of  some  favoured 
farrier's  celebrated  mixture,  and  subsequently  send  him  the  stomach  to  prove  its 
eflicacy  in  "killing  all  disorders." 

Happily,  the  cause  of  humanity  may  be  served,  and  the  interests  of  his  own- 
tjr  promoted  at  the  same  time,  by  our  (first)  ascertaining  the  nature  and 
amount  of  the  horse's  powers  by  his  make,  shape,  or  built;  and,  thereupon, 
demanding  of  him  no  more,  in  the  way  of  service,  than  is  clearly  proveable  to 
iic  within  his  power,  or  putting  him  to  those  labours  only  to  which  his  capa- 
bilities are  best  adapted.  In  the  neglect  of  this  plain  rule  lies  the  root  of  all 
error  as  regards  i)reserving  the  health  of  horses.  Some  materials  for  making 
d  tolerably  good  estimate  as  to  this  head  of  information,  are  arranged  in  the 
first  chapter :  the  .second  being  well  pondered,  and  the  facts  ?ind  observations 
it  contains  rightly  stored  up  in  the  reader's  mind,  he  will  learn  what  functions 
belong  to  each  part  of  the  animal  in  health;  or,  these  being  deranged  or  ob- 
Btructed,  he  \\\\\  know  in  how  much  the  horse  is  affected  :  and  the  third  chap 
ter  being  read  with  reference  to  both,  I  entertain  the  well  founded  hope,  thai 
this  course  will  enable  the  general  reader  to  form  tolerably  accurate  notions  of 
the  nature,  origin,  and  tendency  of  the  animal's  internal  and  constitutional 
diseases,  upon  which  all  the  others  depend,  but  which  have  hitherto  received 
but  little  attention  any  where  here,  and,  consequently,  are  but  imperfectly 
Known  among  us.  Not  only  so,  but  the  reader  may,  by  these  means,  by  study 
and  close  observation,  enable  himself  to  demonstrate  nearly  to  a  certainty, 
when  &  cure  is  hojieless ;  and  further  the  cause  of  humanity,  and  the  interest* 


4  EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

of  its  owner  at  the  same  time,  by  ordering  the  horse  to  be  destroyed  at  once, 
rather  than  by  fruitless  delay,  and  at  a  heavy  expense,  prolonging  the  animal's 
8ufterings  to  no  worthy  purpose. 

1  have  not  confined  my  -/esearches  to  disease  only :  in  the  first  chapter,  the 
skoeing-smith  will  find  explained  the  principles  upon  which  depend  deformi- 
ties of  the  hoof,  and  he  may  fashion  his  work  accordingly;  whilst  the  choice 
of  a  horse  may  be  undertaken  with  some  confidence,  if  f/ie  purchaser  keeps  in 
mind  the  practical  advice  and  information  here  collected  together  from  various 
sources,  and  added  to  my  own  observations,  and  long,  extensive,  and  success- 
ful experience,  in  all  matters  of  this  nature. 


Explanation  and  practical  use  of  the  Skeleton  annexed. 

T[iK  references  that  are  made  to  the  annexed  plate,  and  which  will  neces- 
sarily be  found  rather  numerous  in  the  chapter  on  conformation,  are  so  made 
by  means  of  letters  and  figures,  corresponding  with  similar  letters  and  figures 
upon  the  })Iate.  The  letters  direct  tfie  reader's  eye  across  the  picture,  the 
figures  from  top  to  bottom ;  when  he  is  referred  both  by  letter,  and  figure,  the 
place  of  intersection  is  the  point  to  which  his  attention  ought  to  be  directed. 
Thus  [G.  37.]  which,  by  placing  a  flat  ruler,  or  a  piece  of  paper,  across  at  "G." 
and  running  the  finger  downwards  from  the  figure  "37,"  would  be  found  to 
intersect  each  other  at  the  insertion  or  commencement  of  the  horse's  tail ; 
whilst  [Y.  40.]  would  bring  us  to  the  hindermost  pastern.  Again,  [K.  L. 
M.  N.  14,  15,  16.]  or  [K— N.  14—16.]  directs  the  readers  attention  to  the 
shoulder-bone ;  at  [M.  20.]  is  his  heart,  and  at  [H.  29.]  his  kidneys  are 
placed. 

The  reader  will  please  to  observe,  that  the  Frontispiece  is  meant  to  l)e,  less 
what  is  termed  "a  pretty  picture"  than  a  practically  useful  one,  calculated  to 
facilitate  his  comprehension  of  what  is  said  in  this  treatise  about  the  living 
horse,  his  structure,  and  internal  formation;  of  his  capabilities,  and  all  of  the 
diseases  arising  tVom  their  misa|)plication.  To  this  end,  a  mere  elevation  of 
the  skeleton  was  requisite;  and,  that  this  should  be  rendered  more  practically 
u:-;eful,  it  is  diviiled  into  squares,  for  more  ready  reference.  The  figure  itself, 
is  that  of  a  rather  long  bodied  horse;  the  blade  bone  having  been  lowered  to 
show  the  continuity  of  the  vertebrsc,  or  backbone,  between  the  shoulders,  and 
the  elltuw  being  bent  forward  for  that  purpose,  so  that  the  shoulder-bone 
is  hrouglit  to  form  its  sharpest  angle.  This  position  of  the  limb,  of  course, 
rrndercd  the  subject  of  the  plate  lower  before  than  he  would  bf.  were  those 
bones  more  straight  up  and  down  than  they  are.     See  Section  8. 

He  will  observe,  too,  that  the  situation  only  of  some  internal  parts  was  re- 
quired for  the  purpose  of  elucidation;  thus,  the  heart  seems  unsuspended  by 
its  vessels,  as  its  pericardium  and  part  of  the  lungs  are  removed;  and  it  fol- 
lows, that  whoever  ex[)ected  to  find  a  delineation  of  everv  viscus,  [jerfect,  has 
deceived  himself. — if  any  such  there  be.  Respecting  the  poll,  or  bones  of  the 
head  and  neck,  the  reader  will  find  some  remarks  in  Section  16. 

Furlher,  the  references  my  readers  will  meet  with  in  the  midst  ofthe  text 
ire  necessarily  as  brief  as  they  are  useful,  and  are  made  to  the  sections,  or 
oarts,  into  which  the  first  two  chapters  are  divided  after  the  manner  of  verses. 

This  mode  of  reference  will  be  found  liighly  serviceable  in  his  inquiries  by 
'.he  attentive  reader,  who  is  unused  to  study  things  of  this  nature,  but  who 
must  soon  perceive  the  great  practical  advantages  to  be  derived  from  so  inii 
mate  an  ac(|uaintance  with  the  subject  as  this  method  of  learning  it  will  fur 
■mAi  him  the  means  o^  acquiriikg.     If,  in  tlie  prosecution  of  his  studifcji,  he 


EXTERNAL  FORMAITON,  DISORDERS,  &c  9 

happen  to  forget  what  has  been  before  said,  lending  to  the  same  point  of  in 
formation,  or  he  be  at  a  loss  whereabout  he  should  look  to  refresh  his  memory, 
these  references  supply  him  with  the  ready  means  of  overcoming  the  difficulty. 
By  adopting  this  method,  1  have  likewise  avoided  the  repetitions  inseparable 
from  a  work  of  this  nature,  and  have  thus  saved  room. 


CHAPTER  I. 

External  formation  or  structure  of  the  Horse,  and  the  disorders  originating 
therein. 

Section  1. — Scarcely  any  man  who  is  in  the  habit  of  seeing  many  horses 
perform  their  labour,  and  observing  their  capabilities  of  several  kinds,  but  ac- 
quires, thereby,  some  insight  of  the  properties  conferred  on  the  animal  by 
such  or  such  points  of  conformation.  He  can  tell,  at  first  sight,  nearly  from 
this  habitude,  "  what  a  horse  can  do  ;"  but  few  men  reduce  their  observations 
to  writing,  least  of  all  to  principles,  upon  which  we  may  afterwards  reason,  or 
draw  conclusions  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  as  to  what  duties  a  horse  can 
not  perform  properly,  when  wanting  those  points  of  excellence,  and  which 
duties  ought,  therefore,  never  to  be  required  of  him ;  or,  being  so  imposed 
upon  him  improperly,  are  productive  of  certain  disorders  that  invariably  attend 
such  misapplication  of  his  powers.  No  doubt  it  has  happened,  that  a  horse 
with  a  radical  defect, — in  the  shape  of  his  hind  quarters,  for  example, — yet 
having  a  corresponding  defect  before,  the  one  makes  up  for  the  other,  and 
such  horses  may  occasionally  perform  well  for  a  short  time,  but  then  they  are 
no  lasters ;  all  the  while  they  may  thus  be  at  the  full  stretch  of  their  physical 
powers,  straining  to  the  utmost  the  immediate  coverings  of  the  bones,  some 
thing  or  other  is  going  to  wreck — of  muscle  or  tendon,  of  ligature  or  sinew. 
Sooner  or  later  so  much  excessive  fatigue  of  the  deformity  runs  along  the 
solids,  and  reaching  the  vitals,  occasions  constitutional  disease,  or  leave  behind 
it  an  incurable  malady  of  the  limbs,  mostly  descending  to  the  feet.  Equally 
true  is  it,  that  we  find  out  new  properties,  or  hidden  powers  in  a  horse,  which 
had  never  hitherto  been  known  to  his  owners ;  but,  then,  as  I  shall  particu- 
larize by  and  by,  no  such  latent  powers  were  ever  discovered  in  any  horse, 
without  his  possessing  certain  just  proportions  of  the  bones  taken  altogether.* 
What  these  proportions  are,  as  well  as  what  they  are  not,  I  come  presently  to 
lay  down :  the  integuments  (or  coverings)  ever  adapting  themselves  thereto,  in 
one.case  produce  what  is  called  symmetry;  but  if  the  limb  be  disproportioned, 
the  coverings  adapt  themselves  to  that  particular  defect,  and  enlarged  muscle 
at  these  particular  places  becomes  visible  to  the  common  observer. 

The  acquiring  a  ready  mode  of  discovering  when  a  horse  of  the  one  or  the 
other  formation  is  presented  to  our  notice,  forms  the  perfection  of  art  in  pur- 
chasing a  horse. 

2.  But  the  horses's  achievements,  or  "what  he  can  do,"  under  certain  cir- 
cumstances of  shape  and  make,  would  ill  employ  my  pen  at  the  present  mo- 
ment— valuable  as  the  investigation  must  always  be  in  itself — were  it  not  for 
the  practical  application  I  mean  to  make  of  it  shortly,  by  way  of  illustrating 
the  direct  contrary^  or  defective  shape  a'  -l  make,  as  being  the  harbinger  of 

■  Eclipse,  a  horse  whose  very  name  is  used  as  synonymous  for  speed,  had  none  of  the  pro- 
nonions  generally  deemed  indispensable  to  great  speed,  and  he  was  cast,  by  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
eerland.  for  his  apparent  deformities  when  a  colt;  but  his  defects  in  one  panicular  were  amply 
RUjiplied  by  excesses  in  another,  and,  taken  altogether,  composed  the  very  best  bit  of  bone, 
kIcmmJ,  and  muscle  ever  produced.  His  lineage,  lateral  consangainity,  and  liie  lend  of  cross  \j 
wlucli  he  was  got,  demand  the  breeders'  serious  attention. 


S  THE  LEGS  OF  A  SKimSII  HORSE. 

Miveral  radical  disorders  of  his  frame.  Nor  is  this  all ;  some  are  so  evidently 
ill-formed  in  the  chest  and  carcase,  from  the  moment  they  are  foaled,  that  no 
art  of  ours  is  equal  to  preventing  the  return  of  certain  disorders  which  are  sure 
to  attend  a  horse  of  that  particular  formation  all  his  life  time.  As  the  one  is 
known  and  inevitable,  so  the  effects  of  the  other  may  be  foreseen,  and,  in 
some  degree,  alleviated,  if  so  much  trouble  and  expense  be  not  greater  than 
the  value  of  the  horse.  This  is  all  that  can  be  done  for  such  an  animal ;  and 
since  the  resources  of  art  are  not  equal  to  the  obstacles  of  animated  nature,  so 
no  man  ought  unreasonably  to  expect,  least  of  all,  to  force  his  beast,  to  per- 
form any  species  of  labour  or  exercise  for  which  nature  or  the  accident  of 
birth  hath  rendered  him  anywise  unfit ;  although  it  must  be  allowed,  as  a 
general  axiom,  that  it  is  only  by  pushing  the  animal  to  the  extent  of  his  pow- 
ers, that  we  can  find  out  the  most  he  is  capable  of  performing  at  any  given 
work.  In  this  way  it  was  the  fast-trotting  powers  of  the  Phsenomena  mare 
(which  was  before  then  a  butcher's  hack)  were  discovered ;  for  people  of  this 
trade  generally  try  the  utmost  their  nags  can  perform  in  the  trot. 

To  be  able  to  judge  of  a  horse's  defects  as  to  what  he  can  not  do,  undoubtedly 
it  seems  necessary  to  ascertain  what  constitutes  a  fine  figure,  or  a  perfect  one, 
that  can  do  every  thing  ;  but  when  it  is  considered  that  the  exposure  of  those 
defects  is  intended  to  apply  wholly  to  the  origin  of  disorders  for  which  he  will 
require  medical  treatment,  if  he  does  not  deserve  rejection  in  toto,  I  shall  find 
less  occasion  for  adverting  to  any  known  horse,  entirely  without  error  in  his 
form  or  built.  In  most  cases,  however,  good  symmetry  being  accompanied 
not  only  by  the  power  of  achieving  great  feats,  but  a  good  portion  of  health 
also,  or,  at  any  rate,  the  absence  of  the  diseases  incident  to  a  bad  form,  I  may 
be  allowed,  while  exposing  his  faults,  to  deviate  a  little,  and  to  contemplate 
some  few  of  his  perfections  also. 

3.  The  most  obvious  physical  truths  are  those  which  can  be  explained  upon 
the  principles  of  mechanics;  upon  such  a  basis,  even  the  most  abstract  can  be 
securely  grafted  :  that  intelligence  which  is  derived  from  experience,  from  ob- 
servation, experiment,  and  acute  reasoning,  is  rendered  more  easily  understood 
when  conveyed  with  mechanical  precision  ;  and  however  strange  it  may  ap- 
pear to  some,  the  gift  of  speed,  if  not  of  all  progression,  depends  more  upon 
mechanical  principles  than  is  commoidy  understood  to  be  the  case.  See 
farther  onward  at  Section  9,  where  the  details  are  given.  In  all  compound 
bodies,  whether  animate  or  inanimate,  intended  for  our  active  use,  it  is  above 
all  other  things  requisite  that  they  should  stand  well  upon  their  bases  or  legs. 
A  horse,  or  a  joint  stool,  evidently  defective  in  this  particular  quality,  would 
be  shunned  as  insecure  ;  and  the  one  is  sometimes  endued  with  movements  as 
little  suited  to  one's  ideas  of  getting  on  safely  as  the  other,  both  being  indebted 
to  their  original  bad  built  (or  chaipenJe,  as  Lafosse  calls  it)  for  the  defect. 
Cover  them  both,  the  one  with  muscle  and  skin,  the  other  with  drapery,  how 
you  will,  the  faulty  legs  are  faulty  still.  A  good  stable  aphorism  has  it  thus 
— "  a  horse  that  does  not  stand  well  can  do  nothing  well ;  and  by  natural 
inference,  the  horse  that  walks  well  can  perform  other  paces  well." 

A  much  better  example,  however,  may  be  found 
in  a  four  legged  table,  of  which  every  horseman 
knows  there  are  many  of  difTerent  sizes  and  ol 
various  workmanship,  some  for  heavy  or  rough 
usage,  others  more  for  show  and  to  sustain  light 
weights.  But,  if  the  fore  and  hind  'egs  bend 
towards  each  other  upon  the  ground,  any  car- 
penter may  see  that  this  first  clement  of  an  ill-for 
ination  must  sooner  or  later,  produce  a  fall;  he  will  know  that  more  strength 
tor  supporting  great  weigiits  would  be  found  by  making  all  four  legs  perp^nidicu 


MECHANICAL  EXPLANATION.  TREAD  OF  THE  FOOT.        -^ 

•ar.  Bu*  fi  horse  not  being  like  a  table,  immoveably  fixed  upon  its  legs,  but  being 
required  not  only  to  bear  up  but  to  proceed  with  his  load, — which  is  sometimes 
eflected  with  difficulty  on  account  of  ils  weight;  then  must  his  powers  ol 
pressing  onwards  be  estimated  by  the  positions  in  which  he  can  place  the 
bones  of  his  hinder  part,  the  legs  particularly,  since  it  is  to  these  the  propul 
sion  of  his  body  forwards  is  chiefly  indebted.  In 
his  efforts  to  accomplish  this  duty,  the  position 
of  his  hind  legs  will  resemble  those  of  the  second 
table  in  the  margin,  stretched  out  constantly  as 
these  are,  and  each  leg  alternately  twice  as  much 
beyond  his  body ;  while  his  fore  legs  will  bend 
under  him  alternately  also,  like  those  in  the  first 
table.  In  both  movements  his  legs  are  stretched 
to  their  utmost  when  the  drag  is  up  hill,  because  the  resistance  to  be  overcome 
is  then  greatest,  and  we  can  thus  form  an  opinion  how  much  "he  has  the 
free  use  of  his  legs."  When  this  is  the  case,  all  horses  step  short ;  but,  upon 
even  ground,  the  hind  leg,  to  be  perfect,  should  come  finely  forward  in  the 
walk,  and  occupy  the  identical  spot  which  the  fore  leg  had  just  quitted.  See 
further  at  Section  8.  As  the  horse  gets  old,  is  tired,  disordered,  or  over-much 
laden,  he  ceases  to  do  this  as  usual,  in  the  exact  ratio  that  he  is  affected  the 
one  way  or  the  other. 

4.  Mares,  occasionally,  and  skittish  horses,  frequently  bring  their  legs  to- 
gether, much  resembling  the  first  figure,  and  are  insecure  roadsters  as  well  as 
poor  draught  horses.  The  second  sketch  is  the  walking  motion  of  an  unladen 
cart-horse  or  a  coach-horse  standing  still ;  these,  as  well  as  hunters,  take  the 
same  position,  which  indicates  that  they  have  the  free  use  of  their  limbs.  In 
the  drag,  the  former  bring  their  fore  legs  under  their  bodies,  the  principle  be- 
mg  ap[)licable  to  any  quadruped  performing  the  like  task ;  and  such  a  horse 
would  consequently  fall  down  forward  but  for  the  resistance  of  the  load  he 
draws.  But  this  accident  seems  provided  for,  by  the  power  the  horse  has  of 
contracting  the  muscles  (see  Section  10),  and  drawing  up  quickly  the  lower 
part  of  his  limb,  in  time  to  get  it  out  of  the  way  of  his  hind  leg,  both  motions 
forming  each  a  separate  effort  toward  progression.  I  still  have  in  view  a  walk 
ing  pace,  all  other  paces  being  no  other  than  modifications  of  the  walk  ;  and, 
in  fact,  "a  horse  that  walks  well  can  do  any  thing  else  well,"  an  aphorism 
that  is  atwin  with  one  equally  well  founded  in  the  preceding  section. 

With  some  horses,  the  hind  foot,  instead  of  coming  forward,  as  described  at 
(he  bottom  of  the  last  section,  upon  the  spot  of  ground  marked  by  the  fore  one, 
falls  short  of  the  mark. — These  never  turn  out  fast  ones,  although  their  fault 
does  not  always  consist  in  the  shape  or  disproportion  of  the  bones,  bjt  in  the 
contraction  of  the  muscle  or  tendon  (see  this  tendon  described  under  the  head  of 
"Foot");  at  times  it  is  owing  to  the  relaxation  of  the  immediate  coverings  of 
the  bones,  described  at  Section  16.  Such  horses  may  be  well  enough  to  look 
at,  but  can  not  perform  properly.  The  extreme  of  this  misfortune  is  termed 
stringhalt ;  but  every  approach  towards  it,  however  trivial,  is  good  cause  tor 
rejecting  the  animal.  In  case  of  the  hind  foot  coming  too  far  forward  (in  tho 
walk  still)  and  striking  the  fore  one,  the  fault  lies  in  want  of  sufficient  strength 
(or  quickness)  in  the  fore  hg ;  besides  which  see  further  at  Section  10.  If  the 
hind  foot  comes  down  sometimes  inside,  at  others  outside,  the  just  quitted 
situation  of  the  fore  foot,  the  animal  has  a  disagreeable  rolling  in  his  gait  from 
side  to  side,  the  fault  being  as  often  in  the  fore  leg  as  in  the  hinder  one,  some- 
times in  both.  Such  horses  commence  a  journey  with  much  apparent  confi- 
dence, but  tiring  soon,  they  fall  into  their  old  error,  and  the  security  they  have 
inspired  is  found  to  be  deceptions : — many  accidents  are  the  consequence 
This  fault  I  hesitate  whether  to  ascribe  to  the  fore  leg  or  the  hind  one  but  it 


8  PROGRESSION.    ADAPTATION  OF  THE  LLMBS. 

certainly  originates  in  a  disagreement  between  the  fixing  of  the  two  upon  the 
body,  either  as  to  the  situation,  or  want  of  muscular  strength  at  the  place  of 
joining.  Such  a  horse  is  a  stumbler,  and  when  he  trots  away  from  us,  we 
can  see  nearly  as  much  of  his  fore  legs  as  of  his  hind  ones ;  in  the  straight- 
built,  well-set  limbed  horse,  the  fore  legs  are  then  concealed  from  our  sight  by 
the  hind  ones.  I  own  this  is  with  me  a  grand  criterion  for  judging  as  to  a 
horse's  capability  of  going  over  the  ground.  In  racing,  or  indeed  any  run- 
ning, the  fore  legs  are  then  brought  closer  together,  the  hind  legs  rather  wider 
(so  in  leaping),  as  we  see  in  greyhounds,  hares,  deer,  and  all  other  fleet 
creatures. 

Such  as  I  have  described  is  the  act  of  progression  with  all  horses,  but  in 
various  degrees,  according  to  their  sizes  fas  with  the  coach-horse,  saddle-horse, 
poney ^ ;  four  such  efforts  having  called  mto  action  all  the  bones  of  the  body, 
including  more  or  less  that  of  the  head,  tail,  and  neck,  according  to  the  pace 
or  other  circumstances. — See  Section  11.  Hence  it  must  be  clear,  that  to 
perform  this  duty  of  progression,  or  getting  forward,  properly,  as  regards 
either  the  length  of  time  he  sustains  it,  or  the  quickness  of  performance, 
weight,  or  velocity,  the  limbs  must  be  adapted  to  the  kind  of  work  the  horse 
has  to  perform  and  to  each  other,  whether  that  be  in  harness,  on  the  turf,  the 
chase,  or  the  road. 

5.  We  do  not  find  this  adaptation  of  the  limbs  so  much  in  the  amount  of 
covering  the  bones  may  have  on  them,  as  in  the  size  and  proportion  of  these, 
and  the  suitable  manner  in  which  they  are  fastened  together ;  as  may  be  seen 
in  those  horses  (blood)  where  tendon  supplies  the  place  of  muscle,  and  most 
strength  resides  in  the  smallest  compass ;  and,  as  may  be  proved  by  the  ob- 
struction to  his  paces,  which  is  always  observable  in  the  horse  burthened  with 
very  muscular  shoulders.  Equally  true  is  it,  that,  after  we  have  approved  of 
the  proportions  of  a  pair  of  horses  in  respect  to  bone  and  built,  certain  powers 
of  going  or  lastingness  are  frequently  discovered  to  be  possessed  by  one  so 
much  beyond  his  match,  that  we  are  compelled  to  admit  those  powers  do  re- 
side in  something  else  than  in  his  built.  Superior  health,  sound  wind,  cour- 
^S^i  give  this  strength,  with  speed,  and  lastingness ;  the  bones  being  then 
well  cased  together  and  strongly  supported  by  their  immediate  covering,  have 
full  and  fair  play.*  But  wherever  they  be  fundamentally  ill-adapted  to  each 
other,  in  whatever  degree  this  escapes  our  observation,  the  muscles  and  tendi- 
nous parts  adapt  themselves  in  some  measure  to  that  lamentable  kind  of  form, 
but  which  no  filling  up,  or  after-accommodation  of  the  parts  to  each  other,  can 
completely  eradicate,  though  it  may  he  concealed  from  our  view.  The  mus- 
cle that  is  so  perverted  rises  up  in  the  middle  preturnaturally,  as  if  some  sprain 
or  other  had  caused  that  appearance  ;  the  contiguous  parts,  consequently,  un- 
dergo greater  fatigue  than,  in  the  event  of  finer  symmetry,  would  have  fallen 
to  their  share  :  and  the  extraordinary  friction  or  working  thereof,  occasions,  at 
a  day  more  or  less  remote,  the  exhaustion  of  its  powers  (see  Section  21),  and 
the  lodgement  of  acrimonious  matter  in  the  cellular  membrane,  which  ap- 
pears in  tumour,  abscess,  &c.  This  protuberant  appearance  of  the  muscle 
is  most  visible  at  the  stifle  [N.  30],  and  on  the  shoulder  [M.  16],  just  above 
the  elbow. 

A  mure  minute  inquiry,  however,  on  those  points  would  lead  me  away — 
too  far  from  my  main  purpose,  at  present ;  I  therefore  return  to  notice,  in  the 
first  place,  the  structure  of  the  legs  of  such  horses  as,  by  their  untoward  posi- 

•  Firing  is  supp«seu  to  restore  derangement  of  the  integuments,  by  causing  inflammation 
end  rcniraction  thereof  upon  the  bone,  so  as  to  embrace  it  more  tightly.  This  is  effected  Ly 
much  I  'f  the  muscle  being  taken  up  into  the  system,  or  sloughing  off  ia  the  cure ;  as  well  as  the 
Cimirsjiiion  of  the  flexor  tendon  (back  sinew]  and  its  sheath. 


DEFORMED  IJMBS.  9 

lion,  entail  on  them  the  chances  of  producing  some  one  or  other  of  those  evils 
that  are  known  to  afflict  certain  horses,  incurably,  to  the  end  of  their  days. 
Thus,  some  are  known  to  tread  on  the  inner  quarter  of  the  hoof,  others  on 
the  outside,  without  the  real  cause  being  ever  ascertained,  and  remedies  are 
frequently  appHed  that  have  not  the  remotest  chance  of  achieving  any  good, 
on  that  very  account.  Some  horses  "  cut"  in  consequence  of  treading  on  the 
outer  quarter ;  on  the  contrary,  by  punishing  the  inner  quarter  in  treading, 
others  contract  a  disposition  to  "quittor  and  ringbone;"  both  instances  of 
mal-formation,  or  bad  built  (as  I  call  it),  produce  splcnts,  diseases  of  the  frog, 
of  the  sensible  sole,  and  of  the  coronet,  as  the  case  may  be :  how  the  various 
modes  of  wrong  treading  are  brought  on  remain  to  be  examined  into  hereafter. 
Meantime,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  observe  that  the  right  mode  and  make  may 
be  discovered  by  noticing  the  proportions  of  those  horses,  that,  by  the  acknow- 
ledged just  synmietry  of  their  bones,  the  agreement  in  size  of  one  Hmb  with 
another,  and  the  faultless  manner  in  which  these  are  attached  to  the  body, 
go  tolerably  free  from  any  such  diseases,  until  old  age,  accident,  or  the  misap- 
plication of  their  powers,- brings  on  disease. 

6.  There  are,  then,  three  kinds  of  mal -formation,  or  bad  shape,  attendant 
on  the  limbs  of  horses,  which  I  consider  original  faults,  those  others  to  which 
they  give  rise  being  but  secondary  ones,  1st.  That  wherein  the  leg  is  ill-form- 
ed in  itself.  2d.  When  it  is  badly  joined  to  the  body.  3d.  When  the  fore 
legs  disagree  with  the  hind  ones  in  length  or  quantity.  Each,  being  attended 
by  its  respective  defect  in  going,  as  to  safety,  speed,  or  strength,  and  liable  to 
incur  one  or  other  of  the  ills  enumerated,  as  appearing  on  the  legs  and  feet — 
is  worthy  of  the  reader's  separate  consideration  ;  although  it  frequently  ha|)- 
pens  that  an  individual  horse  is  afflicted  with  all  three  faults  at  the  same  time, 
the  two  first  being  found  together,  subsequently  producing  the  other  also.  But 
1  have  generally  noticed  that  one  of  those  faults  sometimes  accommodates 
itself  to  the  other,  amending  it  considerably;  as,  when  a  limb  that  is  too  long 
is  set  higher  up  on  tlje  body  than  is  esteemed  right  construction,  in  the  same 
manner  as  a  horse  lame  of  a  log  may  be  passed  off  for  sound  should  the  cor- 
responding leg  of  his  body  also  fall  lame.*  Much  the  same  is  it  with  the 
third  kind  of  disagreement,  in  the  opinion  of  many  people;  Iwcause  it  has 
existed  in  some  celebrated  horses,  and  they  would  have  us  believe  that  this 
very  disagreement  was  itself  the  cause  of  the  celebrity  those  individuals  ar- 
rived at.     This,  however,  was  not  the  fact. 

7.  The  Phccnomcna  mare,  unquestionably  the  first  trotter  of  her  inches  in 
our  days,  never  did  her  work  in  style :  nobody  could  account  for  her  achieve- 
ments upon  the  view,  and  I  had  always  my  doubts  whether  hers  was  a  fair 
trot,  though  I  won  upon  her.  In  the  trot  she  had  an  unaccountable  shuffle. 
She  was  low  before,  but  had  the  gift  of  taking  lier  fore  feet  out  of  the  way 
of  the  hinder,  which  fell  (in  the  walk)  about  half  a  shoe  beyond  that  of  the 
fore  ones,  the  feet  reaching  the  ground  in  successi()n. 

Laertes,  a  grey  horse,  hunted  in  Leicestershire,  1818,  1819,+  of  no  par- 
ticular powers  any  where,  and  confessedly  clumsy  in  the  forehand,  without 
much  fire,  was  yet  in  the  habit  of  taking  the  ordinary  six-feet  leaps  with  ease, 
and  clearing  a  ditch  of  twenty-tlve  feet  with  pleasure,  often  exceeding  those 
ailmeasurements  by  nearly  a  Iburth.  Eclipse  is  known  to  all  of  us  (as  matter 
of  history)  for  having  had  a  low  shoulder,  which  gave  his  fore  quarters  an 
awkward  appearance :  but  this  was  compensated  lor  by  the  fine  form  of  his 
hind  quarter,  which,  being  [jarticularly  strong  and  muscular,  threw   his  body 

*  Certain  dealers  are  known  to  liave  iiidifteil  lameness  on  the  foot  with  Jiis  view,     flfwiu' 
•Ad  disgusting  as  Is  the  relation,  'tis  no  less  true, 
t  At  that  time  the  property  of  Mr.  Malxjily. 
3 


10  ECLrPSE~MAKE  OF  SHOULDER, 

forward  at  every  leap,  in  despite  of  his  Ioav  fore  quarter, — lor  running  13  no 
other  than  the  lea))  reiterated.  One  leading  characteristic,  however,  denoted 
all  three  horses  to  be  of  the  right  stamp  in  the  main  :  they  stood  even  on  their 
leg-bones  and  the  soles  of  their  feet;  that  is  to  say,  straight  op  and  down, 
nearly,  from  the  elbow  [N.  16]  to  the  ground  before,  and  from  the  stifie-pini 
FN.  30]  to  the  ground  behind,  respectively  ;  both  these  ])arts,  viewed  sideways 
in  the  plate,  bemg  placed  nearly  horizontal,  as  regards  each  other,  on  the  line 
[N]  ;  at  least,  this  was  the  relative  position  of  the  stide  and  elbow,  in  the  two 
first-mentioned  animals,  and  of  the  third  1  do  but  presume  that  he  was  so, 
for  "  the  history"  of  his  form  in  this  respect  leaves  us  a  little  in  doubt. 

But  "  the  shoulder  of  Eclipse  was  a  low  one,"  say  the  published  accounts 
of  him  ;  yet,  as  this  defect,  real  or  supposed,  consisted  in  the  inclination  of  the 
shoulder-bone  [K  to  N]  above  the  elbow,  by  reason  of  the  great  freedom  of 
the  muscles  which  held  it  and  the  shoulder-blade  in  position,  he  would,  when 
stepping  out  with  the  tore  leg,  rise  higher  than  when  he  stood  still;  a  particu- 
larity that  is  reversed  in  horses  whose  shoulder-blades  are  set  on  more  nearly 
upright  than  those  of  Eclipse  were.  This  accounts  tor  the  vaulting  manner 
he  had,  as  we  read  in  the  printed  accounts  of  his  exploits;  and  his  runnirig 
greyhound  fashion,  with  his  chest  close  to  the  ground,  for  he  would  thereby 
keep  off  the  ground  longer  betwixt  each  leap,  until  the  impetus  received  from 
his  hind  legs  was  nearer  spent  than  it  would  have  been  but  for  thus  holding 
up  his  fore  feet.  On  referring  to  those  parts  in  the  annexed  plate,  they  will 
be  found  thus  drawn. 

8.  Viewed  in  front,  the  fore  legs,  upon  which  the  safety  and  ease  of  the 
animal's  going  chiefly  depends,  should,  to  be  perfect,  be  widest  next  the  chest, 
Fig.  3.  approaching  each  other  gradually,  until  the  e3'e,  hav- 

ing compared  that  part  with  the  pastern,  scarcely 
perceives  the  difference.  Here,  the  leg,  taken  by  it- 
self, is  smaller,  though  the  interval  between  the  knees 
and  the  feet  does  not  differ,  on  account  of  the  width 
and  flatness  which  ought  to  exist  in  the  well-formed 
knee,  yet,  taken  on  the  outside,  considerably  more 
breadth  will  be  found  above  than  below.  Such  a 
knee,  when  flat  and  finely  marked  at  the  joint,  is  al- 
ways well  covered  in  a  healthy  horse,  (see  section  15), 
he  then  throws  it  out  with  great  freedom,  and  takes 
a  firm  step  fairly  on  the  entire  bottom  of  his  hoof; 
but,  should  the  leg  be  ever  so  good  a  one  in  itself, 
yet  placed  too  high  upon  the  chest,  where  it  is  held, 
,not  by  a  socket  or  insertion  of  the  bone,  but  by  strong 
^elastic  muscle  only,  this  throws  the  feet  too  near  to- 
gether upon  the  ground ;  the  horse  then  treads  on 
the  outer  quarter  of  his  hoof,  and  wears  away  the  wall ;  and,  when  tired,  is 
most  commonly  given  to  cut.  Endeavours  are  used  in  shoeing  to  amend  this 
fault,  by  paring  away  the  inner  crust ;  but  it  is  one  of  those  defects  in  the 
built  which  no  art  can  completely  eradicate,  and  has  been  termed  "  i»igeon- 
toed." 

Nor  is  the  matter  rendered  any  better  when,  by  reason  of  the  knees  turn- 
ing v..,  the  toes  turn  out,  and  the  horse  then  treads  on  the  inner  quarter ;  and, 
however  those  of  the  one  or  the  other  description  may  have  the  reputation  of 
ffreat  speed,  it  can  be  for  a  short  distance  only,  because  the  action  of  such 
horses  must  be  laboured  and  imuerfect,  particularly  one  of  the  latter  kind  of 
make.  He  must,  consequently,"  fatigue  himself  more  at  every  step,  and  tire 
sooner  than  one  of  the  same  size,  and  formed  in  every  other  respect  similar 
hut  having  legs  that  come  nearer  in  shape  to  those  in  the  annexed  skptch  [6g, 


SIfUlLDERS  lAllUE.- ACTION.  1| 

3].  That  such  knock-knre  form  is  occasioned  by  weakness,  is  evident  from 
the  [>ositioM  of  the  knees,  when  the  aniiiiul  stands  at  rest.  This  he  doea  oy 
supporting  liimself  at  times  like  a  dancing-master,  with  one  foot  before  the 
other;  and,  no  doubt,  the  twist  with  which  his  yiace  is  always  attended  when 
going,  occasions  certain  di.scirders  of  the  feet,  which  he  seeks  to  ease  by  shift- 
ing the  weight  aUernately  from  one,  to  the  other  foot.  He  will,  moreover, 
sooner  "knock  up,"  and  ultimately  "get  done  for"  earlier  in  life,  by  reason 
.••f  the  origin  of  this  species  of  mallbrmation  being  seated  high  up  on  the  limb, 
theieby  incommoding  the  action  of  the  shoulder-mu.scles :  the  elbow,  at  N. 
M,  by  being  pressed  close  to  the  ribs,  having  thrown  in  the  knees,  receives,  at 
.very  step  the  Irg  takes,  a  kind  of  double  motion,  which,  of  course,  doubly 
alle. Is  the  action  ol  those  parts;  and  much  fatigue,  pain,  and  anguish  succeed 
."ach  other,  until  it  communicites  to  the  cavity  »,f  the  chest,  or  other  internal 
jTirts.  Such  animals  havt;  frequently  the  shoulders  unusually  muscular,  hid- 
ing, in  a  good  m<'asure,  the  original  d<'f  ct  from  the  eye  and  touch  of  a  com- 
mon observer ;  but  it  may,  nevertheless,  be  ascertained  to  exist,  by  the  s\'mp- 
tomsjust  now  mentioned,  as  well  as  by  the  appearance  of  the  protruding 
nuiscle  before  noticed  at  Sect.  5.  To  knocked  knees  and  inside  tread,  let  me 
add  the  circumstance,  that  such  horses  have  a  broken  pace,  kicking  loose 
stones  before  them,  with  a  certain  roUing  from  side  to  side,  to  the  great  annoy- 
ance of  the  rider.  All  this  arises  from  awkwardness,  by  reason  of  the  shoul- 
der's bad  position,  whereby  the  leg  being  thrown  sideways  removes  the  foot 
in  an  increasing  ratio  from  the  centre  of  gravity,  and,  instead  of  its  being 
tlirown  straight  forward,  describes  part  of  a  circle,  more  or  less  curved,  ac- 
Fig.  4.  cording  to  the  amount  of  the   original  defect. 

The  straiglit  dotted  line  shows  the  space  a  well- 
formed  foot,  such  as  belong  to  the  leg  in  our  pre- 
ceding sketch  (3),  would  take,  being  on  paper 
just  one  inch ;  the  curved  line  shows  the  course, 
or  nearly  so,  the  foot  is  thrown  which  belongs  to 
m  ill-formed  shoulder,  contracted  at  the  elbow: 
as  this  Une  is  an  inch  and  an  eighth  (1  in.  ^)  in 
length,  the  horse  so  formed  does  an  eighth  more 
ivork  than  one  with  straight  legs  would  do  on  going  over  the  same  ground. 

In  addition  to  his  other  evils,  a  horse  with  such  a  shoulder  (being  muscular) 
IS  most  liable  to  contract  "  tistula  in  the  withers ;"  but,  if  not  so  muscular, 
*'  strain  of  the  shoulder"  is  likely  to  attend  his  twisted  manner  of  treading,  when 
hard  worked.  With  such  a  built  horse,  "splents"  are  usually  more  tedious 
than  with  a  straight-limbed  one ;  and  strains  of  the  sinews,  i.  e.  of  the  tendon, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  coffin-joint,  happen  oftener,  and  appear  with  worse 
symptoms,  in  proportion  as  the  limbs  are  more  or  less  cross-built*. 

9.  Long  and  sloping  pasterns  [Y,  13 — 16,  and  Y,  34 — 39]  partly  denote 
the  Arabian,  are  handsome  to  view,  and  make  easy  goers;  but  such  horses 
soon  tire,  and,  1  may  say,  are  generally  weak,  having  the  flexor  tendon,  or 
back  sinew,  considerably  relaxed.  The  small  pastern,  or  bone  inserted  at  the 
hoof,  always  rises  in  a  direct  line  from  the  hoof,  both  being  about  45  degrees 
for  saddle-horses,  as  at  6,  (fig.  5.)  and  the  large  pastern  is  then  several  degrees 
nearer  to  upright.  These  hoofs  stand  of  anovaX  shape,  a.id  have  small  frogs. 
But  some,  as  draught  horses,  have  large  frogs,  the  hoof  round,  and  more 
upright  by  nearly  ten  degrees  in  early  life,  as  at  (c)  in  the  annexed  scale,  in 
which  case  they  are  liable,  if  no  change  takes  place,  and  they  get  older  and 
weaker  in  the  joints,  to  "  knuckle  over."     But,  getting  aged,  and  the  supply 

•  I  resen'e  un'il  a  latter  part  of  tlit  \'olume  what  1  shall  have  to  say,  respecting  strain  of  the 
back  sinew  and  of  the  coftiii-joint,  which  I  have  thus  named  in  confomiity  with  the  genera) 
vuigaricin;,  in  order  to  make  myself  intelligible  to  the  meanest  capacity.— Sec  I-\  oL  a  seciioti  of 


|2  HOOF,  n'S  SHAPE  AND  MARE. 

of  nutriment  for  repairing  wear  and  waste  falling  short,  the  horse  becomef 

•«mmice-footi3d.     The  wall  or  crust  is  then  lower;  and  as  the  bottom  of 

Fi(T.  5.  the  foot   grows  convex,  causing  the  ani- 

°"    *  ^  mal  to  slip   about,   so  the   front  of  the 

^ ?  hoof  (a — e)  grows  concave,  the  toe  (e) 

^    ^.'--^'^  I  almost  turning  upwards.     Horses  kept 

^■^  \  \  for  heavy   draught   have  short   pastern 

y^    \  \  j  bones,  tlie  small  one  entering  the  hoof  at 

'^Z  \  \  I  the  coronet  (c)  in  early  life,   but  after- 

/    \  c'\         \         I  wards  changes,  as  I  say,  to  [a — d?)  ;  and 

^  /  w — \  \        \         I  this  new  inclination,    it    will   be   seen, 

'/^s,^^      y^\^>^    \\       \       I  must   depress  the  bone,   as  the  animal 

/      />^\^^S.     V-.     \      «  acquires   the  sort  of  hoof  called   pom- 

/     yx^^^^^\    V     *•     •  '-'i^'C-footed,  and  causes  a  constant  strain- 

^,Cy//\^^^^^^m\   \-..  \    !  ing  upon  the  coronet ;  hence,  the  crip- 

///^^^^^^^\^^>0<-  \  i   pling,    insecure  gait,  horses  of  this  de- 

/  /  (     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^V<:.\  I  scriplion  acquire,  even  before  they  get 

I  \.  1  ^^^^^^s^^^^^^^J  old  ;  and    hence  those  numerous  disor- 

^'— -V^v  ^^^"sS^Sii^^^^^^^^^,  ^j^j.^  j.^  which  the  feet  are  liable  from 

'^  this  one  origin. 
Contracted  heels  of  this  or  any  other  species  of  horse,  being  destructive  of 
h.s  capability  of  going,  should  be  guarded  against  as  much  as  any  other  in- 
dividual misfortune  to  which  he  is  liable:  a  disposition  thereto  constitutes  suf- 
ficient ground  for  rejection.  When  this  is  the  case,  the  interval  or  cleft  be- 
tween the  heels,  at  (d)  in  the  annexed  scale,  is  found  to  be  more  or  less  tender, 
according  to  the  progress  of  the  disease ;  the  cleft  will,  in  health,  receive  two 
fingers  lain  in,  the  part  having  in  it  nothing  unusual  in  the  feel.  Soon,  how- 
ever, the  k.eat  increases,  the  part  hardens,  and  the  cleft  scarcely  admits  of  a 
small  finger  ;  the  horse  flinches  as  if  you  touched  a  sore,  and  nothing  but  time 
and  proper  treatment  can  restore  him,  if  any  thing  can.  Most  commonly, 
however,  the  disease  proceeds  until  the  clefts  of  the  heels  meet  and  become 
rotten.  Pressure  upon  the  frog,  is  the  certain  preventive  of  contraction.  See 
"  Foot." 

When  the  pastern-bones  (great  and  small)  rise  one  above  the  other  too  up- 
rightly, the  small  one  receives  the  whole  concussion,  and  communicates  th« 
jar  to  every  minute  construction  of  the  internal  foot.  See  Foot,  section  o£ 
The  jarring  of  his  pace  is  then  very  great,  both  to  the  horse  and  his  rider. 
Such  horses  arc  very  liable  to  go  lame  occasionally,  but  they  recover  by  rest. 
The  ass  and  wild  horse  (poney)  are  thus  formed ;  but  being  hardy,  and  having 
less  blood  and  less  weight  of  body  to  carry  about,  suffer  less  by  it  than  the 
horse. 

The  just  form  or  elevation  of  the  hoof  in  front^  upon  which  mainly  depends 
its  form  behind,  has  been  discussed  by  various  writers,  but  remains  yet  awhile 
uncertain  and  unsettled.  Mr.  B.  Clarke  judges  33  degrees  of  elevation  from 
the  ground  to  be  the  best  form  of  the  hoof,  and  Mr.  White  quotes  him  with  a 
portion  of  approbation,  but  most  unaccountably  refers  to  his  "plate  iv,"  on 
which  an  inscription  tells  us  the  lact  is  not  so,  but  45  degrees  is  the  best  pos- 
sible elevation  of  the  hoof:  whilst  those  which  are  higher  (/oicer  he  writes  it, 
or  "33"),  "approach  too  near  the  perpendicular;"  the  figure  on  the  plate 
itself  differing  with  the  diagram  on  the  page  of  his  book  (305). 

My  ideas,  however,  on  this  sul)ject  are  not  so  general;  for  1  have  found  the 
best  form  of  the  hoof  differ,  according  to  the  shape  of  the  two  pasterns,  as 
:hey  regard  the  hoof  and  each  other;  deeming  that  the  best,  in  its  particular 
case,  wliere  the  small  one  follows  the  same  declination  as  the  hoof,  and  the 
large  pastern  ascends  twenty  d(^g\ees  nearer  to  the  upright,  as  before  stated. 


CAT-IIAIVCMED,  HOW  CONTRACTED. 


13 


The  prccerling  figure  (No.  5)  shows  the  outhne  of  tljree  feet  of  different  (Ie« 
grers  of  elevation  :  b  d  describes  the  line  of  the  coronet,  or  orifice,  into  whicL 
the  thickest  end  of  the  small  pastorn-bone  sinks,  and  rests  upon  the  sprii.gy 
eubstance  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  hoof,  and  which  bone,  we  naturally 
expect,  should  ascend  out  of,  and  take  the  same  direction  as,  the  hoof,  whence 
Jt  springs.  Any  departure  from  this  rule  of  nature  is  clearly  an  approach 
towards  tiisease.  In  tlie  paragraph  above,  I  showed  what  mischief  might  be 
derived  from  an  upright  small  pastern,  such  as  would  suit  the  outline  hoof 
(c) ;  of  course,  this  elevation,  or  a  greater,  would  be  a  mis-shapen  hoof  as 
well  as  pastern.  In  like  manner,  we  knew  that  the  pommice-foot  is  out  of 
point  and  diseased,  and  it  follows  that  the  best  passible  elevation  of  the  hoof 
must  necessarily  lie  in  the  medium  of  those  extremes,  which  we  know  to  be 
diseases  in  themselves :  this  it  is  to  determine  a  contest  mechanically,  without 
once  adverting  to  the  well-known  circumstance  of  the  health  and  free  use  of 
its  heels,  which  attends  the  horse  whose  hoof  is,  at  any  time  of  life,  near  45 
degrees  of  elevation  or  depression.  Did  we  require  more  arguments  to  prove 
this  to  be  the  proper  elevation,  a  conclusive  one  could  be  found  in  the  well- 
known  circumstance  of  those  hoofs  of  horses  which  are  very  upright  in  early 
life  becoming  the  lowest  when  the  animals  get  old ;  whilst  those  hoofs  which 
come  near  the  standard  of  excellence  in  youth  (45  degrees),  retain  the  same 
form,  as  nearly  as  the  injuries  of  shoeing  admit  of,  to  an  extreme  old  age. 


10.  So  far  as  the  foregoing  observations  on  the  fore-legs  apply,  they  do  be- 
long, in  every  particular,  and  with  equal  reason,  to  the  hind  legs  also;  with 
the  exception,  however,  of  what  is  said  concerning  the  elbow  of  the  fore-leg, 
and  its  adhesion  to  the  chest,  for  which  we  must  now  substitute  the  stifle  of 
.he  hind-leg  [N.  30] ;  and  add,  instead  of  the  kind  of  defect  described  as  being 
occasioned  by  the  contraction  of  the  part,  it  is  here  owing  to  the  expansion 
or  spreading  of  the  stifle  from  the  sides.  This  throws  the  houghs  together, 
and  forms  "  cat-hammed  horses,"  as  they  are  termed  ;  the  mode  of  going  such 
animals  are  constrained  to  adopt,  the  circle  their  Fig.  6. 

hind  feet  describe,  at  every  step,  the  additional 
fatigue  they  undergo,  the  awkwardness  of  their 
tread,  and  the  consequent  diseases  communicated 
to  the  sole,  lately  described  (in  sec.  6.)  as  pertaining 
to  the  fore-leg, — most  undoubtedly  afflict  the  hind- 
leg  also,  with  the  additional  fact,  that  this  one  is 
more  liable  to  "grease."  At  rest,  if  an  animal  so 
built  does  not  place  one  foot  before  the  other,  his 
houghs  not  unfrequently  touch  each  other, — po- 
ney's  and  low  horses  more  particularly  so ;  and  it 
seems  worthy  of  remark,  that  this  species  of  mal- 
conformation  seldom  appears  on  the  fore  and  hind- 
legs  of  the  same  animal.  Indeed,  I  can  not  recol- 
cet  having  seen  one  instance,  and  I  am  thence  led 
to  conclude  that  this  twist  of  the  legs  is  a  contri- 
vance of  Nature  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  dis- 
proportionate length  of  legs  before  or  behind.  But, 
when  it  so  happens  that  the  strength  of  the  parts 
resists  this  bending  of  the  hough  or  of  the  knee, 
such  horses  walk  higher  behind  than  before,  and 
vice  versa,  i.  e.  when  one  pair  of  legs  seem  to  have 
outgrown  the  other  pair;  a  defect  which,  though 


,4  FORE  LEGS  SUORl.— LEAPING. 

often overlool/ ed,  is  no  le?3  deserving  of  notice.  The  wound  termeil  "over- 
reach" is  inflicted  by  the  hind-leg  of  this  formation  upon  the  fore  one.  "  Forg- 
ing" is,  likewise,  occasioned  by  the  hinder  toes  striking  the  shoe  or  shoes  of 
the  fore-feet ;  and  is  sometimes  brougnt  on  by  injudicious  shoeing  on  feet  of  tlie 
very  best  construction,  and  a  loose  rein  ;  it  is,  therefore,  to  be  corrected  only 
by  the  contrary  practice,  keeping  the  hind-toes  short,  and  the  heel  of  the  fore- 
foot low,  and  driving  with  the  reins  borne  up.  By  these  means,  the  fore- 
hoof  will  spread  at  the  heel,  and  the  animal  be  enabled  to  take  it  out  of  the 
way  in  time  for  the  hind-foot  to  occupy  the  identical  spot  on  the  ground  it  had 
just  quitted;  for  very  few  horses  have  the  greyhound  tread  of  Eclipse  beforo- 
noticed,  wherein  the  hind-feet  tread  much  wider  than  the  fore-feet.  Neither 
is  such  a  gift  desirable  to  any  but  racers,  perhaps:  nor  is  it,  indeed,  compati- 
ble with  the  duties  the  generality  of  horses  have  to  perform. 

The  great  additional  labour  horses  with  houghs  so  formed  undergo,  added 
to  the  pain  and  anguish  of  continuing  it,  occasion  irritation  of  the  whole  hind 
quarter,  that  communicates  itself  to  the  region  of  the  kidneys  and  intestines, 
and  superinduce  inflammatory  complaints,  which  frequently  terminate  unfa- 
vourably. Constitutional  diseases  appear  on  the  leg  and  foot  behind  oftener 
than  before;  and  those  of  the  Coronet,  with  Curb,  Thorough  pin,  spavin, 
strains,  windgall,  scarcely  fill  up  the  cataloo[ue  of  evils  caused  by,  or  receiving 
aoforavation  from,  too  much  expansion  of  the  stifle,  with  its  attendant,  the 
cat-hammed  hough,  and,  consequently,  a  twisted  tread  of  the  hoof.  No  doubt 
exists  in  my  mind  that  Eclipse  would  have  been  a  cat-hammed  horse  had  he 
been  raced  at  two  or  three  years  old,  as  our  practice  now  is:  both  he  and 
Flying  Childers  were  five  years  old  before  they  started  on  the  turf.  Heavy 
long-legged  children  of  our  species,  in  like  manner,  become  knock  kneed  men, 
by  being  put  on  their  legs  too  soon  ;  this  form  of  their  knees  deprives  them 
of  calves  to  thin  ill-formed  legs,  and  the  thigh,  too,  seems  wasted,  when  the 
deformity  is  great. 

11.  When  the  fore-legs  are  shortest,  the  horse,  whilst  going,  nods  his  head 
up  and  down  a  good  deal,  as  he  does  when  these  are  either  weak,  tired,  or 
tender  of  foot :  when  they  are  very  feeble,  without  any  other  ailment,  he  car- 
ries the  head  high  constantly;  but  he  works  his  head  from  side  to  side  when 
the  same  subjects  of  complaint  assail  the  hind  logs  and  feet.  Poneys  being 
ever  out  of  point  in  one  or  other  of  these  respects,  afford  unerring  proofs  of 
those  remarks.  The  value  and  advantage  of  the  straight  position  of  a  horse's 
houghs  are  never  more  apparent  than  when  he  rises  upon  his  haunches  to  take 
a  leap,  a  service  which  never  was  performed  satisfactorily  by  a  cat-hammed 
horse,  because  he  seems  to  hesitate  about  what  shall  be  the  distance  between 
his  feet  at  the  precise  moment  they  are  to  leave  the  ground:  a  blunder  which 
is  most  visible  in  the  standing  leap,  when  the  feet  are  seen  first  to  straddle  to 
their  utmost ;  in  an  instant  they  are  brought  so  close  together  as  to  lose  all 
purchase,  and  he  goes  over  from  an  intermediate  spot,  the  whole  transaction 
occupying  as  much  time  as  does  the  counting  of  one,  two,  three,  and  away ! 

The  motions  of  the  head  are  always  good  indications  of  pleasure  as  well  as 
pain.  A  horse  will  frequently  throw  up  his  head,  almost  in  his  rider's  face 
(as  if  to  rebuke  his  barbarity,)  when  he  has  been  hit  on  the  head  or  ears.  (See 
Section  16.)  He  looks  at  his  flanks  dolorously  when  affected  by  a  dull  pain 
in  the  intestines ;  if  it  be  sharp  pain,  he  turns  about  quicker  :  he  thrusts  hia 
nose  towards  his  chest,  when  pain  assails  his  lungs  generally  ;  but  when  one 
lobe  only  is  affected,  he  turns  his  head  only  to  that  side.  If  a  horse  be  girthed 
loo  tight  he  will  sometimes  (justly)  bite  his  tormentor,  for  this  operation  re- 
tardslhe  action  of  the  muscles  between  the  ribs  and  of  the  ribs  themselves,  so 
that  the  lun^s  do  not  get  room  to  play.  (See  Section  31,  and  Introduction, 
page  4.  J     old  horse*  contrive  to  avoid  this  punish.nenf  by  "  holding  tbcir 


LEADING  LEG.    FOUNDER.    GROGGY.  K> 

Vfind"  (keeping  the  lungs  filled)  during  the  girthing;  a  fine  proof  this  of  Na- 
ture's dealinffs,  for  whicli  they  usually  either  get  kicked  under  the  belly,  or 
hit  about  the  head  ;  but  both  kinds  of  punishment  are  the  harbingers  of  further 
disease,  viz.  the  first  of  the  blind  gut,  as  descrilx'd  at  Section  48  and  49 ;  and 
the  other  leads  to  poll  evil,  as  described  in  Book  2. 

A  horse  is  frequently  found  to  have  contracted  lameness  in  the  forc-ieg 
without  showing  any  visible  sign  of  its  exact  situation,  and  applications  to  the 
shoulder  is  the  usual  remedy  in  the  hands  of  the  generality  of  common  far- 
riers. Some  of  them  imagine  the  strain  is  situated  lower  in  the  leg ;  but  they 
are  no  nearer  the  fact,  though  they  are  to  the  spot.  A  defect  in  the  conforma- 
tion of  the  limbs  occasions  the  foot  which  leads  to  come  upon  the  ground  with 
more  force  than  its  fellow :  the  concussion  of  the  hoof  is  greater,  and  is  un- 
equally placed  when  the  leg  is  a-twist  than  in  the  upright  form ;  the  loading 
tires  sooner,  and  the  sensible  sole  becomes  inflamed  when  the  horse  is  con- 
stantly urged  to  step  out  with  it,  the  atHiction  barely  showing  itself  between 
the  frog  and  the  toe,  if  any  where.  If  a  horse  receives  the  impulse  to  {)roceed 
from  the  right  hand  or  heel,  he  will  step  out  with  the  fore-leg  of  that  side,  ac- 
companied by  the  hind-leg  of  the  near  side;  but  his  rider,  or  driver,  should 
early  teach  him  to  change  the  leading-leg,  by  sometimes  touching  him  upon 
the  contrary  side.  It  is  worthy  of  note,  too,  that  the  horse  which  executes 
this  change  with  the  least  trouble,  and  oftenest,  has  most  power  and  command 
of  his  limbs.  [See  Index — Fever  in  the  feet.]  When  both  legs  before  are  at- 
tacked, the  horse  exhibits  a  crippling  uncertain  gait,  not  unlike  that  of  a 
drunken  man,  whence  the  term  "groggy"  has  lieen  applied,  and,  if  he  is  not 
timely  indulged  in  rest  and  a  run  at  grass,  he  is  a  ruined  horse,  and  liccomes 
soon  what  is  termed  "foundered,"  of  which  disorder  there  are  several  kinds. 
The  mistaking  one  kind  of  founder  for  another  generally  costs  the  animal  his 
life,  sooner  or  later,  and  the  studious  inquirer  had  better  turn  to  the  next 
Chapter  (at  sect.  21.  paragraph  3),  where  he  will  find  a  few  words  on  chest 
founder,  many  of  the  symptoms  whereof  are  not  unlike  this  of  the  feet. 

Horses  full  of  feed,  and  requiring  purgative  physic,  stand  with  the  legs 
stretched,  more  than  our  second  cut,  at  page  7, — inordinately  at  times.  Old 
Gibson  attributed  it  to  vice,  and  a  disposition  to  kick,  when  a  horse  holds  his 
toe  scarcely  resting  on  the  ground ;  this  is  not  always  the  case,  for  his  fore- 
leg is  as  frequently  so  held  a-trip  a3  his  hind  one ;  and  I  consider  it  the  token 
alike  of  either  sore  feet,  or  of  incipient  founder. 

12.  Besides  the  disproportion  the  fore  and  hind  legs  bear  to  each  other, 
another  series  of  defects  in  construction  exists  between  the  length  of  the  fore 
limbs  and  that  of  the  trunk,  being  sometimes- most  apparent  at  the  btlly  and 
flank,  at  others  on  the  back,  its  tendency  always  depending  on  the  turn  taken 
by  the  latter.  Although  this  is  the  old  English  way  of  judging  of  long  car- 
cased  horses,  Lafosse  (an  old  French  farrier)  took  the  measure  of  proportions 
more  properly  from  the  breast-bone  to  the  buttock,  in  the  annexed  plate  being 
from  the  parallel  line  11  to  38;  then  comparing  this  with  his  height,  he  tells 
us  "a  good  horse,  as  we  can  learn  from  experience,  should  be  a  tenth  longer 
from  the  breast  to  the  buttock  than  he  is  high  from  the  top  of  the  shoulder  to 
the  ground."  The  latter  admeasurement  will  be  found  upon  the  annexed 
plate  to  extend  from  the  line  [D  to  Z]  and,  with  the  former,  will  compose  a 
gquare  rather  wider  than  high, — the  integuments  being  removed  from  the 
bones  on  all  sides.  My  notions  of  just  proportion,  however,  differ  from  the 
French  standard,  though  they  do  not  run  into  the  contrary  extreme ;  for  I  can 
not  help  thinking  inordinate  length  of  body,  as  compared  to  a  horse's  height, 
a  very  great  defect  as  regards  his  health,  that  form  being  invariably  attended 
with  meagre,  washy  flanKs,  and  a  painful  manner  of  going.    But  the  Fiao- 


t6 


ROACH  BACK,  AND  HOLLOW  BACK. 


ders  and  Norman  breeds  have  all  this  tendency;  and  they  are  invariably  of  a 
sluggish  nature,  wlien  the  belly,  also,  hanijs  low. 

The  major  part  of  our  horses  of  this  built  have  their  sides  falling  in,  more 
or  less,  towards  the  hind  quarter,  some  few  of  them  to  such  a  degree  that  the 
flank  appears  as  it  it  were  fastened  to  the  loins.  These  are  remarkably  poor 
feeders,  have  a  good  deal  of  short-lived  vigour,  without  the  gift  of  keeping  it 
up  at  any  kind  of  thing.  Nutritious  food,  but  less  in  quantity,  does  for  horses 
which  arc  out  in  the  first-mentioned  point  all  that  can  be  done,  and  that  is 
very  little  :  those  of  the  second  species  of  bad  form  can  not  bear  long  journeys, 
nor  long  privation,  or  they  contract  flatulencies  and  spasmodic  cholic. 

Another  s|)ecies  of  dis[)roportionate  length,  as  compared  to  height,  consists 
hi  what  is  called  "  high  mounted,"  the  limbs  having  then  much  more  length 
than  the  body;  a  defect  that  is  rendered  still  more  apparent  when  (as  gene- 
rally happens)  the  horse  is  also  roach-backed,  like  the  first  sketch  of  back 


Fig.  7. 


bone  in  figure  7;  and  it  is  still  more  striking  when  a  little  man  is  mounted 
anon  it  with  a  saddle  that  is  ever  sliding  forward  upon  the  withers.  Such  a 
form  alwavs  denotes  weakness  of  limb,  and  want  of  freedom  in  the  fore-hand  ; 
nor  can  a  horse  of  this  built  take  a  long  step,  or  trot  well,  or  thrive  in  the  field, 
by  reason  of  the  difficulty  he  has  in  reaching  the  grass,  which  induces  him  to 
bend  one  knee  forward,  whilst  the  other  leg  is  drawn  back  under  him.  A 
ludicrous  story  is  even  told  among  horse-dealers  of  a  horse  so  formed  having 
starved  itself  in  the  fields,  while  the  food  lay  within  an  inch  of  its  nose;  and 
though  such  stories  are  no  argument,  they,  nevertheless,  convey  the  general 
feehng  of  the  narrators,  which  is  seldom  completely  wrong. 

13.  But  a  horse  may  be  sh(  rt  in  the  carcase,  which  is  not  exactly  "higli- 
mounted,'*  in  my  view  of  the  term;  since  much  will  depend  upon  the  shape 
(or  herd)  of  his  back-hone,  tj  bring  him  under  the  one  or  the  other  descrip- 
tion. We  h;  ve  seen  what  sort  of  character  a  roach  back  bestows  on  a  horse. 
the  direct  co  itrary  form,  or  hollow  hack -bone,  [see  the  lowermost  sketch  in 
the  last  cut  (cjj  is  no  better,  though  budt  upon  long  limbs,  horses  with  this 
shaped  b<ick  being  in  all  cases  weak  in  the  loins;  and,  therefore,  are  they  more 
liable  to  contract  "inllamination  of  the  kidneys,  and^to  resist  the  cure  longer 
than  those  of  any  other  shaped  back  whatever.     Yet  are  they  prefeirnd  by 


SHORT  BACKED ;  HIGH  MOUNTED     GRINDING.  17 

timid  horsemen,  principally  on  account  of  the  easy  seat  a  hollow  hzck  aff:)rds 
Great  caution  in  administering  strong  repeated  diuretics  should  be  impressed 
upon  us  at  the  sight  of  a  very  hollow-backed  patient.  See  Sections  53 — 5(i. 
When  the  bend  in  the  back-bone,  or  "  hollow  back,"  is  restricted  to  the  fore 
part  of  the  animal,  the  loins  being  well  filled  up,  his  built  in  other  respects  is 
less  material,  to  be  "short  in  the  carcase"  being  then  an  advantage;  and  it  is 
much  greater  when  the  bend  is  confined  to  a  gentle  curve,  scarcely  distin- 
guishable, just  behind  the  withers,  [See  middle  sketch  in  the  last  cut  (b)]. 
This  is  considered  a  straight  back,  belonging  to  a  light  made,  compact  horse ; 
he  is  invariably  ribbed  home  ;  and,  as  there  then  exists  but  a  small  space  be- 
tween the  last  rib  and  the  hip-bone,  as  seen  in  the  plate  at  30  to  32,  so  is  it 
always  accompanied  by  the  deep  chest,  good  hind  quarters,  and  wide  loins 
(i.  e.  not  pinched  together),  and  his  ribs  finely  curved.  Horses  so  formed  are 
always  healthy,  and  esteemed  at  first  sight  super-excellent,  being  supposed, 
with  justice,  capable  of  doing  more  work  than  those  of  any  other  built  what- 
ever. But  the  gift  of  leaping  or  of  great  speed  do  not  always  belong  to  horses 
of  this  form,  however  perfect  in  other  respects,  though  health,  vigour,  strength, 
and  lastingness  do.  Such  horsrs  always  feed  well  and  retain  their  condition. 
The  inquiring  reader  would  do  right  to  turn  back  to  what  is  said  under  Sec- 
tion 10,  and  draw  his  conclusions  from  what  is  there  stated. 

14.  Low-buttocks  generally  accompany  roach  backs  [see  sketch  a.]  and  are 
always  attended  with  another  fault — "hind  legs  too  straight,"  and  incapable 
of  stepping  out.  A  horse  so  formed  can  execute  no  pace  tolerably,  and  trot- 
ting worst  of  all.  In  the  drag,  such  a  horse  steps  short,  and  is  always  upon 
the  bustle,  as  if  his  legs  were  tied.  A  large  head,  with  short  thick  neclc,  de- 
notes a  sluggish  horse,  heavy  in  the  hand,  and  usually  "  carrying  low :"  these 
are  faults  generally  attending  his  entire  breed.  When  the  neck  is  longer,  the 
case  is  not  bettered,  for  then  the  animal  is  of  the  long-bellied  kind,  with  thin 
flanks  and  washy.  As  a  small  light  head,  but  wide  at  the  forehead,  with  ex- 
panding nostrils,  and  bold  prominent  eyes,  denotes  (blood)  strength  of  body, 
and  vigour  of  constitution,  so  the  contrary  may  be  looked  for  in  horses  which 
have  narrow  foreheads,  small  or  sunken  eyes,  and  small  arid  nostrils.  I 
never  saw  a  fine  well-turned  head  that  did  not  belong  to  a  good  set  of  legs, 
well  fixed  upon  the  body;  the  correspondence  goes  still  further,  inasmuch  as 
the  quantity  of  white  in  the  face  is  commonly  attended  with  a  proportion  of 
white  upon  the  heels,  thus :  a  star,  one  white  foot ;  a  blaze,  two  white  feet ; 
white  face,  four  white  legs,  &c.  Horses  with  large  jaws  are  given  to  keep 
open  their  mouths  while  at  work ;  and,  when  aged,  grind  their  teeth  more 
than  is  necessary  in  feeding.  The  manner  of  breaking  his  food  being,  with 
ihe  horse,  different  from  that  of  other  animals,  viz.  by  rubbing  his  under  teeth 
from  right  to  left  against  the  upper  ones, — a  motion  to  which  the  term  "  grind- 
ing his  corn"  has  l^en  applied, — an  old  horse  will  sometimes  continue  it  when 
he  has  nothing  to  eat,  thereby  wearing  away  his  teeth ;  a  circumstance  that 
occasions  imperfect  mastication  and  its  consequences,*  besides  subsequently 
leading  us  into  error  in  examining  his  age.  Hard-mouthed  horses,  and  those 
which  champ  the  bit  much,  fall  into  this  idle  habit. 

Flat,  or  narrow-chested  horses  are  subject  to  those  attacks  which  lead  to 
consumption  (see  Section  36),  and,  consequently,  are  liable  to  show  bad  con 
-lition ;  or,  it  may  be,  that  disorders  of  the  chest  do  contract  its  capacity.  In 
Kome  horses  on  the  contrary,  the  cavity  of  the  chest  seems  too  great  for  its 
contents;  they  are  short-winded  horses  of  one  description  (there  being  several) 

*  Indigestion^  flatulency,  cholic,  &c.  are  all  produced  by  animals  swaUoving  their  IxA  UD 
awoken. 


^  fSTALLIONS  AND  MARES,  ADAPTATION. 

that  are  afflicted  with  these  kinds  of  mal-conformation,  or  disagreement  in  sue 

between  the  parts  containing  and  those  contained. 

If).  My  purpose  in  making  this  exposition  of  the  ill-effects  pro<luced  by 
mis-shapen  limbs,  &c.  on  the  horse's  health  and  usefulness,  would  be  incom- 
plete, were  the  original  causes  thereof  left  unnoticed.  The  most  remote,  or 
more  general  one,  resides  in  the  breed,  or  the  manner  of  breeding  the  animal, 
whence  we  are  sometimes  led  to  say,  "what  is  bred  in  the  bone  will  never  go 
out  of  the  flesh."  As  regards  the  kind  of  stock  from  which  to  raise  a  supply 
of  young  (mes,  breeders  may  undoubtedly  suit  their  own  fancies;  but  it  must 
be  seen  that  a  brood  mare  which  receives  too  much  of  the  horse  for  her  capaci- 
ty, will  produce  a  foal  all  father,  as  it  is  called,  being  at  the  same  time  larger 
than  she  can  conveniently  carry;  it  then  bids  fair  from  the  beginning  to  be  a 
mis-sha[)en  animal.  This  happens  oftener  than  is  commonly  imagined  ;  but 
it  is  easily  prevented  by  adopting  a  horse  for  her  whose  strength  comes  tole- 
rably near  that  of  the  mare.  Disreganl  of  this  precaution  is  found  to  produce 
the  first  foal  much  smaller,  though  more  lively,  than  the  next  and  subsequent 
ones,  esjiecially  if  care  be  taken  in  the  latter  case  to  give  her  a  horse  more  and 
more  vigorous  as  she  becomes  more  roomy.  For  it  must  be  clear  to  any  body 
[upon  mechanical  principles  again]  that  if  the  foetus,  growing  too  large  for 
the  cavity  in  which  it  is  generated,  originates  too  much  bone,  it  must  determine 
towards  some  particular  part  of  the  young  animal ;  and  the  colt  will  be  brought 
forth  with  that  deformity,  and  carry  it  through  life,  after  plaguing  two  or  three 
of  its  owners  with  fruitless  endeavours  to  physic  off  its  ills. 

I  say  nothing  whatever  of  the  cross  to  be  adopted  ;  that,  being  contrary  to 
my  plan,  would  carry  me  too  far  away  from  my  main  subject.  But  I  may 
observe,  in  passing  on,  that  no  breeder  in  his  senses  would  think  of  employ- 
ing a  horse  to  raise  stock  that  has  served  half  a  dozen  or  more  mares  in  the 
course  of  the  day ;  and  yet  nothing  is  more  connnon,  nor  more  inevitable  when 
the  payment  for  covering  is  low  (say  a  guinea  or  two),  than  that  the  small- 
ness  of  the  sum  must  be  made  up  by  the  number  of  mares  served,  the  price, 
keep,  and  attendance,  upon  stallions  being  expensive.  This  error  must  be  so 
palpable  to  any  man  who  calls  himself  a  father,  as  to  render  any  further  argu- 
ment upon  that  topic  utterly  unnecessary.  Some  twenty-five  years  back  in- 
to the  last  century,  I  recollect  reading  a  well-attested  account  of  a  celebrated 
horse's  dying  in  consequence  of  twelve  or  fourteen  successive  efforts  in  pro- 
creation ;  and  if  such  be  the  deplorable  case  with  the  parent,  what  strength, 
bottom,  or  laslingness,  can  be  hoped  for  in  the  progeny  so  begotten?  Never- 
theless, I  am  of  opinion  that  a  vigorous  horse  which  may  have  been  freely 
engaged  (if  early  in  the  season"^  may  be  in  a  better  condition  for  raising  large 
and  lively  stock,  than  under  any  other  circumstances  whatever,  except  recent 
exhaustion.  Aged  stallions  produce  hard-mouthed  foals,  and  further  pro- 
claim the  ill-adapted  ages  of  sire  and  dam  by  extraordinary  hollowness  over 
the  eyes. 

Much  depends  on  the  country,  the  climate,  or  kind  of  land,  in  which  tho 
gestation  or  breeding  may  be  carried  on  ;  and  it  may  be  presumed,  that  no  one 
in  his  senses  would  choose  such  a  situation  as  is  known  to  be  disadvantageous 
to  the  particular  kind  of  breeding  he  may  have  in  contemplation  to  pursue; 
whilst  those  who  may  already  be  so  placed,  have  no  right  to  complain  when 
they  engage  in  a  branch  of  business  thus  ill  adapted  to  their  plan  o*"  flirming, 
itnd  they  get  disa[)pointed.  As  both  objections  lie  at  tlie  option  of  the  parties 
concerned,  they  require  no  further  remark  ;  but  another  point  of  consideration 
well  worthy  our  careful  attention  is,  the  treatment  the  marc  ought  to  experi- 
ence at  our  hands  while  she  is  breeding  ;  this  being  a  matter  of  some  moment, 
and  within  every  one's  control,  should  not  be  neglected.  Though  a  brood 
mare  in  foal  requires  no  pampering  at  any  period,  yet  it  is  clear  tlvit,  from  the 


MOHXTINH  COLTS:  WELL  BRACED  LIMBS.  ]  \ 

third  or  fourtli  month,  she  shoultl  not  be  worked  so  hard  as  usual,  and  froirj 
this  i)eriod  to  the  day  of  her  toahng,  the  duty  to  be  required  of  her  should  be 
less  and  less  every  week.  Nor,  on  the  other  hand,  is  complete  idleness  lie- 
fitting  her  situation  :  in  cases  where  slie  has  not  been  used  to  hart!  labour,  a 
run  at  glass,  in  a  paddock,  with  access  to  an  outhouse  or  stable,  as  it  leaves 
to  her  option  the  quantity  of  exercise  her  strength  is  capable  of  sustaining, 
would  be  found  most  conducive  to  the  best  purposes  of  nature.  Her  food 
should  be  of  the  first  quality,  and  regular,  and,  though  full  enough,  should  not 
be  too  much.  Occasionally,  she  may  be  oflCher  feed,  during  the  "time,"  but 
she  does  not  therefore  require  "  physickinfj,"  nor  coaxing  to  eat.  Great  care 
should  he  taken  that  her  l)ody  is  emi)tied  regularly,  that  no  derangement  takn 
place  either  way;  and  that  if  opening  physic  is  required  at  all,  aloes  is  not  in 
her  case  the  best  that  can  be  prescribed  for  that  purpose,  since  they  act  most- 
ly upon  the  intestines  lying  immediately  in  vhe  vicinity  of  the  foal.  An 
opening  draught  or  drench  should  be  substituted  for  the  pill,  as  its  operation 
begins  sooner. 

A  very  general  cause  of  mis-shapen  limbs  is  the  placing  upon  younkerstoo 
great  weights  at  first,  whereby  the  houghs  or  the  knees  are  thrown  together 
particularly  when  the  animal  is  constructed  with  the  fore  ainl  hind  legs  dis- 
proportioned  to  each  other,  as  noticed  at  sectiotiS  9  and  10.  Splents  and 
sprains  are  the  inevitable  consequences  of  mounting  colts,  &c.  too  early  in 
life;  and  hollow  back  is  oftener  induced  by  this  premature  error  than  existing 
originally.  As  if  all  this  were  not  enough,  many  breeders  nearly  starve  their 
young  ones  until  they  are  brought  into  use;  whereby  they  b»'come  deficient 
in  solidity  of  bone  and  quantity  of  muscle,  if  they  do  not  imbibe  some  internal 
or  constitutional  malaily,  and  the  event  of  their  limbs  growing  mis-shapen  is 
no  longer  left  to  chance. 

16.  Notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  and  done,  little  would  avail  the 
finest  proportions  of  the  bt^nes  towards  the  formation  of  fine- shaped  limbs, 
least  of  aii  to  symmetry  of  the  whole  horse,  but  for  the  seemingly  adventitious 
circumstance  of  the  covering  with  which  they  are  immediately  invested  j  and 
which,  embracing  tightly  several  bones,  and  connecting  them  together,  con- 
stitutes a  limb.  Some  of  these  coverings  are  confined  to  the  joints  only,  hold- 
ing them  in  position  as  near  as  the  Creator  designed  them,  unless  accident 
(of  parentage,  of  birth,  or  misusage),  as  before  described,  should  induce  them 
to  a  perpetual  strain,  and  they  enlarge  at  these  joints  in  spite  of  the  next  or 
universal  covering  of  the  bones:  this  is  membrane  (of  which  more  shortly,) 
the  uses  whereof  on  the  bone  may  be  illustrated  by  taking  a  stocking  of  gi;>od 
length,  and  having  filled  it  with  pebbles  of  its  own  size,  and  tying  the  end 
tightly,  a  stick  or  club  is  proiluced  of  some  degree  of  flexibility  resembling  a 
Umb  and  its  joints.  If  the  tying  be  not  performed  well,  by  bracing  the  st(Kk- 
ing  to  its  utmost,  the  flexibility  of  certain  parts  (or  joints)  of  the  limb  will  be 
greater:  it  will  possess  less  strength  at  the  joints  when  bent,  and  be  liable  to 
give  way  or  break  unless  supported  by  some  other  covering.  It  is  easy  to  per- 
ceive that  the  horse  which  has  those  coverings  in  the  highest  perfection  would 
move  his  limbs  more  correctly  after  the  fashion  they  were  designed  for,  than 
he  which  constantly  strained  them  out  of  their  places.  He  who  was  endowed 
with  the  first-mentioned  quality  in  perfection  would  be  considered  a  sinewy 
right-built  horse  ;  the  second  kind  1  have  already  depicted  in  section  10,  where 
rhe  houghs  are  described  as  kee[)ing  those  integuments  in  a  perpetual  state  i>l 
derangement,  straining  or  twisting  them  in  such  a  manner  that  constitutional 
enlargement  at  the  joints  is  the  consequence. 

At  the  ends  of  all  bones,  a  yielding  subi:tance,  in  appearance  like  bone  it 
self,  prevents  friction,  and  by  its  elasticity  rives  a  spring  to  the  animal's  steps. 
The  ease  of  a  horse's  going  mainly  depends  upon  this  substance,  which  re 


5J0  SINEW  y  HORSE.    CARTILAGE 

oeives  the  nann  of  cartilage,  and  is  liable  in  some  measure  to  be  absorbed  oi 
taken  up  into  the  system,  or,  in  cases  of  diseased  joint,  to  become  stiff  and 
bony.  Consult  sect.  23,  &c.  on  those  points  of  information.  We  may  notice 
this  absorption  in  very  young  animals,  whose  bones  are  all  substituted  by 
cartilage;  until  the  blood  furnisheth  the  means  of  forming  a  more  substantial 
frame,  such  as  I  have  been  describing ;  and  teaches  the  validity  of  some  re- 
marks I  made  in  a  preceding  section  (15)  on  the  kind  of  attention  we  ought 
to  pay  to  our  brood  mares  while  the  fcetus^  or  unborn  animal,  is  being  formed 
in  the  womb. 

Not  only  between  bones,  and  embracing  ever  joint,  but  at  the  termination 
of  the  four  legs  in  their  horny  feet,  is  this  springy  substance  to  be  found,  the 
whole  being  liable  to  wear  out,  to  contract  or  to  harden  with  age  or  disease. 
Besides  this  casing  of  the  joints  in  cartilage,  the  ligaments  connect  or  tie  the 
bones  together.  These  ligaments  are  seldom  troubled  with  any  ailment  but 
that  of  great  lassitude  when  the  animal  is  tired,  and  occasionally  to  sprain. 
This  accident  takes  place  when  the  horse  steps  aside  upon  uneven  ground, 
and  the  ends  of  the  bones  press  laterally  upon  the  ligaments.  It  follows,  of 
course,  that  mis-shapen  horses  whose  feet  are  always  constrained  to  take  an 
uneven  tread  must  be  subject  to  a  constant  strain,  and  must  be  more  liable 
than  others  to  incur  permanent  accident, — every  step  forming  a  trivial  one. 

But  the  ligament  demanding  the  student's  most  serious  attention  is  that 
which  suspends  the  neck  bones,  on  the  same  principle  as  our  old  fashioned 
lamp-irons  are  suspended  by  a  small  one  from  above,  only  that  the  ligament 
lies  closer,  and  covers  the  intervals  of  the  upper  side,  as  at  a — b  of  the  annex- 
ed sketch.*  So  placed,  and  passing  from  the  skull  to  the  backbones,  to  both 
of  which  it  is  fastened,  it  has  the  power,  at 
the  will  of  the  animal,  of  bending  down  or 
^  drawing  up  the  head,  which  would,  in  fact, 

but  for  this  support,  fall  to  the  ground.  Horses 
in  their  last  moments,  when  that  will  niay 
be  supposed  to  have  left  them,  always  carft 
back  their  heads  considerably,  by  reason  of 
the  contraction  of  this  strong  ligament  dur- 
ing the  paroxysms  of  departing  Ufe.  At  a,  however,  where  is  the  seat  of 
poll-evil,  it  is  usually  thin,  the  cavity  there  found  between  the  bones  being 
mostly  filled  with  muscle  (s.  27);  but  this  does  not  happen  invariably,  as  some 
horses  have  little  or  no  cavity  to  be  filled  with  ligamenlary  substance,  or  with 
muscle.  Our  frontispiece  is  the  portrait  ol  a  subject  of  this  latter  kind  ;  but 
the  reader  is  referred  to  some  subsequent  observations  and  cases  on  "  poll-evil  • ' 
for  more  detail  on  this  hitherto-neglected  point  of  conformation. 

17.  At  the  joints  formed  by  the  bones  and  covered  by  cartilage,  the  whole 
are  surrounded  by  a  strong  membrane,  which  wraps  the  bones  tightly,  and  se- 
cretes an  oil  at  the  joints  for  its  further  defence  from  the  effects  of  friction. 
Of  this  secretion,  and  of  the  membranes  generally,  some  further  notice  is  given 
in  the  second  chapter  at  section  22. 

This  strong  membrane  is  not,  however,  confined  to  any  particular  part,  but 
continues  its  close  attachment,  or  embracement  of  the  bone,  over  the  entire 
frame  of  the  horse.  Throughout  its  extended  course  it  serves  as  an  excellent 
holdfast  for  the  sinewy  ends  of  the  muscles  (see  sect.  27),  which  are  attached 
to  it  above  and  below  joints,  whereby  they  act  as  levers  to  raise  the  lower  bones 
of  the  Umbs,  as  described  hereafter. 

•  Called  by  the  learned  "cei-vical  ligament"  and  "the  cervicular."  In  operatioivs  for  th« 
poll-evil  this  ligament  is  frequently  diviideJ  by  the  unskilful  farrier  cutting  it  aerosB  raihw:  itaa 
lengthwise,  which  L"?  the  only  right  practice. 


MEMBRANES.    THE  HORSE'S  INSIDE.    ORGANS.  yj 

According  to  the  parts  this  membrane  may  cover,  it  has  received  from  the 
iRdrned  in  hard  words  and  many,  a  separate  name  for  each,  as  it  that  course 
would  further  the  cause  of  science;  and  whenever  they  speak  of  it  as  being 
found  upon  the  joints,  and  skull,  or  the  bones  generally,  they  term  it  perichon- 
drium, pericranium,  and  periosteum,  as  the  case  may  be :  why,  no  one  ex- 
plains. It  has  been  considered  insensible,  because  in  health  it  has  not  <  le 
sense  of  feeling  so  fine  as  other  parts  of  the  system,  which  are  furnished  witf 
more  nerves  (s.  30) ;  but,  the  very  few  of  these  fine  organs  with  which  the 
membrane  of  the  bone  is  furnished,  renders  the  pain  occasioned  by  disease, 
whenever  it  may  be  attacked,  the  more  acute ;  when  flying  from  one  n«rve  to 
another,  those  well-known  shooting  pains  are  felt  (by  us)  that  are  universally 
mistaken  for  pains  in  the  bones  themselves.  We  do  not  go  too  far  in  infer- 
ring that  the  horse  is  similarly  affected.  This  takes  place  in  splents  and  spavin, 
when  the  bone  enlarging  forces  its  way  through  this  tightly-braced  membrane, 
and  causes  inflammation,  temporary  lameness,  and,  at  length,  those  well- 
known  appearances  1  have  just  named.  In  the  living  horse  this  membrane  is 
red,  by  reason  of  the  fine  blood-vessels  with  which  it  abounds ;  but  in  the  dead 
subject,  the  supply  of  blood  being  withdrawn,  it  then  turns  white. 


CHAPTER  II. 


Concerning  the  Horse's  Inside,  of  its  Conformation^  the  Functions  of  the 
Organs  of  Life,  and  the  Diseases  to  which  each  is  liable :  together  with 
Outlines  of  the  Principles  upon  which  the  Cure  is  to  be  effected. 

18.  Such,  as  I  have  endeavoured  to  teach,  being  my  view  of  the  external 
frame  or  structure  of  the  horse,  which  I  have  termed  its  built,  1  come,  in  the 
next  place,  to  speak  in  a  more  particular  manner  of  his  inside;  noticing,  as  I 
pass  on  from  one  part  of  him  to  another,  the  seats  and  causes  of  his  diseases 
with  a  view  to  their  cure,  but  referring  you  to  the  second  book  for  the  separate 
treatment  each  requires.  In  the  third  chapter  will  be  found  my  reasons  for  fol- 
lowing up  the  principles  herein  laid  down,  by  a  line  of  practice,  at  variance,  in 
some  material  points,  with  the  present  mode  of  treating  the  animal  in  health 
as  well  as  in  disease. 

Organs. — But,  before  I  proceed  to  describe  those  several  part?  of  the  horse's 
inside,  there  appears  to  me  an  absolute  necessity  for  previously  makinir  the 
unlearned  reader  better  acquainted  with  a  few  general  topics,  that  we°may 
proceed  with  the  details  smoothly  and  more  intelligibly  together ;  viz.  the 
names,  uses  or  offices  and  powers,  of  that  infinity  of  small  organs  which  lie 
spread  over  most  parts  of  the  body,  and  belong  in  common  to  several  of  these 
parts  in  nearly  equal  degrees.  The  large  organs,  having  the  power  of  carry- 
ing on  the  animal  system,  first,  as  regards  digestion,  secondly,  those  employed 
in  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  third,  those  of  respiration,  are  too  well 
known  to  the  sight  and  touch  to  require  explanation  here;  yet  are  they  (the 
heart,  kidneys,  lungs,  liver,  &,c.)  composed  or  made  up  entirely  of  those  minor 
organs  1  mean  first  to  describe.  But  the  precise  way  in  which  these  act  in 
and  upon  the  large  ones,  the  great  share  they  hold  in  furthei».ig  the  system  of 
animal  life,  and  the  eminent  rank  their  services  maintain  in  restoring  health 
when  the  system  is  any  way  disordered,  has  not  received,  in  the  practice  of 
horse-medicine,  that  share  of  serious  consideration  the  importance  of  the  sub- 
ject imperiously  demands.  To  these  points,  then.  1  shall  shortly  call  the 
-eader's  undivided  attention ;  meantime,  as  some  cramp  words  and  phrases  an' 
4 


23  FUNCTIONS.    SECRETIONS. 

applied  by  most  people  (writers  and  others)  to  those  offices  of  the  animal's  or* 
gans,  they  stand  in  need  of  previous  explanation. 

19.  Each  kind  of  organ,  whether  small  or  larsfe,  was  designed  by  the  great 
maker  of  all  things  to  perform  some  office  towards  the  preservation  of  the 
animal  in  health.  When  such  office  is  i)erformed  properly,  as  ordained,  the 
organ  is  said  to  "  perform  its  functions  well."  For  example,  the  heart  is 
given  for  the  purpose  of  sending  the  blood  through  the  arteries,  all  over  the 
body ;  but  when  the  pulse  beats  low  or  irregularly,  that  organ  is  said  to  "  per- 
form its  function  badly  ;"  when  it  ceases  to  beat,  this  function  is  lost  or  gone. 
So,  certain  of  the  organs  are  said  to  secrete  something  or  other  that  is  liquid  ; 
the  doing  this  is  their  function  ;  the  power  of  doing  so,  that  of  secretion  ;  and 
the  article  secreted  or  collected  together,  is  called  the  secretion  of  this  or  that 
organ.  Thus,  the  kidneys  secrete  urine,  and  it  runs  off  (sect.  53):  the  glands, 
under  the  jaws,  secrete  spittle  (saliva),  which  passes  oli'  with  the  food  by  the 
intestines ;  therefore  are  they  properly  considered  as  excretory  also,  seeing 
both  the  secretions  are  drawn  together  for  the  express  purpose  of  being  so  sent 
away,  this  last  by  the  grand  canal  (or  gut),  as  the  first  mentioned  is  by  the 
bladder,  and  the  perspiration  is  through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  But  some  se- 
cretions are  found  that  have  no  outlet  visible  to  us  weak  mortals,  though  they 
find  their  way  through  the  skin,  sensibly  enough  at  times ;  and  this  then  be- 
comes the  sensible  perspiration  or  sweat,  but  when  we  do  not  see  it,  this 
third  species  of  evacuation  is  termed  the  insensible  perspiration ;  and  in 
health,  one  of  the  two  is  always  in  action, — in  disease  not  so. 

"When,  however,  it  happens  such  functions  are  obstructed,  or,  on  the  other 
hand,  too  much  of  either  secretion  is  furnished  to  the  system,  then  disease  be- 
gins ;  as  does,  also,  our  duty  of  finding  out  what  part  of  the  vast  machine  has 
ceased  to  perform  its  office  properly.  For,  without  this  previous  information, 
no  man  can  possibly  know  how  to  apply  the  remedy  in  restoring  the  disor- 
dered organ  to  the  proper  exercise  of  its  function  ;  nor  can  any  one  hope  to 
arrive  at  this  desirable  point  of  veterinary  knowledge,  unless  he  has  acquired 
the  means  of  ascertaining  where,  when,  and  in  what  degree  the  mischief  has 
taken  place,  by  patiently  examining  the  action  of  those  organs  while  in  health, 
»nd  comparing  their  appearance,  after  death,  with  the  particular  symptoms 
which  preceded  that  event. 

20.  Secretion. — Although,  as  I  say,  the  secretions  just  spoken  of  are  im- 
portant in  themselves,  and  of  several  sorts,  as  bile  or  gall  by  the  liver,  urine  by 
the  kidney,  &c.  yet  the  chief  object  of  our  present  notice  is  the  secretion  of  a 
fluid,  more  or  less  watery,  which  pervades  the  whole  system.  It  differs  in 
quality  a  little,  and  very  httle  any  where,  being  ada})ted  to  the  nature  of  the 
j/arts  requiring  its  aid :  1st,  In  softening  and  enabling  them  to  move  freely 
over  each  other  (as,  between  the  ends  of  bones);  2d,  Acting  as  a  defence 
against  injuries  from  extraneous  bodies  (as  on  the  inner  coat*  of  the  intes- 
tines) ;  and  3d,  To  prevent  the  parts  from  growing  together  (as  the  liver  to 
the  midriff),  &c.  Misfortunes  these  which  invariably  happen  wiien  the  sup- 
ply of  this  fluid  falls  short  of  the  quantity  required  for  a  long  while  together; 
and  this  is  the  case  whenever  the  animal  is  worked  until  the  fluid,  at  some 
part  or  other,  is  exhausted  :  a  circumstance  that  strongly  bespeaks  the  jiro- 
priety  of  allowing  the  worn-up  poor  creature  more  frequent  supplies  of  water 
although  this  be  done  in  smaller  quantities.  Inflammation,  or  fever,  which 
Is  occasioned  by  suddenly  checking  the  secretion  ,  eventually  exhausts  this 
moisture  by  its  great  heat.     Both  those  disorders  are  therefore  referred  in  the 

Tlie  surgeons  of  human  jiraclice  will  observe,  that  I  liere  transgress  the  doctrine  of  the  sur- 
faces ;  but  they  will  ple;ise  to  recollect  that  my  object  is  to  make  myself  uncler!5.-oot'  1  v  a  certaiis 
class  of  carters,  of  which  tlioy  compose  a  very  small     art. 


USES  OF  SECRETIONS:  REDUNDANT;  AND  DEFECTrVK  23 

sequel  to  the  same  origin  ;  the  first  being  local,  or  pertaining  to  some  particular 
organ  or  part,  whilst  lever  j)erva(Jes  the  whole  system,  and  the  solids  in  par- 
ticular.    The  total  absence  of  perspirable  matter  marks  both  diseases 

On  the  other  hand,  when  too  much  of  this  fluid  is  secreted,  and  remains 
unabsorbed,  disease  ensues  ;  upon  the  heart  it  forms  "  droi)sy  of  the  covering 
of  the  heart;"  on  the  covering  of  the  lungs  it  becomes  "dropsy  of  the  chest;'- 
in  the  membrane  of  the  belly  it  forms  "  ascites,"  or  dropsy  of  that  part,  and 
usually  falls  into  the  scrotum.  The  powers  of  medicine  have  hitherto  proved 
of  no  avail  in  the  first  description  of  ailments;  and  are  but  partially  applicable 
to  the  last  mentioned  ;  the  operation  of  tapping  too  frequently  disafipointsour 
hopes,  to  induce  us  to  rely  upon  it  as  any  other  than  a  temporary  relief,  and 
it  is,  therefore,  seldom  or  ever  applied  to  the  horse.  Thus,  in  whichever  way 
we  view  this  important  secretion,  its  eminence  must  strike  us  as  quite  equal 
to  any  other.  Whenever  obstruction  in  this  part  of  the  system  takes  plav'e 
in  the  horse,  the  consequent  adhesion  of  the  parts  being  invisible,  he  gets 
worse  used  by  his  inexorable  master  for  his  inability  to  perform  his  usual 
work,  and  he  soon  falls  a  victim  to  the  lash,  the  spur,  and  the  bit.  At  the 
joints,  this  fluid  is  considered  to  be  an  oil  (cynovia);  at  the  heart  it  is  con- 
fessedly nothing  but  water:  whilst  it  partakes  of  a  mucous,  or  slimy  nature 
at  some  other  parts  of  the  body.  This  is  the  case  with  the  membranes  of  the 
throat  and  gullet ;  on  those  of  the  nostrils,  the  heat  of  the  horse's  breath  con- 
verts it  into  a  ^^  viscid  mu'cus;"  when  the  secreted  watery  particles  come  oflf 
by  sweating,  it  assumes  a  white  or  milky  appearance,  after  a  little  time  ap- 
pearing thicker  and  more  slimy  as  the  sweating  continues,  and  the  watery 
particles  becoming  less  and  less,  its  fluidity  is  also  lessened.  See  membranes, 
sect.  26, 

21.  In  all  animals,  the  secretion  of  this  watery  fluid  is  carried  on  by  the 
membranes,  which  are  thin  films  placed  between  the  various  organs,  over  the 
bones  and  among  the  fleshy  parts.  These  not  only  secrete,  but  sustain  the 
fluid  in  its  place,  for  the  purposes  above  mentioned,  and  being  of  various  tex- 
ture or  fineness,  the  fluid  that  is  so  secreted  and  held  to  its  pur[x)se  by  each, 
partakes  more  or  less  of  water,  is  more  or  less  slimy,  or  consists  more  or  less 
of  an  oily  nature,  according  to  the  use  it  may  be  designed  for.  Each  kind  of 
membrane,  and  its  proper  secretion,  has  received  a  learned  name, — the  first 
being  called  serous,  the  second  mucous,  the  third  fibrous ;  but,  having  re- 
solved to  abandon  learned  words,  whenever  the  thing  can  be  understood  as 
well  without  them,  I  find  less  occasion  for  introducing  them  here  than  is  ge- 
nerally practised.  For,  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  horse  having  assimulated 
together,  by  its  action,  the  three  kinds  of  secretion  more  so  than  is  the  case 
with  other  animals ;  and  its  habits  contributing  as  much  more  to  the  hasty 
calling  off  of  one  kind  of  fluid  from  certain  parts  to  the  assistance  of  another 
part,  which  may  have  been  exhausted  of  its  kind  ;  and  as  the  treatment  of  the 
horse  in  all  cases  of  a  disordered  secretion  of  these  fluids  is  the  same  through- 
out, the  action  of  medicine  upon  one  always  affording  the  assistance  to  ano- 
ther (as  1  shall  prove  shortly),  there  is  no  such  necessity  for  carrying  the 
distinction  farther  in  horse -medicine,  although  it  may  be  so  in  the  human 
practice. 

Perspiration  is  always  at  a  great  height  in  the  horse ;  it  is  one  of  th«* 
chief  means  of  cure  in  most  of  his  disorders,  and  consists  in  drawing  tho 
watery  secretions  from  all  parts  of  the  body.  These  pass  to  the  surface 
'eadily,  coming  through  the  membranes  from  the  joints,  the  solidsj  the  bowels, 
and  their  coverings;  as  may  be  noticed  in  the  case  of  hide-bound,  apon  open- 
ing the  animals  that  die  in  this  state  of  exhausted  nature;  the  me>-entt:ry 
canal  (hereafter  described)  is  invariably  discovered  with  yellowness,  being,  a« 
times,  almost  orange  colour;  but  1  have  as  constantly  found  the  iacteals  of  a 


^  EFFUSION.    INSENSIBLE  PERSPIRATION. 

fine  coateil  horse  shine  through  as  white  as  milk.  Again,  on  over-working 
the  horse,  so  much  of  the  joint-oil  is  sometimes  drawn  off  by  perspiration,  that 
he  becomes  stiff  in  the  knees,  for  want  of  that  softening  quality  which  kept 
the  parts  supple ;  we  feel  the  same  ourselves  upon  such  occasions ;  and  in 
taking  off  the  knee  or  the  hough  of  a  permanently  "  stiff-jointed"  horse,  1  have 
invariably  found  the  joint-oil  affected  ;  in  very  bad  cases  it  no  longer  existed. 
During  life,  the  escape  of  this  oil,  by  reason  of  wounds  (as  bad  broken  knees), 
leave  the  joint  stiff.  Further  comment  on  its  uses  is  unnecessary ;  but  those 
facts  should  teach  his  owners  a  practical  lesson  of  moderation. 

On  the  subject  of  absorption  of  these  secretions,  I  noticed  many  years  ago,  a 
very  ingenious  reason  assigned  for  "  lameness  of  the  fore  legs,  of  English 
horses  particularly,"  in  the  great  work  of  La  Fosse,  the  elder,  on  what  he 
calls  "  Hippo-|)athology,"  or  the  diseases  of  horses.  He  says,  "  The  fluids 
which  did  lubricate  the  parts  (the  shoulders)  and  keep  them  supple,  oeing 
reduced  in  quantity,  the  food  flying  off  by  sweat,  the  remainder  gets  thicker  in 
consequence,  and  the  solids  of  his  limbs  become  stiff  and  dry."  it  happens, 
mostly  in  the  fore  limbs,  and  he  calls  it  a  cold  or  chill,  and  says,  page  267,  it 
resembles  a  "  stroke  of  the  shoulder," — "  Chevalfroid  et  pris  dans  les  epau- 
les.''  A  species  of  founder,  that  is  clearly  not  to  be  cured  by  external  appli- 
cations, (as  the  oils,  firing,  &c).  but  by  restoring  to  the  part  the  function  of 
secreting  a  sufficient  supply  of  the  fluid  which  had  been  so  exhausted.  In 
these  few  words  are  included  the  whole  secret  of  my  method  of  cure  in  such 
attacks;  and,  in  this  case,  gentle  sweating  is  that  remedy  which  is  best  calcu- 
lated for  restoring  the  function. 

22.  When  the  skin  does  not  permit  evaporation,  and  sends  forth  the  secre- 
tion by  perspiration,  disease  has  begun,  the  hair  looks  staring  near  the  part 
ttffected,  and  not  a  stable-boy  exists,  who,  when  he  sees  a  horse  with  a  rough 
coat,  can  not  tell  that  "something  or  other  is  the  matter  with  him."  This 
arises  from  want  of  moisture  within  ;  the  skin  itself  not  having  the  power  of 
secreting  or  drawing  towards  it,  by  effusion,  the  moisture  which  is  necessary 
to  keep  it  supple,  it  shrivels  up,  and  this  important  evacuation,  which  is 
second  only  to  the  urinary,  is  then  stopped,  so  that  even  the  insensible  perspi- 
ration ceases.  Some  idea  respecting  the  amount  of  this  insensible  evacuation 
may  be  formed,  by  placing  a  horse,  that  has  been  exercised,  between  ourselves 
and  a  well  white-washed  wall  upon  which  the  sun  shines :  when  the  shadow 
of  the  insensible  perspiration  may  be  seen  upon  the  wall  ascending  in  tolera- 
bly thick  volumes,  something  very  like  steam  from  a  boiling  pot.  Indeed,  the 
insensible  perspiration  is,  when  cpmpared  to  sweating,  the  same  as  warm 
compared  to  boiling  water. 

Yet,  although  we  do  not  know  the  exact  workings  by  which  this  internal 
effusion  (as  it  is  called)  of  the  watery  particles  from  one  part  of  the  animal  to 
another  takes  place,  we  do  know,  accurately  enough  for  our  purpose,  that 
abundantly  perspirable  matter  lies  in  and  upon  the  intestines;  as  any  affec- 
tion of  the  heart,  arising  from  the  organs  of  sense  (sect.  30),  causes  a  sudden 
sufl'usion  of  blood  in  the  skin,  and  induces  heat  and  irritation  there  ;*  so  do 
I  he  intestines  send  forth  their  watery  particles  upon  the  slightest  occasion,  to 
the  same  place  of  exit,  in  order  to  moisten  and  render  it  more  supple. 
Whether  the  very  transparent  membrane,  called  peritoneum,  which  sustains 
the  bowels,  or  that  other  large  part  of  it  which  covers  these  and  all  parts  of 

"  fear,  for  instance,  of  the  dealer's  whip  often  occasions  the  skin  to  contract  and  expand,  so 
ax  to  cause  the  tail  to  shake  with  every  alternate  vibration  of  the  heart ;  and  I  once  rode  with  a 
Jjw,  a  right-out  jt.urney  of  forty-four  miles,  who  whipped  and  spurred  his  hor&e  to  such  a 
egroe,  that  the  liairs  actually  fell  oft' from  his  tail,  ex<-epia  few  at  the  end,  an  occurrence  that  ia 
ttially  a.scribed  to  scrophula  on  ihe  horse's  hide:  a  disorder  it  niisht  have  also  laboared  under, 
•*  Hughl  I  know  -.0  I'i.i  contrary. 


PERSPIRABLE  MATTER.  t5 

•  he  inside,  is  most  concerned  in  this  secretion  and  effusion,  is  not  worth  the 
trouble  of  inquiry  here.  But,  in  addition  to  what  is  said  in  the  last  section 
respecting  tlie  colour  of  the  lacteal  duct,  as  it  passes  along  the  mesentery  in 
cases  of  hide-bound.  1  may  be  allowed  to  observe,  that  we  may  daily  witness, 
the  sensible  perspiration  from  young  and  healthy  horses  tocontain  more  of  wa- 
ter than  is  found  in  feverish,  old,  or  generally  unhealthy  animals;  and  i^ at 
with  these  the  sweat  is  more  frothy,  or  becomes  so  much  sooner,  his  mouth 
gets  clammy,  and  his  tongue  dry  and  hot  underneath,  with  less  work  than 
they;  and  that  horses  so  affected  are  always  found  insatiably  craving  after 
water.  Moreover,  as  regards  the  connexion  that  subsists  between  one  part 
of  the  animal  and  another,  1  have  many  times  found  purging  physic,  given  in 
the  usual  doses  fail  of  the  effect  intended,  and  come  off  in  the  shape  of  profuse 
perspiration.  Not  only  in  those  large  and  decided  doses  that  are  intended  to 
produce  much  effect,  but  even  milder  ones,  as  alterative-laxatives  often  turn 
out  of  their  course,  and,  as  well  as  diuretics,  not  unfrequently  disappoint  us  in 
the  same  way,  the  latter  also  coming  off  by  the  skin  instead  of  urine.*  It  fol- 
lows, of  course,  that  the  less  sweating  a  horse  has  got,  the  more  he  must  stale, 
and  accounts  for  the  profusion  of  the  latter  kind  of  evacuation  in  winter,  when 
he  scarcely  ever  sweats,  and  perspires,  but  little,  comparatively  speaking.  As 
a  farther  proof  of  this  connexion  between  the  secretions  and  evacuations,  let 
any  one  notice  a  horse  when  he  first  stales  in  consequence  of  taking  a  diuretic, 
anil  he  will  find  a  transparent  water  hanging  in  little  globules  at  the  end  of  each 
particular  hair  ot  his  coat  all  over  his  carcase. 

23.  We  come  now  to  speak  of  glands,  nerves,  membranes,  absorbents,  (be- 
ing 1st,  lymphatic,  2d,  lacteal,)  and  muscles,  which  are  the  names  writers  and 
practitioners  of  eminence  have  agreed  upon  to  speak  of  those  numerous  minor 
organs  that  are  employed  throughout  in  carrying  on  the  functions  of  animal 
life,  and  the  uses  whereof  I  shall  come  shortly  to  explain.  The  reader  is  al- 
ready aware  of  the  sinews,  of  three  kinds,  that  more  immediately  cover  the 
bones  and  keep  them  in  their  places  (sect.  16,  17),  to  which  if  we  add  the  bare 
mention  of  the  muscular,  or  fleshy  parts,  and  refer  to  the  "circulation  of  the 
blood"  (sect.  37 — 44),  for  a  description  of  the  veins  and  arteries,  he  will  have 
before  him  the  names  of  all  the  integuments  of  a  horse's  body  beneath  the 
skin.  Detailed  particulars  respecting  all  these  follow  next  in  their  order;  the 
larger  organs  of  the  inside  being  reserved  to  the  subsequent  sections  of  this 
chapter.  By  this  course  of  proceeding  he  will  be  better  enabled  to  comprehend, 
as  we  study  those  things  together,  why  and  wherefore  these  were  given  to  the 
animal,  anil  what  functions  each  has  to  perform  in  health  ;  or  these  ceasing,  or 
being  obstructed,  we  shall  be  led  to  consider  in  the  next  place,  what  species 
of  remedy  is  proper  to  be  applied  for  removing  such  obstruction,  and  thereby 
of  restoring  health;  for  he  may  rest  assured,  that  not  the  least  atomy  of  mat- 
ter has  been  conferred  upon  the  animal  form  without  intending  that  some  good 
and  demonstrable  end  should  be  answered  by  its  creation.  In  addition  to  all 
which,  there  are  many  causes,  incessantly  operating  towards  the  simply  grand 
purpose  of  prolonging  life,  and  of  providing  for  the  waste  which  is  constantly 
going  on  in  the  animal  system,  that  are  far  removed  from  our  sight,  and  others 
almost  surpassing  our  comprehension,  but  which  are  nevertheless  known  to 
exist  by  their  effects;  but,  of  all  these  several  matters,  more  in  their  proper 
places;  one  instance  of  the  insufficiency  of  human  knowledge  having  been 
already  adduced  in  the  preceding  section,  as  regards  the  unknown  mode  in 
which  the  watery  secretions  penetrate  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another. 

*  Tears  or  any  other  evacuation  of  the  water  that  moistens  the  animal  system,  are  liable  to  tb« 
tarp.e  kind  of  compai alive  remark.  In  man,  when  excessive  salivary  secretion  attends  (he 
loothach,  the  glands  of  the  mouth  and  jaws  cany  off  so  much  water  as  to  affect  the  quantity  ol 
urine  vo^ided,  and  we  may  infer  that  a  diuretic  would  reduce  the  inflanuTiation  of  the  jawa  So 
inudi  for  the  compiar-uivs  practice:  but  not  woiihy  of  rejection  on  that  atcouiit  atoiis. 
4* 


36    SI  m-TOMS— HOW  LEARNED.  THE  THORAX  AND  ABDOMEN. 

24 .  All  those  important  points  of  knowledge  in  the  first  principles  of  our  arC 
lie  within  the  compass  of  every  man's  capacity,  who  can  read ;  they  are  cer 
tainly  open  to  his  inquiries;  and  he  who  is  constantly  among  horses  can  nor 
fail  to  learn  (after  studying  the  subject  in  the  manner  I  now  propose)  to  mak< 
himself  as  well  acquainted  with  the  symptoms  or  signs  of  approaching  disease* 
as  the  generality  of  veterinarians.  He  certainly  may  render  himself  much 
superior  to  the  old,  ignorant  set  of  farriers,  who  were  bred  up  in  the  days  ot 
stupidity  that  are  just  gone  by — never  to  return.  Let  such  an  inquirer  after 
knowledge  bring  to  the  task  industry,  patience,  and  good  common  sense,  and 
he  may  soon  acquire  knowledge  enough  of  the  outlines  of  the  art  to  be  able  to 
pronounce  when  a  pretender  is  at  work,  or  when  it  is  that  a  man  of  judgment 
and  real  sound  learning  in  his  art  has  undertaken  the  treatment  of  this  valua- 
ble animal  in  the  distressful  hour  of  sickness.  On  this  head  1  am  not  ashamed, 
after  the  lapse  of  nearly  half  a  century,  to  own  that  I  once  wept  over  the  suf- 
ferings of  a  sick  animal  which  died  of  the  medicines  administered  by  a  stubborn 
.self-willed  farrier,  who  could  read,  and  write,  and  talk,  give  a  drench,  and 
drink  himself — and  nothing  more:  he  could  not  think,  of  course  could  not 
compare  one.  disease  with  another,  nor  mark  the  difference  that  exists  between 
two  or  more  that  are  frequently  and  fatally  mistaken  for  each  other.  And 
here,  once  for  all,  I  can  not  refrain  from  thus  early  insisting  most  strenuously 
on  one  point,  which  therefore  1  shall  not  have  to  repeat  when  I  come  to  notice 
certain  barbarous  practices  perpetrated  by  some  such  men,  and  the  not  unguilty 
practice  of  other  physic-giving  horse-doctors ;  and  this  is,  in  short,  whoever 
of  them  dares  to  undertake  the  administering  of  medicines  to  this  incompara- 
ble animal  without  paying  especial  attention  to  the  subject  matter  that  is 
handled  in  this  chapter,  commits  an  unpardonable  act  of  inhumanity  on  his 
♦suffering  yjatient,  and  of  gross  dishonesty  towards  its  owner.  The  remedy 
for  a  disease  is  not  always  to  be  found  in  medicine  ;  preventives  never.  Pur- 
gatives are  not  only  the  most  obvious  means  of  cure,  but  the  best,  the  least 
dangerous,  and  those  which  promise  in  the  readiest  manner  to  dispose  th 
most  vital  function  to  resume  its  wonted  action.  Alteratives  are  the  safest  anc. 
most  effectual  remedy  for  valuable  horses,  and  those  which  can  not  be  spared 
from  labour ;  they  are  indispensable  in  all  cases  of  vitiated  blood,  and  where 
found  inefTectual  nothing  else  can  be  of  service.  Bleeding  is  the  very  best,  or 
the  very  worst  auxiliary  we  can  employ;  its  efficacy  and  precise  periods  of 
utility  may  be  learned  in  the  sequel  (see  sect.  37  to  44),  where  "  the  circula- 
tion" comes  under  consideration,  also  in  the  first  pages  of  Book  II,  where  the 
pulse  is  justly  made  a  subject  of  primary  consideration. 

25.  For  the  sake  of  making  myself  more  clearly  understood,  I  shall,  when 
explaining-  the  formation  and  functions  of  the  horse's  inside  (i.  e.  as  much 
of  it  as  will  answer  my  purpose),  consider  it  under  two  distinct  heads; 
namely: 

1st.  The  fore  part,  or  throat  part,  as  it  is  called  from  its  neighbourhood  to 
the  throat,  or  gullet;  and, 

2d.  The  hinder  part  of  him,  being  his  belly,  properly  speaking,  &c. 

Both  of  these  parts  have  obtained  learned  names ;  but  that  Is  no  busi.iess 
af  ours. 

The  fore  part  of  a  horse  is  that  which  lies  between  the  rider's  two  knees, 
within  the  chest  and  true  ribs.  To  the  farthest  of  these  is  attached,  as  well 
as  to  the  middle  of  the  back  bone,  a  natural  division  of  the  two  parts,  stretched 
tightly  across  his  inside,  like  the  head  of  a  drum  ;  and  it  is  also  fastened  to  his 
breast  bone,  but  admits  of  the  gullet  to  pass  through,  as  it  does  of  the  great 
vein  and  great  artery  which  carry  on  the  circulation  of  the  blood  of  the  ninder 
part.  With  these  exceptions  it  is  air-tight,  and  it  bears  resemblance  to  the 
oead  of  a  drum  in  another  particular — it  is  membraneous,  except  round  the 


MEMBRANE.  87 

edge  next  to  the  ribs,  &c.  where  it  is  found  somewhat  fleshy.  From  its  situa. 
tion  in  the  middle,  this  natural  division  is  termed  the  midriff,  or  skirt,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  been  designed  for  keeping  back  the  stomach  and  bowels  of  the 
hinder  part,  which  ai:  it  is,  when  full,  press  it  out  of  shape,  not  unlike  that  of  a 
watch  glass,  and  would,  but  for  this  barrier,  interrupt  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  lungs.  But  by  the  present  contrivance,  as  we  shall  see  presently,  this 
pressure  from  behind  soon  recedes,  the  midriff  returns  to  its  level,  and  the 
ribs,  no  longer  contracted  towards  each  other  by  the  aforesaid  pressure,  ex- 
pand, thereby  enabling  the  lungs  to  perform  their  function,  of  drawing  in  a 
iresh  supply  of  air.  Upon  this  principal  agent  in  the  function  of  respiration, 
see  more  in  detail  in  the  35th  section  of  this  chapter. 

26.  After  this  necessary  preamble,  let  us  proceed,  as  before  proposed,  to 
consider  the  construction  of 
The  Membranes, 

Muscles, 

Glands, 

Absorbents,  (i.  e,  1st  lymphatics,  and  2d  lacteals,) 

Nerves.* 
Of  these  the  most  universally  dispersed  over  the  frame,  those  which  occupy, 
defend,  or  embrace  every  part,  are  the  membranes.  As  well  behind  as  before 
the  midriff,  not  only  inside,  but  on  the  outside  and  every  part  of  the  animal 
are  these  skinny  films  placed,  for  the  purpose,  1st,  of  keeping  those  parts  which 
they  encompass  in  a  compact  state ;  2d,  to  secrete  a  fluid  for  protection  (see  sect. 
21);  and  3d,  to  prevent  those  parts  from  rubbing  against  and  injuring  each 
other,  or  adhering  together.  The  better  to  accomplish  these  purposes  they  are 
admirably  calculated  for  the  secretion  of  a  fluid,  as  I  observed  before  (sect  20); 
but  whenever  the  property  of  secreting  such  fluid  is  suspended,  then  disease 
begins,  and  according  as  the  secretion  may  prevail,  being  either  too  little  or 
too  much,  will  be  the  kind  and  quantity  of  disease.  Hereupon  may  be  calcu- 
lated the  importance  they  hold  in  the  animal  system:  but  of  those  matters  I 
have  already  spoken  higher  up. 

Membranl^!. — To  appearance  they  are  nearly  transparent,  web-like,  and 
of  a  strong  texture  ;  some  are  simply  film,  having  more  or  less  of  feeling  ac- 
cording to  their  uses,  and  are  those  which,  beino;  interposed  between  one  or- 
gan, or  part,  and  another,  prevent  the  interruption  which  would  otherwise 
ensue;  as  the  midriff,  for  instance,  which  1  have  just  above  adverted  to  (see 
sect.  31  and  35),  which  is  the  thickest  of  all,  or  the  loose  membrane  that  covers 
the  lungs  and  divides  them  into  two  parts,  so  as  each  may  act  separately  (see 
sect  32).  The  second  species  of  membranes  are  finer,  more  transparent,  and 
paler  than  the  first  mentioned,  and  possess  the  quality  of  containing  in  their 
cavities,  resembling  sponge,  the  matter  deposited  within  them  by  the  arteries 
for  the  purpose  of  repairing  waste  and  adding  new  flesh  ;  these  we  term  cel- 
lular membranes,  from  their  sponge-like  texture,  and  they  are,  moreover,  so 
infinitely  thin  as  to  pervade  all  over  the  solids,  or  fleshy  parts,  without  being 
in  every  case  visible  to  the  eye.  They  are  nevertheless  proved  so  to  exist, 
from  the  circumstance  of  those  being  greatly  distended,  when  the  subject  dies 
of  being  "blown,"  as  1  have  shown  lower  down  (sect.  35).  Then,  not  only 
the  forehand,  but  the  hinder  quarter,  even  down  to  the  hocks,  become  inflated 
with  the  wind,  which,  by  reason  of  the  animals  being  strangled,  the  lungs  had 
no  power  to  discharge,  and  the  cellular  membrane  admits  it  into  its  cells  or 
.'.avities.  Any  one  may  perceive  this  membrane  and  its  numerous  cells  to 
advantage  in  a  buttock  of  beef,  or  leg  of  mutton,  after  being  dressed ;  up^n 
taking  a  slice  between  the  fingers  and  straining  it  nearly  asunder,  tiic  raeaj 

*  For  ligamenta,  cartilages,  tendons,  &c  see  sect  16  17. 


28  DISEASES  OF  THE  CELLULAR  MEMBRANE.    MUSCLE. 

brane  appears,  but  more  evidently  at  the  corners  where  two  or  more  muscleu 
meet;  and  in  summer  time,  particularly  with  over-driven  beasts,  the  mem- 
brane between  the  muscles  will  be  found  charged  with  a  dull  brown  sort  of 
matter,  that  may  be,  and  frequently  is,  scraped  away  with  the  knife.  Another 
familiar  illustration  of  the  uses  of  the  cellular  membrane,  first  mentioned  by 
old  Dr.  Bartlett,  of  Windsor,  in  1764,  is  that  of  "  the  inside  of  a  shoulder  of 
veal,  which  butchers  blow  up  with  a  tobacco-pipe,  or  quill,  to  delude  their  cus- 
tomers." When  the  animal  becomes  adult  (or  full  grown),  the  membrane 
that  is  so  capable  of  being  blown  up  is  filled  with  meat,  and  shows  the  im- 
propriety of  pushing  young  animals  in  their  work  before  those  solids  have 
I3ached  maturity. 

When  once  divided,  membrane  of  either  species  never  again  unites,  but  in 
case  of  a  healed  wound  the  granulations  of  new  flesh  hold  the  divided  parts 
of  membrane  to  their  respective  places ;  the  obstruction  thus  occasioned  in 
the  deposite  of  blood  causes  pain  upon  change  of  weather,  when  the  new  flesh 
cither  expands  or  contracts,  as  it  may  be  effected  by  heat,  cold,  or  humidity. 
In  the  human  physiology,  another  kind  of  distinction  is  made  between  the 
kinds  of  membrane  (as  1  said  before),  tending  to  show  whether  their  respective 
secretion  is  more  or  less  watery,  slimy,  or  oily  ;  but  this  view  of  the  affair  is 
not  applicable  to'the  physiology  of  the  horse.  My  reason  for  abandoning  that 
course  was  given  at  section  21.  I  may,  however,  here  aptly  observe,  regard- 
ing that  species  (the  slimy  or  mucous)  which  lines  the  nostrils,  throat,  and  in- 
testines, that  its  chief  disorder  is  a  cold,  which  shows  itself  in  the  cessation 
of  the  secretion ;  soon  after  this,  the  parts  being  inflamed,  throw  forth  a  thin 
acrid  discharge,  which  is  greatest  when  the  inflammation  arrives  at  its  height, 
sometimes  producing  a  little  blood,  either  upwards  or  ()ownwards  ;  when  the 
inflammation  wears  off,  these  appearances  are  also  lowered  by  the  mucus  be- 
coming more  and  more  thick,  until  it  reaches  its  usual  consistency.  The  cure 
IS  to  be  effected  by  lowering  the  inflammation  ;  but  this  is  most  frequently  ef- 
fected by  the  natural  discharge  of  the  mucous  matter  just  spoken  of. 

27.  Muscles  are  fleshy  bodies  of  various  sizes  and  shapes,  according  to  their 
ttses ;  reddish,  of  a  fibrous  texture,  easily  separated,  but  more  stringy  at  some 
places  than  at  others  :  the  last-mentioned  are  termed  "coarse  parts,"  or  pieces, 
m  the  animals  sent  for  our  sustenance,  and  are  those  where  the  greatest  strength 
lies.  These  fibres  formed  into  bundles,  and  surrounded  by  the  cellular  mem- 
brane, are  visible  to  the  eye,  if  there  be  not  attached  to  each  fibre  a  continua- 
tion of  the  same  membrane  that  is  not  visible.  Several  of  those  bundles, 
being  further  enclosed  by  a  stronger  membrane,  form  a  muscle ;  each  whereof 
is  attached  by  its  two  farthest  extremeties  to  some  other,  or,  to  two  different 
bones,  upon  one  or  the  other  of  which  it  acts  as  a  lever.  A  muscle  accom- 
plishes this  motion  of  the  bone  by  expanding  its  belly  or  middle  part,  and  con- 
tracting it  towards  the  centre ;  whereupon  the  bones  to  which  the  muscles' 
ends  are  so  attached  are  drawn  towards  each  other,  and  that  which  is  farthest 
from  the  trunk  is  drawn  forwards  or  backwards,  at  will.  Thus,  if  we  wish 
to  bend  our  elbow,  the  muscle  which  is  situated  just  above  that  joint,  inside, 
contracts  in  length,  and  expands  in  breadth,  till  the  fore-arm  is  brougiit  up  to 
touch  the  muscle  itself.  Fighting  men  (boxers)  exhibit  this  muscle,  as  indi- 
cative of  their  strength  ;  and  horses  of  good  action  show  the  same  sign  at  every 
movement,  whilst  with  those  that  are  over-fed,  the  muscles  are  concealed  in 
fat,  that  obstructs  their  movements  ;  whilst,  with  those  which  are  impoverish 
ed,  the  muscles  dwindle  away,  hang  slack,  and  ill  support  the  wonted  action 
of  the  bones.  When  much  compulsory  exertion,  in  hot  weather,  has  exhaust 
ed  the  secretions  that  keep  these  parts  supple,  aridity  and  stiffness  follow,  and 
the  action  becomes  impeded,  difficult  and  uncertain. 

All  muscles  of  the  limbs  are  long  and  narrow,  when  quiescent;  those  of 


TENDON:  MUSCLE— ITS  CONSTRUCTION.  29 

the  body  are  more  wide  than  long ;  in  a  good  measure,  squarish,  oval,  or  tn- 

anguhir,  according  to  their  uses.  They  have  heen  compared,  with  good  reason 
to  the  sha[)e  of  flat  fish,  some  being  long  and  narrow,  hke  the  sole,  others 
wide,  Uke  the  plaice.  At  their  ends,  niuscles  often  terminate  in  a  much  stron- 
ger substance,  closer  in  texture,  inelastic,  bending  with  facility, and  insensible, 
answering  the  same  pur|toses,  but  occupying  much  less  room  than  muscle. 
These  are  tendinous,  and  the  horse  which  is  well  kept,  having  the  tendons 
strong  and  vigorous,  is  bi>ld,  strong,  and  "sinewy,"  moves  his  limbs  with 
agility,  and  gets  over  his  work  to  admiration,  by  picking  his  feet  off' the  ground 
well  and  re[»lacing  them  (as  you  see  while  he  is  going)  within  a  hair's  breadth 
of  the  spot  you  may  mark  out  for  them  to  pitch  upon.  On  the  legs,  tendon 
supplies  the  place  of  muscle,  wholly  so  in  blood-horses,  less  in  the  cart-horse 
breed.  Muscle  is  constituted  of  blood  deposited  in  the  membrane,  innume- 
rable small  arteries,  some  of  which  are  scarcely  visible,  terminating  within 
each  muscle,  by  a  kind  of  doubling  up,  or  curl, 
as  shown  in  the  margin;  within  each  of  these 
a  correspondent  vein  is  twined,  and  the  whole 
being  covered  with  the  finest  membrane,  con- 
stitutes a  gland.  Herein  it  is  that  the  veins 
commence  their  share  in  the  work  of  circulat- 
ing the  blood  afresh,  as  we  shall  see  in  the  se- 
quel, and  the  lymphatics  obtain  the  watery  particles  into  which  the  morbid 
matter  of  those  solids  are  converted :  those  figures  receive  the  name  of  "  glands." 
In  blood-horses  (natives  of  hot  climates),  as  we  have  seen,  tendon  supplies 
the  place  of  muscle,  or  flesh,  upon  the  limbs  particularly,  which  are  always 
finer  than  those  of  other  breeds ;  this  accounts  why  our  fleshy  horses  in  sultry 
weather,  or  hot  stables,  feel  the  greatest  lassitude,  even  to  weakness,  whilst 
those  of  full  blooti  seem  invigorated  by  the  same  circumstance.  When,  how- 
ever, the  atmosphere  of  the  stable  be  moist  as  well  as  hot,  both  breeds  suffer 
equally  in  one  way  or  another ;  laxity  of  fibre  and  profuse  perspiration,  with 
weakness,  follow,  and  this  producing  an  obnoxious  effect  upon  the  excrema- 
tory  organs,  occasions  in  stables  those  stinking  ammoniacal  vapours  that  de- 
stroy the  lungs,  by  disposing  them  to  contract  inflammation. 

28.  Besides  the  Glands  just  alluded  to,  they  are  situated  in  and  about  tne 
solids  and  more  secluded  parts,  and  so  small  and  concealed  as  to  be  scarcely 
exposed  to  the  sight  or  touch,  unless  when  inflamed  and  enlarged  by  disease, 
other  larger  and  more  evident  ones  occupy  the  hinder  part  of  the  animal,  of 
which  I  shall  speak  in  their  place.  They  are,  1st  the  liver;  2d,  the  kidneys; 
ancj  3d,  the  testicles ;  the  functions  of  each  being  tolerably  well  known.  See 
sections  52 — 55.  All  glands,  of  whatever  size  or  shape,  are  employed  in  se- 
cretion, taking  up  and  separating  from  other  matters  that  quantity  of  watery 
particles  which  is  constantly  escaping  out  of  one-part  of  the  system  into 
another,  by  means  of  the  cellular  membrane,  as  described  at  sections  21  and 
22.  The  smaller  glands,  just  now  described,  have  each  a  small  tube  attached 
to  it,  which  seems  intended  to  hold  the  acrid,  or  otherwise  noxious,  matter 
which  its  lymphatic  had  refused  to  take  up,  as  being  at  variance  with  its  func- 
tion ;  here  it  remains  concealed,  until  the  proper  occasion  arrives  for  carrying 
it  off,  which  may  be  found  by  one  of  the  three  natural  evacuations;  but  these 
failing,  it  is  clear  disease  of  one  sort  or  other  must  ensue.  Perspiration  seems 
to  be  its  most  natural  mode  of  passing  off,  unless  the  demand  for  that  kind 
of  evacuation  happens  to  be  low,  and  then  it  is  drawn  to  the  kidneys,  (sect.  22). 
But,  if  the  discharge  by  dung  has  been  so  copious  as  to  afford  too  Httle  of  this 
acrid  matter  (essential  probably  in  a  certain  degree)  by  means  of  the  absorb- 
ents of  the  intestines,  then,  and  in  that  case,  it  is  taken  up  once  more.  Wheu 
the  animal's  spirits  are  low,  the  absorption  imperfect,  and  this  offensive  matter 


30  ABSORPTION  AND  CIRCtJLATION. 

lies  a  long  time  in  the  tubes  of  these  small  glands,  a  general  languishmcnt  of 
the  beast  takes  place  (called  lentor  by  the  old  farriers) ;  he  perspires  upon  the 
least  exertion,  becomes  unnerved,  shows  a  rough  hide,  and  refuses  his  meals. 
This  constitutes  "  low  fever,"  when  the  whole  animal  system  is  affected.  This 
state  of  things,  which  is  very  common,  points,  out  the  impropriety  of  now  re- 
sorting to  diaphoretics  (sweating  powders)  ;  for  it  has  been  neglected  so  long, 
that  tired  nature,  being  offended  thereat,  refuses  to  part  with  those  particles 
which  occasion  the  greatest  injury.  "By  the  urine,"  be  it  said.  I'his  way 
offers  the  same  difficulty,  and  the  answer  resolves  itself  into  my  plan  of  open- 
ing the  principal  evacuations  first.  (See  what  I  shall  offer  concerning  bleed- 
ing and  purging  in  a  subsequent  page.)  So  much,  however,  seemed  necessary 
to  be  advanced  here,  that  the  reader,  who  reads  straight  an  end,  should  be  at 
no  loss  as  to  what  lately  passed  between  us  concerning  secretion  and  effusion 
at  sections  21  and  23.  Of  all  the  smaller  glands,  the  best  recognised  are  those 
termed  salivary,  situated  near  the  jaws  for  the  secretion  of  spittle,  wherewith 
to  moisten  the  food  while  descending  into  the  stomach,  and  thus  assisting  di 
gestion  in  its  first  stage.  The  strangles  and  vives  are  disorders  of  these 
glands:  the  swelling  at  this  part  is  a  corresponding  symptom  of  glanders,  and 
sometimes  attends  farcy.  But  the  largest  of  these  minor  glands  is  situated  in 
the  solids,  and  lies  within  the  buttock,  concealed  near  its  centre,  into  which 
passes  an  immense  quantity  of  blood  for  its  size,  since  it  is  found  in  the  dead 
subject  most  disposed  to  putrify,  especially  when  the  animal  has  been  driven 
hard,  as  is  the  case  with  all  the  cattle  killed  in  London  for  food. 

29.  Lymphatics  are  one  of  two  species  of  absorbing  vessels ;  the  other 
species  (the  lacteals)  being  reserved  for  description  under  the  head  of  "diges- 
tion," at  sect.  44.  They  are  small  tubes,  with  mouths  that  suck  up  or  absorb 
the  thin  watery  particles  of  the  solids,  one  or  more  being  placed  on  each  gland 
of  these  parts.  Some  idea  of  the  important  nature  of  this  part  of  the  animal 
system  may  be  formed  from  the  circumstance  that  mercury  applied  to  a  glan- 
dular part  of  the  body  undergoes  immediate  absorption  by  the  lymphatics,  and 
is  conveyed  by  this  means  through  the  jugular  vein  to  the  blood.  Persons 
who  may  be  unfortunately  ordered  to  rub  in  mercurial  ointment  on  the  thighs 
will  feel  a  fulness  under  the  left  ear  in  the  course  of  a  few  minutes,  according 
to  the  previous  state  of  their  bodies.  How  mercury  acts  upon  the  second  spe- 
cies of  absorbents — the  lacteals,  remains  to  be  seen  hereafter.  The  tendency 
of  both  is  towards  the  heart,  or  rather  the  left  collar-bone ;  increasing  in  size 
and  diminishing  in  number,  until  the  lymphatic  duct  meeting  with  the  milky 
juices  of  its  co-absorbent  in  the  thorax,  the  mixture  soon  becomes  blood  by 
the  action  of  air  in  the  lungs,  as  described  at  sect.  39.  As  the  lacteals,  it  will 
be  seen,  absorb  only  nutritious  juices,  so  the  lymphatics  absorb  none  but  of- 
fensive ones,  as  the  matter  of  diseases,  wounds,  spavins,  broken  bones,  ulcers, 
and  the  useless  part  of  the  deposite  made  by  the  arteries  as  said  at  section 
27 ;  these  being  mixed,  pass  through  the  heart,  there  receive  fresh  vital  pow- 
ers, as  hereafter  is  described,  and  thence  to  the  liver,  there  to  be  purged  of  its 
bad  qualities,  which,  passing  incessantly  into  the  intestines  is  soon  eliminated 
with  the  dung.  At  least,  such  is  the  natural  course  in  health  ;  a  change  takes 
place  when  these  organs  do  not  perform  their  functions  aright,  and  we  can 
perceive  this  misfortune  in  the  dung,  when  the  absorbents  are  at  fault,  par- 
ticularly in  the  yellows!  The  importance  of  stimulating  the  lymphatics  in 
all  disorders  of  the  outer  surface,  as  mange,  surfeit,  farcy,  &c.  must  be  evi- 
dent:  as  it  is,  also,  in  cases  of  tumours,  as  poll-evil,  fistula,  &c. 

30.  The  NERVES,  like  the  glands,  run  in  pairs,  mostly,  to  all  parts  of  the 
body ;  they  are  the  organs  of  sense,  communicate  immediately  with  the  brain, 
and  are  thus  principally  concerned  in  the  function  of  voluntary  motion.  That 
Uie  horse  entertains  likes  anc^  dislikes  is  certain  ;  he  has  a  memory  too,  botb 


THE  NERVES.    RESPIRATION.    THE  LUNGS.  %\ 

for  persons  and  places,  as  every  one  knows ;  he  must,  therefore,  have  percep- 
tion, and  he  is  kind  and  docile  in  his  nature,  which  entitle  him  to  a  kinder 
return  from  his  master  than  he  usually  receives.  I  have  often  lamented  that 
he  was  not  endowed  with  one  more  faculty,  even  in  the  smallest  degree,  that 
he  might  distinguish  hetween  those  who  really  love  him,  and  those  empirics 
who  make  a  profit  of  his  sufferings  ;  he  would  then  be  induced,  probably,  to 
kick  some  among  them,  as  an  example  to  all  the  rest ;  and  1  never  hear  of  one 
of  those  fellows,  or  their  employers,  being  unhorsed,  but  1  think  of  retributive 
justice.  So,  when  the  horse  is  girthed  up  unmercifully,  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  obstruct  his  respiration,  he  frequently  attempts  to  bite  the  operator — and, 
"serve  him  right,"  I  say.  As  the  nerves  of  a  horse  are  the  seat  of  no  dis- 
tinct disease,  1  shall  content  myself  with  adding,  that  they  consist  of  small 
cords,  white  and  roundish,  like  thread ;  and  are  certainly  the  vehicles  of  pain, 
which  vibrates  from  one  to  the  other,  pleasurable  sensations  l)eing  conveyed 
by  the  same  means  to  the  sensorium,  or  brain.*  The  nerves  a'-e  closely  con- 
nected with  the  circulation,  and  with  the  brain,  where  they  originate. 


31.  Respiration  is  the  act  of  drawing  in  the  air  by  the  expansion  of  the 
lungs,  the  cells  whereof  thereby  become  filled  to  their  utmost,  the  ribs  are  dis- 
tended, and  the  midriff  pressed  back  upon  the  stomach,  liver,  &c.  This  is  in- 
spiration ;  the  expulsion  of  the  air,  forming  the  re-action,  being  termed  expira- 
tion ;  both  together  constitute  what  we  call  breathing  or  respiration,  and  the 
matter  was  before  introduced  (in  section  8,)  when  I  noticed  that  powerful 
auxiliary  of  this  function — the  midriff.  Now,  as  I  have  always  attached  much 
importance  to  the  act  of  respiration,  seeing  its  close  connexion  with  the  f(;r- 
mation  of  blood,  and  the  almost  constant  state  of  disease  in  which  are  found 
the  organs  that  contribute  to  this  great  function  of  animal  life,  I  shall  enter 
into  more  minute  particulars  respecting  these,  than  1  have  thought  necessary 
for  any  of  the  preceding  organs.  By  this  course,  the  reader  will  be  enabled 
to  form  more  distinct  notions  respecting  the  forming  and  "  circulation  of  the 
blood,"  and  its  concomitant,  the  formation  oi  chyle,  commonly  called  "  the  di- 
gestive powers" — both  of  them  functions  most  essential  to  health ;  but  un- 
happily, both  together  become,  by  contravention  of  those  powers,  the  fruitful 
source  of  numberless  ills,  we  thence  call  constitutional  or  bodily  disease,  as 
fever,  abscess,  farcy,  &c.  To  this  point  tends  all  that  1  have  hitherto  said  con- 
cerning the  inside  of  the  horse;  and  the  inquirer  after  veterinary  knowledge 
will  find  his  labour  in  studying  this  portion  of  it  amply  repaid,  by  the  just  prin- 
ciples upon  which  he  will  subsequently  conduct  his  practice. 

33.  The  LUNGS,  or  lights,  are  two  well-known  spongy  bodies  (called  lobes), 
having  at  their  conjunction  a  small  lobe  nearer  to  where  the  pipe  enters  that  is 
to  inflate  them.  At  the  same  place  is  fastened  the  ends  of  a  thin  membrane,  oi 
rather  two  membranes,  that  enclose  each  one  of  the  lobes :  this  membrane  is 
termed  the  pleura,  and  seems  designed  to  admit  of  one  lobe  performing  its 
functions  whenever  the  other  may  at  any  time  be  diseased      Between  the  two 

*  Conscience  (consciousness),  which  agitates  the  nerves  by  the  faculty  of  thinking,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  evils  that  are  in  the  world,  does  sometimes  caase  the  accession  of  fever  to  those  deli 
Crtte  organs  in  human  nature ;  but  brute  animals  being  denied  those  jwwers  (or  of  memory, 
except  as  regards  tlie  means  of  prolonging  life)  are  little  likely  to  contract  "  nervous  fever;" 
although  that  state  of  fretfulness  some  high-bred  horses  are  prone  to,  partake  of  a  good  many 
eyinptomsof  the  human  ailment,  and  may  be  cured  by  the  same  means.  Sedatives,  quiet,  anc' 
a  cooling  regimen  are  those  means.  The  loose  stable  recommended  by  John  Lawrence,  and 
cow  much  adopted,  contributes  much  to  sooth  the  fretful  horse.  When  the  same  fretfulnesB 
or  despondency  comes  over  a  horse,  one  of  condition,  or  whose  condition  has  been  recerjtlv  t«- 
duced  he  acquires  slow  fever.    See  what  is  said  under  this  head  in  Book  IL 


32  THE  PLEURA.    THE  WlND-PIPfi. 

lobes,  the  membrane  (pleura)  is  double,  and,  from  its  situation  in  the  midillvt 
(m  medio)  is  called  mediastinum  :  it  forms  a  passaw  for  the  great  blood-vcsseis 
running  near  the  sjjine,  and  it  is  very  lial)]e  to  contract  disease,  which  shows 
itself  in  "thick  wind,"  or  rather  short  wind.  Sect.  36.  In  the  pleura,  then, 
are  wrapped  up,  as  in  two  silk  handkerchiefs,  the  two  lobes  of  the  lungs,  the 
upper  part  of  that  membrane  l)eing  fastened  to  the  spine  and  ribs ;  and  on  its 
surface  is  generated  or  s-^creted  some  of  that  fluid  1  before  s[)oke  of  (sect.  20, 
21),  which  is  designed  to  keep  the  parts  moist,  and  prevent  their  adhering  to- 
gether. His  powers  of  secretion,  however,  and  those  of  this  organ  in  par- 
ticular, often  fail  in  the  horse,  in  consequence  of  his  very  great  exertions,  com- 
bined with  the  heat  of  his  blood,  exhausting  more  than  the  secretory  power 
can  supply;  and  we  frequently  find  the  pleura  growing  to  the  ribs,  the  lungs, 
or  the  midriff,  by  reason  of  its  wanting  a  due  portion  of  this  fluid :  from  the 
same  cause  (a  defect  in  the  secretion),  we  sometimes  find  the  upper  orifice  of 
the  stomach  partially  attached  to  the  midriflf,  evidently  caused  by  inflamma- 
tion of  the  parts.  But  whichsoever  of  those  misfortunes  attend  the  horse,  he 
is  invariably  "  hurt  in  his  wind,"  suffers  much  pain  at  the  commencement 
of  a  journey,  and  subsequently,  if  y)ushed  hard,  dies  of  a  locked  jaw,  through 
excessive  suffering.  Disorders  of  this  nature  were  hitherto  unknown  to  far- 
riers of  any  description,  being  mistaken  for  the  worms  by  every  one  who  has 
written  a  book  upon  horse  diseases;  and.  by  the  most  eminent  veterinary  au- 
thor of  modern  times,  the  last  stages  of  this  mal-conformation  are  vaguely  no- 
ticed by  the  erroneous  term  of  "  debility,"  and  "general  debility,"  which  may 
mean  anything  amiss.  Whenever  the  animals  that  are  slain  for  our  suste- 
nance turn  out  to  have  been  so  aflected,  their  flesh  is  rejected  by  the  Jews, 
under  the  denomination  oi  triJLer ;  for  the  whole  animal  system  is  entirely  af- 
fected by  the  horrid  circumstance  ;  the  secretory  functions  in  general  refuse  to 
perform  their  share  in  the  production  of  good  and  sufficient  animal  matter,  and 
lentor,  or  slow  fever,  is  the  consequence,  as  mentioned  higher  up,  in  Sec- 
tion 28. 

33.  The  wiND-piPK,  as  its  name  imports,  is  the  pipe  or  tube  for  conveying 
to  the  lungs  the  air  which  every  act  of  inspiration  draws  through  it.  Extend- 
ing from  the  throat  to  the  lungs  or  lights,  at  their  conjunction  this  tube  di- 
vides into  two  branches,  one  penetrating  to  near  the  bottom  of  each  lobe,  and 
these  again,  having  a  dozen  holes  a-piece  in  their  sides,  inflate  an  infinite 
number  of  little  tubes,  or  pipes,  which  compose  the  lungs  much  in  the  fashion 
of  sponge.  Except  eight  blood-vessels,  which  enter  the  horse's  lungs,  the 
intervals  are  filled  with  cellular  membrane,  and  these  being  also  connected 
with  the  same  kind  of  membrane  in  all  other  parts  of  the  body,  accounts  for  a 
phenomenon,  I  shall  take  occasion  to  notice  shortly  (sect.  35),  in  the  case  of  a 
blown  horse.  At  his  upper  end,  the  wind-pipe  is  composed  of  strong  cartila- 
ginous plates,  connected  together  by  ligaments,  and  put  in  motion  by  small 
muscles  for  producing  the  sounds  expressed  by  the  animal.  Next  to  the 
throat  these  cartilages,  which  are  there  strongest,  form  a  curious  kind  of  cham- 
ber, termed  epiglottis^  over  which  is  a  lid  or  valve,  placed  there  to  defend  the 
passage  into  the  air-tube,  from  the  entrance  of  victuals,  drink,  &c.  For,  upon 
tne  descent  of  any  such  substances,  this  valve  shuts  down  like  a  trap-door,  and 
they  pass  over  it.  No  sooner,  however,  are  they  gone  past,  than  up  rises  the 
valve  again,  lying  back  towards  the  mouth  upon  the  palate,  and  being  very 
large  iti  the  horse,  accounts  for  the  gulps  with  which  lie  takes  in  water,  and 
his  peculiar  mode  of  feeduig.  For  the  same  reason  it  is,  that  the  liorse 
breathes  only  through  his  nostrils,  between  which  and  the  wind-pipe  th(!re  is 
close  affinity  in  some  diseases,  and  accounts  for  his  incapacity  for  bellowing 
like  the  ox,  or  vomiting  like  man.  At  this  spot  it  is,  that  certain  savages  in 
human  shape  press  the  finger  and  thumb  with  brutal  force,  in  order,  as  it  in 


COUGHING.   A  COLU,  ITS  PROGRESS.  33 

called,  *'  to  cough  him."  No  certainty,  however,  lies  in  this  imagined  test 
of  his  wind  ;  for,  although  a  thoroughly  broken-winded  horse  will  not  ccugh, 
yet  one  which  is  partially  affected  will  do  so  in  most  instances;  whilst  the 
soundest  horses  do  most  obstinately  resist  the  coughing  ;  and  in  a  few,  the  cir 
cular  cartilages  so  well  defend  the  muscle,  as  to  defy  the  inhuman  effort,  and 
seem  to  rebuke  the  ignorant  attempt  "to  prove  the  goodness  of  his  wind." 

34.  Farther  towards  its  lower  extremity,  the  wind-pipe  becomes  more  mem- 
branous, but  less  sensible  of  injury,  and  the  cartilaginous  rings  gradually  lose 
their  form :  they  no  longer  describe  a  circle,  being  composed  almost  wholly 
of  strong  elastic  membrane,  that  it  may  bend  out  of  the  way  when  the  gullet 
is  distended  with  swallowing.  Its  internal  surface  is  Uned  with  a  membrane, 
which  incessantly  secretes  a  quantity  of  the  mucous  fluid  spoken  of  in  sec- 
tions 20  and  21,  hereby  defending  its  coats  from  the  action  of  the  air  in  pass- 
ing to  and  from  the  lungs.  But  this  secretion  being  exhausted,  sometimes  by 
the  very  great  exertions  of  the  animal,  he  then  coughs  so  as  to  shake  his  en- 
tire frame,  as  if  to  incite  the  membrane  to  make  fresh  secretions  of  fluid  for  it3 
defence;  or,  in  default  thereof,  the  cold  air  still  rushing  in  at  each  inspiration, 
he  contracts  a  permanent  cold,  or  catarrh,  which,  if  suffered  to  continue,  in- 
creases and  runs  along  the  membrane  to  the  lower  branches  of  the  pipe,  and 
ultimately  communicates  its  baleful  influence  to  one  or  both  lobes  of  the  lungs. 
If  the  attack  be  trivial,  small  green  spots  are  found  on  the  surface  of  the  lungs, 
which  afterwards  form  ulcers,  increasing  in  size  and  number,  according  to  the 
number  of  small  tubes  or  cells  that  may  be  affected.  These  tubes  lose  their 
functions  in  consequence  of  the  flrst  attack,  the  animal's  wind  becomes  worse 
every  time  he  is  hard  pushed,  and  the  cells  burst  into  each  other,  until,  per- 
haps, one  lobe  or  half  of  his  lungs  is  rendered  useless.  In  process  of  time,  it 
turns  black  as  one's  hat,  infects  the  other  lobe,  and  mortification  ensues, 
which  is  rather  accelerated  by  the  cordials  with  which  the  poor  creature  is 
usually  punished,  and  it  dies. 

But  when  it  so  happens,  that  too  much  of  the  fluid  is  secreted  in  the  wind- 
pipe, the  animal  snorts  or  coughs  it  off  by  a  sudden  natural  effort;  wherein, 
the  midriff  being  made  to  press  forcibly  upon  the  lungs,  by  the  sudden  con- 
traction of  the  muscles  of  the  lower  ribs,  out  flies  the  wind  through  the  nos- 
trils, carrying  with  it  whatever  may  have  adhered  by  the  way.  Whenever 
this  is  the  case,  the  membrane  that  lines  the  nose  inside  becomes  irritated,  and 
fresh  accession  of  its  own  secretion,  thickened  a  little,  is  the  consequence;  in 
flammation  of  the  part,  ulcers,  and  a  running  of  foul  matter  ensue — and  this, 
if  the  blood  be  not  in  a  good  state,  soon  becomes  that  obstinate  malady — the 
glanders. 

An  instructive  experiment  may  be  made  upon  the  pluck  of  a  sheep — the 
relative  situation  and  functions  of  these  parts  in  all  quadrupeds  being  the 
same,  except  that  the  sheep's  lights,  compared  to  those  of  the  horse  are  not 
so  long  in  proportion  to  their  thickness.  Take  a  pair  of  bellows,  and  having 
introduced  the  nozzle  tolerably  well  into  the  windpipe,  tie  it  round  with  a  colv 
bier's  end;  then,  blowing  hard  with  one  hand,  while  the  other  is  employed  in 
squeezing  the  pipe,  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  air  back  into  the  bellows,  you 
may  form  an  accurate  notion  of  the  effect  of  inspiration.  The  lights  or  lungs 
at  first  give  out  the  whole  of  the  air  which  has  been  driven  in,  and  may  be  in- 
flated to  an  enormous  size;  but,  if  much  force  is  used,  the  cells  burst  intoeacli 
other,  some  appearing  on  the  surface  thin  and  transparent,  and  refuse  to  give 
back  their  wind;  this  forms  "broken  wind"  of  one  description,  and  is  that 
wherein  the  expirations  are  slower  than  the  inspirations — the  pleura  beiiig 
then  affected  in  its  thickest  part,  and  the  midriff  also  Out  of  the  first  part 
of  this  experiment  may,  likewise,  be  derived  a  more  accurate  knowledge  of 
what  is  termed  "  second  wind,"  among  sportsmen  :  when  the  animal  (or  iw-in) 
5 


o4  MIDRIFI      PALPn-ATlON.    INFLAMED  LUNGS* 

rias  made  great  exertions,  so  as  to  fill  all  the  cells  of  his  lungs  to  their  utmost, 
und  then  relaxes  from  the  labour,  he  finds  himself  renovated,  the  cells  being 
rendered  more  capable  of  distention  and  expulsion,  when  each  inspiration  and 
expiration  also  occupies  more  time  and  less  labour. 

Sporting  men,  who  are  fond  of  our  bear-baitings,  Pecora-fights,  and  mon- 
kej'  scratches,  may  daily  witness  a  practical  natural  illustration  of  the  same 
doctrine,  in  the  conduct  of  the  bear  towards  his  antagonist.  Seizing  the  d(  g 
between  his  paws,  he  squeezes  him  up  till  he  gasps  for  breath,  when  Bruin, 
being  muzzled,  rams  his  nose  tight  into  the  dog's  mouth,  and,  blowing  with 
all  his  might,  you  may  hear  the  wind  whizzing :  the  dog  swells  all  over,  by 
reason  of  the  air  entering  the  cellular  membrane,  and  he  dies  unless  timely 
pulled  off.  A  dog  which  has  "  had  a  hurt"  of  this  sort  seldom  regains  his 
proper  wind;  he  must  be  "a  good  one"  to  face  the  bear  again,  "as  long  as 
he  crawls."  Such  is  the  polished  language  at  those  elegant  places  of  town 
amusements. 

35.  The  MiDRiFr  has  been  already  mentioned  (ss.  25  and  31).  It  is  term- 
ed diaphragm  by  the  learned  in  hard  words ;  and  we  have  seen  how  materially 
it  is  engaged  in  the  business  of  respiration.  But  for  the  action  of  this  drum 
head-like  membrane,  neither  the  lungs  on  one  side  of  it,  nor  the  stomach, 
bowels,  and  liver  on  the  other,  would  obtain  their  full  degree  of  motion,  which 
is  thus  kept  in  tune,  as  it  were,  by  those  organs  acting  alternately  upon  each 
other ;  the  action  of  the  heart,  too,  is  in  unison  with  that  motion  ;  but  when 
through  agitation  (occasioned  by  great  exercise,  affright,  &c.)  it  does  not 
keep  time,  the  temporary  disorder,  termed  })alpitation,  is  the  consequence. 
We  may  infer  that,  when  the  lungs  have  discharged  their  contents,  the  lower 
or  thinnest  end  of  that  organ,  falling  upon  the  muscular  border  of  the  midriif, 
is  by  it  repulsed  and  excited  to  action.  Any  man  can  feel,  when  he  has  ex- 
pired all  his  wind,  a  kind  of  throbbing  internally,  lower  down  than  the  heart, 
until  he  inspires  a  fresh  portion  of  air.  When  the  lungs  are  in  such  a  state 
of  supineness,  those  of  the  horse  are  about  three  or  four  inches  thick  at  the 
conjunction  with  the  windpipe,  and  ten  to  thirteen  inches  from  thence  to  each 
extremity,  according  to  the  size  of  the  subject ;  but,  when  fully  inflated  with 
air  they  together  fill  up  the  whole  cavity  of  the  chest,  obstructing  in  a  trivial 
degree  the  vibration  of  the  heart :  then  do  they  reach  to  the  enormous  differ- 
ence of  twelve  or  thirteen  inches  in  thickness,  and  somewhat  more  in  length. 
At  least  such  were  the  dimensions  of  this  organ  in  a  horse  which  was  opened 
by  me  in  May,  1820:  he  was  of  the  cart-horse  breed,  under  sixteen  hands,  and 
healthy  m  other  respects  than  having  been  blown  by  eating  too  much  corn  ; 
whereby  nature  was  compelled  to  leave  the  lungs  quite  full  at  the  moment  of 
his  death.  The  same  subject  is  alluded  to  in  the  26th  sect,  where  1  intended 
to  illustrate  the  formation  and  functions  of  the  cellular  membrane. 

"No  part  of  the  animal  has  been  formed  in  vain,"  as  I  before  observed 
(s.  23)  :  quadrupeds  and  bipeds  both  press  the  earth  which  gave  them  birtl/ 
and  which  affords  them  the  means  of  prolonging  life ;  accordingly  this  order 
of  beings  is  furnished  with  a  midriff,  but  fishes  and  insects,  having  no  such 
occasion  for  this  organ,  are  without  it :  neither  have  birds  a  midriff;  but  Mr 
John  Hunter  was  of  opinion,  that  the  want  of  it  is  supphed  by  the  hollowness 
of  the  bones,  which  not  only  increase  their  buoyancy,  but  the  air  contained  y?3 
them  re-acts  upon  the  lungs  in  the  same  manner  as  a  midriff  would  do. 

36  In  health,  as  in  disease,  the  midriff  is  liable  to  be  affected  by  its  neigh- 
bours, both  before  and  behind  it,  the  stomach  often  communicating  its  state 
of  feeling  to  the  lungs  through  the  midriff;  for  it  is  by  this  medium  that  me 
dicines  impart  their  beneficial  effects  upon  the  lungs,  as  may  be  experienced 
upon  our  swallowing  cold  water  at  a  time  when  our  lungs  are  heated — 
•he  relative  situation  of  those  organs  being  much  ahke  in  man  anj]  in  thf 


NAUSEOUS  EFFLUVIA.    SIGNS  OP  DISEASE.    APPEARANCR  35 

norse.  Immediately  hereupon,  a  sensible  difference  takes  place  in  the  nnnv* 
her  of  respirations,  and  the  quality  thereof  is  also  changed  from  a  hot  to  a 
cooler  temperature  ;  well  be  it,  if  the  suddenness  of  the  check  do  not  occasior 
inflammation  of  the  lungs:  again,  whoever  swallows  spirituous  liquors  feels  an 
immediate  disposition  of  the  lungs  to  repel  the  heated  air  of  the  cells  which  lie 
contiguous  l<*  the  midriff;  the  first  breath  which  escapes  the  mouth  being 
less  heated  than  that  which  follows  and  finishes  the  expiration,  and  imparts  a 
<5ensation  wholly  different  from  the  vulgar  belchings  of  an  overcharged  sto- 
mach. These  come  up  by  way  of  the  gullet,  and  carry  forth  a  nauseous  effluvia; 
whereas  air  from  the  lungs  is  ever  sweet,  unless  this  organ  be  already  in  an 
advanced  state  of  decay.  This  state  of  the  case  leads  me  to  make  one  practical 
observation,  which  shall  not  be  set  down,  as  more  curious  than  useful ;  out 
of  seventeen  subjects,  which  successively  fell  to  my  lot  to  examine  as  to  the 
immediate  cause  of  death,  only  two,  tolerably  sound  at  the  lungs,  presented 
themselves;  which  I  take  to  be  the  fair  proportion  of  sound  horses,  as  respects 
the  lungs  of  all  that  live  or  die.  All  those  cases  occurred  from  February  to 
May,  a  season  when  such  an  affection  might  not  be  considered  most  prevalent. 
Hence,  (my  reader  may  smile!)  I  conclude  from  all  that  has  been  said,  that  a 
tolerably  good  guess  at  the  state  of  a  horse's  lungs  may  be  formed,  by  smelling 
at  his  breath  after  a  canter,  in  like  manner  as  our  Smithfield  dealers  smell  the 
animal's  nostrils  in  order  to  detect  the  glanders. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  follows,  that  a  diseased  stomach  may  be  pro- 
duced by  diseased  lungs  and  vice  versa,  and  that  the  midriff  suffers  in  either 
case :  then  does  the  midriff  become  livid,  purplish  and  inflamed,  with  dark- 
coloured  stripes,  as  if  thickened  at  such  places,  the  muscular  border  thereof  as- 
suming a  putrid  appearance,  and  sending  forth  a  villanous  stench.  When 
this  is  the  case,  or  any  other  ailment  prevents  the  midriff  from  performing  its 
proper  function  of  inhaling  and -expelling  the  air  from  the  lungs,  that  species 
of  "broken  wind"  takes  place  which  is  known  by  the  sort  of  breathing  where- 
in the  expirations  are  quicker  than  the  inspirations ;  being  thus  contradistin- 
guished from  that  other  species  of  broken  wind,  which  is  occasioned  by  rupture 
of  the  air  cells.  A  paralysis  of  the  midriff,  or  the  adhesion  of  the  stomach  to 
its  lower  side,  is  equally  obstructive  of  its  reaction  upon  the  lungs:  and  I 
have  this  day  (May,  1820),  cut  away  an  adhesion  of  this  sort  as  wide  as  the 
palm  of  a  man's  hand. 

Unfortunately  for  the  horse  which  is  affected,  either  in  the  midriff,  the 
lungs,  in  the  pleura,  or  covering  thereof,  his  doctors  heal  the  whole  series  in 
the  same  manner,  not  unfrequently  including  in  their  uniformly  mistaken 
practice,  the  affections  of  the  stomach,  liver,  pancreas,  &c.  In  all,  the  inflam- 
matory symptoms  are  predominant,  and  a  cooling  regimen  presses  itself  upon 
our  notice  as  more  proper  than  the  best  of  medicines,  although  having  the  same 
tendency ;  whereas,  the  direct  contrary  is  the  practice  mostly  followed,  and 
heating  medicines,  under  the  fascinating  name  of  cordials,  made  of  spices,  ale, 
wine,  &c.  are  administered  daily.  Or,  at  most,  if  a  sedative  or  opiate,  by 
chance,  finds  its  way  (properly  enough)  into  the  animal's  stomach,  this  organ 
is  thereby  only  rendered  more  susceptible  of  the  heating  mixtures  which  are 
again  had  recourse  to  immediately  thereafter. 

The  organs  or  respiration  are  liable  to  seven  or  eight  several  kinds  of 
disease,  mostly  originating  in  the  horse's  having  caught  cold;  they  are  do- 
nominated  according  to  the  particular  place  where  he  maybe  affected,  and  iii 
one  respect,  according  to  the  degree  of  attack.  A  cold  (simply)  or  catarrh, 
produces  that  affection  which  denominates  the  patient  "a  roarer."  Chronic 
cough  brings  on  "  broken  wind,"  of  which  there  are  two  sorts ;  and  consump- 
tion usually  follows  the  long  continuance  of  either.     When  either  1k»s  ron 


36  niSEASES  OF  THE  LUJSGS.    CIRCULATION  OF  THE  BLOOI>. 

tin ued  awhile,  and  reduced  the  animal's  strength,  he  is  said  to  bo  in  a  ron 
<»umption;  "worn  out"  is  also  a  common  y)hrase,  as  is  "rotten;"  "  dcbilitaten, ' 
and  "done  for,"  stand  a  little  higher  in  gentility  ;  but  all  mean,  that  there  is 
small  chance  of  his  recovery. 

Pulmonary  consumption  is  the  only  kind  which  may  be  attributed  to  con- 
stitutional defect ;  i.  e.  heated  blood,  with  viscidity,  causing  over-much  action 
of  the  parts  (see  section  32),  when  the  pulse  becomes  powerful  and  quickened, 
and  the  horse  seems  anxious  and  fearful.  Should  it  subside  by  judicious  treat- 
ment, or  the  natural  strength  of  the  horse,  he  commonly  retains  so  much  of  it9 
effects,  as  to  cause  great  danger  whenever  he  may  catch  cold,  or  be  worked 
too  hard.  This  attack  is  too  frequently  neglected,  or  put  off  with  the  remark, 
"only  a  little  touched  in  the  wind,"  unless  by  the  addition  of  a  cold,  the  dis- 
order comes  on  rapidly,  when  it  is  termed  "  inflammation  of  the  lungs,"  and 
the  animal  goes  off  in  four  or  five  days,  if  he  be  not  promptly  relieved.  On 
dissection,  the  [)arts  are  found  spotted  with  a  livid  colour,  and  evident  gan- 
grene; every  variation  indeed,  is  equally  af)palling  to  humanity,  and  I  have 
often  wondered  how  the  horse  could  have  lived  an  hour  under  such  horrid 
circumstances. 

A  cold,  simply,  or  catarrh,  commences  by  inflammation  of  the  lining  of  the 
windpipe,  which  may  bo  confined  to  some  given  ])art  of  it,  or  extends  itself 
generally  from  the  nostrils  to  the  lungs  both  inclusive,  much  resembling  "a 
cold"  in  man ;  in  either  case,  much  matter  is  secreted,  and  thrown  off  by 
snorting:  when  the  attack  is  confined  to  the  upper  part  of  the  pipe,  and  lasts 
some  time,  the  horse  becomes  a  confirmed  roarer,  his  groan  bearing  great  re- 
semblance to  the  roar  of  some  wild  animals,  and  he  is  equally  incurable. 

Chronic  cough  is  that  obstinate  cough  which  remains  and  plagues  the  horse 
long  after  vain  attempts  at  curing  his  cold  ought  to  have  taught  his  tormentors 
♦.he  inutility  of  their  endeavours  and  the  dishonesty  of  their  prescriptions. 
Broken  wind  is  of  two  sorts;  the  first  is  caused  by  the  rupture  of  the  air  cells 
of  the  lungs  by  over  exertion,  in  which  the  expiration  being  slower  than  the 
inspiration,  he  is,  aptly  enough,  said  to  be  "broken  winded  ;"  the  second  kind 
of  broken  wind  is  known  by  a  breathing  the  direct  contrary,  and  is  occasioned 
by  the  cold  having  settled  upon  the  perforations  of  the  branches,  and  enlarged 
them,  so  that  the  air  escapes  too  readily.  Thick  wind,  on  the  other  hand,  arises 
from  the  secretion  of  the  pipe  getting  into  the  cells  of  the  lungs,  and  affecting 
the  orifices  or  perforations  by  thickening  them,  so  that  the  air  passes  through 
with  difficulty.  Similar  symptoms  attend  inflammation  of  the  pleura  (section. 
15),  particularly  when  it  reaches  to  the  mediastinum,  or  double  part ;  as  they 
do  when  the  muscular  border  of  the  midriff  is  affected.  But  these,  though 
perhaps  considered  two  different  diseases  at  the  commencement,  in  the  horse, 
very  shortly  become  one  common  affection,  more  or  less,  of  all  the  organs  of 
respiration;  inflammation  predominates  over  the  whole  series;  and  if  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties  does  not  render  them  fatal,  an  injudicious  treatment  will 
fix  upon  him  an  incurable  disorder,  until  the  knife  terminates  his  usefulness. 

Lafosse,  junior,  observes,  that  "  flat-chested  horses,  are  almost  always  subject 
to  consumption,  whilst  (again")  consumption  narrows  the  capacity  of  the  chest, 
and  re-produces  itself — there  is  no  remedy  for  misconstruction."  He  further 
says,  "  Short  wind  is  either  produced  by  disorders  of  the  chest,  or  it  is  a  fault 
of  construction,  and  both  are  irremediable.  Such  a  horse  is  generally  of  less 
use  than  one  that  is  thick-winded." 

37.  The  circulation  of  the  blood  is  carried  on  through  all  parts  of  tho 
'H>dy,  to  which  it  affords  the  means  of  life  and  health  ;  or,  being  ill  performed, 
IS  the  fruitful  source  of  lingering,  obstinate  and  incurable  diseases,  some 
whereof  almost  baffle  our  skill  and  care;  and,  while  they  induce  us  to  admit 
rhat  the  practice  of  veterinary  physic  never  will  reach  i»crfectioii,  inspire  the 


ACTION  OF  THE  HEART.  37 

hape  that,  by  patient  investigation,  we  may  at  least  find  out  the  means  of  alle- 
viating their  evil  tendency.  These  considerations  should  excite  particular 
alttMition  to  the  subject  in  hand,  being  that  to  which  all  other  functions  are 
but  subservient  or  conducive;  respiration  and  digestion  being  more  closely 
connected  with  it  than  any  other,  and  requiring  a  corresponding  degree  of  at- 
tention. The  heart,  jointly  with  the  lungs,  occupies  the  cavity  of  the  chest, 
rather  incliniag  towards  the  left  side,  against  which  its  point  maybe  feltbea* 
ing,  whenever  the  animal  is  agitated  by  exercise,  or  internally  affected  by  in- 
flammatory complaints.  Its  figure  is  too  well  known  to  render  description 
necessary  :  in  size  it  approaches  that  of  an  ox,  and,  like  it,  is  enclosed  in  a 
membraneous  sac,  but  very  thin,  not  unlike  a  tight  purse.  Another  sac, 
called  the  heart-bag,  less  tight,  surrounds  the  former,  but  is  never  so  large, 
nor  encumbered  with  fat  like  that  of  the  bullock.  On  opening  this  sac  there 
issues  forth  a  fluid  which  turns  to  water,  if  it  were  not  so  already ;  in  the  ox 
It  is  confessedly  water,  and  rather  more  in  quantity  than  in  the  horse; — the 
reason  for  which  diflference  I  will  show  presently.  So  great  is  the  stimulus 
of  this  organ,  that  its  contractile  power  often  exists  long  after  the  animal  is 
dead,  and  the  arteries  cease  to  flow :  a  phenomenon  that  occurs  when  the 
horse  is  killed  in  full  health,  by  an  accident,  or  otherwise,  while  in  full  pos- 
session of  its  functions.  In  animals  of  much  mettle  or  courage  the  heart  at- 
tains to  a  great  size,  that  of  the  famous  horse  EcUpse  weighing  181bs.  In 
some  horses,  the  vessels  that  nourish  this  muscular  organ  lie  exposed  on  the 
surface ;  with  others,  they  lie  wholly  concealed  ;  a  fact  from  which  I  have  yet 
found  no  opportunity  of  making  any  sure  deduction,  but  apprehend  it  may 
arise  from  the  breed,  and  conclude  it  must  have  considerable  effects  on  his 
disposition. 

As  the  heart  is  the  principal  organ  employed  in  converting  into  blood  what 
is  drawn  from  the  finer  particles  of  food  sent  into  the  system  for  that  purpose, 
as  well  as  iu  renovating  that  which  has  been  exhausted  of  its  vital  prin- 
ci[)le  in  the  circulation,  it  may  well  be  supposed  full  of  small  blood- 
vessels. Four  large  ones  meet  at  its  thick  end,  and  suspend  it,  by  being  at- 
tached to  the  bones  of  the  back  and  ribs  :  two  of  them,  bringing  the  dark  vi- 
tiated blood  from  the  extremities  of  the  fore-part  and  of  the  hind-part,  are 
veins ;  the  other  two  large  vessels  are  arteries,  which,  receiving  the  blood  from 
the  heart,  just  now  refined  by  the  process  of  nature,  convey  it  with  rapid  con- 
tractions to  every  part  of  the  system,  there  to  give  fresh  vigour,  and  to  impart 
health  to  the  whole.  These  contractions  constitute  the  pulsation,  or  pulse ; 
a  criterion  of  health  as  of  disease,  which  we  investigate  with  primal  anxiety, 
»s  from  it  may  be  deduced  the  best  prognostic  of  the  state  of  disease,  espe- 
cially of  inflammatory  ones,  to  which  this  noble  animal  is  more  than  any  other 
eubject,  from  causes  to  be  explained  hereafter. 

38,  Two  large  chambers  (as  I  call  them')  and  two  small  ones,  each  of  the 
latter  appended  to  one  of  the  former,  mainly  contribute  to  the  process  of  cir- 
culation ;  these  by  their  co-action,  aid  the  contractile  power  of  the  heart,  com- 
pelling the  contents  of  the  larger  chambers  to  issue  with  much  force  into  the 
arteries.  But,  before  the  blood  can  be  thus  again  fit  for  circulation,  nature 
has  provided  the  means  of  rendering  it  so,  by  the  action  and  re-action  of  • 
Ihexi  four  chambers  (or  cavities)  in  the  heart,  contributing  to  refine  it  for 
Lhat  purpose;  one  large  chamber,  with  its  small  one,  being  placed  on  the  right 
side  of  the  heart,  and  the  like  pair  on  the  left  side  thereof.  The  blood  from 
the  veins  flowing  into  the  small  chamber  on  the  right  side,  irritates  its  inner 
coats,  and  they  each  contract  upon  its  contents  with  nearly  as  much  strength' 
and  quickness  as  we  can  open  and  shut  the  hand  ; — but  certainly  not  so  much- 
open,  although  there  is  a  flap  on  the  entrance  of  each  small  chamber,  which 
thpv  liken  to  "a  dog's  ear,"  and  call  by  the  Greek  word  auricley  that  being 
5* 


3(1^  RE-CONVERSION  OF  VENOUS  BLOOD. 

an  ear.  At  each  of  those  closings  or  contractions,  the  blood  is  forced  out  of 
the  small  chamber  into  its  large  chamber  on  the  same  (right)  side,  through  a 
small  door-way,  or  valve,  which  opens  only  inwards,  the  door  being  too  large 
for  the  door-way.  By  the  way,  these  valves  are  very  numerous  in  the  animal 
system,  principally  as  regards  the  circulation  of  blood  in  the  veins ;  and  the 
reader  will  do  well  to  recollect,  when  I  speak  of  valves  in  future,  the  illustra- 
tion just  given  by  comparing  the  same  to  a  door-way,  which  bears  a  near  re- 
semblance to  the  valve.  In  the  performance  of  this  office,  the  heart  may  be 
said  to  have  three  several  motions  belonging  to  it:  1st,  a  quick  one,  by  the 
contractions  of  the  smaller  chambers  upon  their  contents:  2d,  the  contractions 
of  each  large  chamber  upon  its  contents,  being  just  half  the  number  of  throbs 
made  by  the  first  mentioned :  and,  3d,  the  vibration  or  tremor  of  the  whole 
heart  in  consequence  of  all  those  motions. 

Well,  on  the  right  side  still,  the  large  chamber  being  filled  with  venous 
blood  through  the  valve,  or  door-way,  from  the  small  one,  becomes  in  like  man- 
ner irritated  so  as  to  contract  upon  its  contents,  and  to  drive  it  out  somewhere 
or  other.  Back  to  the  small  chamber  it  can  not  possibly  go ;  the  valve  does  not 
open  the  way,  as  I  have  just  now  said ;  and  therefore  it  issues  with  much  more 
force  through  another  valve  into  a  short  artery,  which  soon  opens  into  two, 
like  the  letter  Y,  the  heart  being  supposed  at  the  bottom  of  the  letter.  Up 
rushes  the  blood  to  the  top  of  the  two  branches — where  it  meets  with — What! 
What  do  you  think  it  meets  with,  gentle  reader! 

Hefe,  however,  let  him  stop  a  little,  and  consider  awhile ;  for,  upon  his  right- 
ly  understanding  what  now  becomes  of  the  blood  (thick,  dark,  and  unservice- 
able  as  it  is),  and  how,  in  a  trice,  it  becomes  healthy,  of  a  bright  scarlet  colour, 
and  invigorating,  mainly  depends  his  being  able  to  comprehend,  by-and-by, 
what  I  shall  have  to  offer  concerning  the  diseases  to  which  a  vitiated  or  cor- 
rupt state  of  the  blood  gives  rise.  He  will  not,  otherwise,  make  out  sufficient- 
ly clear  in  what  manner  the  blood  of  an  animal  can  contract  and  retain  that 
morbid  state  which  shall  predispose  it  towards  acquiring  a  constitutional  dis- 
ease that,  however  differently  named  according  to  the  parts  whereon  it  may 
fix,  has  but  this  one  common  origin  for  the  entire  series.  To  this  page,  then, 
I  shall  frequently  refer  him  when  speaking  to  these  points  more  in  detail,  here- 
after; and  he  had  best,  also,  keep  the  book  open  at  this  place,  whenever  he 
may  be  endeavouring  to  comprehend  what  the  learned  veterinarians  of  the 
present  day  are  striving  to  say  respecting  "the  circulation,"  as  they  quaintly 
term  it.  Another  of  them,  speaking  upon  the  topic  I  have  just  brought  to  a 
conclusion,  says,  "  The  heart  is  divided  into  two  cavities,  termed  ventricles, 
each  having  an  auricle,  resembling  a  dog's  ear.  The  blood-vessels  proceed 
from  these  [those]  cavities,  the  arteries  from  the  ventricles,  the  veins  from  the 
auricles,  &c."  All  which  is  very  true,  but  not  very  intelligible  to  the  gene- 
rality of  readers;  and  yet  is  the  author,  who  thus  speaks,  (Mr.  White,  in  vol. 
i.  p.  63)  said  to  be  the  plainest  spoken  among  the  moderns ;  indeed,  were  he 
any  thing  else  than  a  good  one,  I  should  not  have  deemed  him  worthy  of  this 
rebuke. 

39.  The  Blood,  as  I  have  said,  rushes  out  of  the  large  chamber  on  the  right 
side  of  the  heart  into  an  artery  that  soon  divides  into  two  branches;  whereof 
one  enters  each  lobe  of  the  lungs,  and  there  disperses,  through  certain  cella^ 
the  blood  with  which  it  is  constantly  supplied.  Here  lies  the  the  secret!  At 
this  point  it  is,  that  health  or  disease  (at  least  a  predisposition  to  one  or  the 
other)  is  imbibed  and  engendered  in  the  blood.  The  lungs  having  rcceivea 
the  thick  discoloured  blood  from  the  right  side  of  the  heart,  and  being  the  re- 
ceptacles of  the  air  we  all  breathe,  do,  by  means  of  that  air,  bestow  upon  tho 
blood  afresh  the  principles  of  Ufe,  and  health,  and  vigour.  The  cells,  or  tubes, 
thr'^'ijjh  which  the  bloo«.l  passes  in  the  lungs,  termed  pulmonary,  are  eight  in 


EFJIECTS  OF  AIR  ON  THE  BLOOD.  39 

number,  being  double  the  quantity  given  to  man,  and  show,  from  that  circum- 
stance, the  inimease  circulation  o(  which  they  are  the  agents.  A  cruel  and 
almost  incurable  malady,  that  attends  most  horses  at  this  part  of  the  organ.** 
of  respiration,  with  many  and  variable  symptoms,  was  alluded  to  higher  up, 
at  sect.  36;  and  is  what  we  term  from  those  vessels,  pulmonary  consumption. 
But  then,  it  is  clear,  that  the  air  which  is  so  brought  to  effect  those  beneficial 
changes  upon  the  blood  in  the  lungs,  must  be  fit  for  the  purpose  : — that  is  to 
say,  it  should  be  vital  or  atmospheric  air,  uncontaminated  by  any  noxious 
stench  (as  the  ammoniacal  smell  of  the  stable,  or  the  stench  and  smoke  of 
cities);  no  poisonous  vapours  (as  burning  brimstone,  the  gaseous  fluid,  smelt- 
ing of  minerals*),  nor  infectious  effluvia  (as  of  cesspools  or  stagnant  waters, 
producing  fevers,  glanders,  &c.)  can  give  to  the  animal's  blood  that  healthy 
vigour  which  was  designed  for  his  well-being;  but,  on  the  contrary,  every  de- 
parture from  purity,  in  the  air  he  breathes,  must  be  an  approach  towards  dis- 
easet.  Yet,  how  constantly  is  this  simplest  law  of  nature  transgressed  !  And 
'.vhat,  in  such  a  state  of  things,  can  be  expected,  but  that  the  blood  will  assimi- 
late in  character  with  the  kind  of  air  the  creature  is  compelled  to  inhale7t 
Accordingly,  we  find  in  the  domesticated  horse,  that  previous  disposition  to 
certain  diseases  which  we  endeavour  to  meet  by  correctives  and  repellants, 
hut  which  by  better  treatment  might  have  been  prevented.  Of  these  evils, 
ibscess,  or  ulcer,  is  the  most  prolific,  showing  itself  now  on  the  head,  at  others  on 
the  heels,  under  the  varied  denominations  of  poll-evil,  quittor,  fistula,  &-c. ; 
but  more  frequently  attacking,  and  making  the  greatest  ravages  on  the  in- 
ternal organs,  where  it  is  generally  mistaken  for  the  worms,  and  erroneously 
treated  with  hot  and  burning  remedies,  when  evidently  a  direct  contrary  prac- 
tice would  best  assist  nature  in  casting  off"  the  evil.§  Ulcer  upon  the  lungs, 
as  it  produces  a  staring  coat,  is  too  frequently  mistaken  for  worms,  and  if  the 
animal  be  not  physicked  and  cordialled  too  much,  a  partial  cure  sometimes 
takes  place,  though  in  what  way  it  is  carried  off  is  most  inscrutable  ;  but,  upon 
opening  the  dead  subject,  I  have  often  noticed  spots  which  had  been  corroded 
and  gangrenous,  where  the  cure  had  been  effected  in  this  spontaneous  manner. 
As  for  ulcers  upon  the  liver,  also  arising  from  the  viscidity  of  the  blood,  if 

*  Scarcely  any  truth  is  easier  proved  than  this :  Horses  that  are  constantly  kept  in  close 
rtables,  in  large  numbers  together,  very  soon  become  unserviceable,  by  the  constitution  throw- 
ing off  some  evil  or  other  upon  the  surface ;  as  one  proof  whereof,  thoae  which  are  occasionally 
placed  in  the  under-ground  stables,  at  the  Swan  with  Two  Necks,  Lad-lane,  show  evident 
Bigns  of  distress  which  subside  upon  being  brought  into  the  air.  I  hear  from  good  authority, 
Uiat  at  New  Orleans,  in  North  America,  where  the  atmosphere  "exhibits  a  blue  misty  appear- 
ance," nothing  is  more  common  than  a  disease  which  affects  the  knee,  hock  or  pastern  joint, 
with  abscess,  or  near  those  parts  with  cancer,  and  the  limb  actually  rols  off.  The  like  kind  of 
attacks  were  found  formerly  most  common  in  Cornwall  and  in  Wales,  and  are  attributed  by 
ftU  to  the  arsenical  vapour  of  the  copper  mines  being  inhaled:  they  are,  however,  much  less 
frequent  at  the  present  day,  owing  to  the  higher  state  of  cultivation  to  which  the  land  has  been 
brought,  and  to  the  change  of  situation  horses  now  enjoy.  The  free  use  of  sweet  oil  is  a  good 
preventive  of  this  poison  in  human  as  well  as  in  cattle  medicine. 

t  This  is  not  the  place  for  a  finished  dissenation  on  the  communication  of  the  glanders ;  hut 
I  must  observe,  in  illustration  of  the  text,  that  horses  which  have  eaten  glanderous  matters 
without  receiving  the  infection,  no  sooner  smell  it  than  they  become  diseased. 

t  In  cases  of  much  sorrow  or  grief,  our  respiration  is  much  increased ;  and  the  presentimcnf 
of  death  awaiting  ihem,  occasions  all  animals  to  take  harmful  substances  into  the  lungs.  Piga. 
oxen,  and  even  sheep,  show  signs  of  uneasiness,  horror,  or  madness,  at  the  effluvia  of  blood  oi 
their  own  kind :  and  I  have  found  in  each  kind  of  animal,  upon  slitting  the  trachea  as  far  as  tha 
bronchia,  dust,  dirt,  or  other  rubbish,  which  they  had  snorted  up  in  the  last  paroxysms  of 
despair. 

§  Four  ounces  of  spirits  of  turpentine  have  been  given  with  partial  success:  but  such  a  dos« 
must  go  near  to  destroy  not  only  worms,  but  the  horse  into  the  bargain,  whilst  it  is  not  very 
tJear  to  me  that  the  small  worms  we  sometimes  meet  with  are  hurtful  to  the  animal,  but  ar» 
designed  to  act  as  a  stimulus  to  the  intestines :  and,  if  the  doctor  mistakes  for  wonnssome  nvm 
•ertous  disorder,  the  horse  dies  of  this  monstrous  medicine,  as  sure  as  fate. 


40  TIIE  HEART;  ITS  SHAPE-PULSATION. 

they  take  place  near  its  thin  extremity,  the  common  natural  process  is,  that  the 
part  of  the  liver  attaches  itself  to  the  gut,  and  the  offensive  matter  will  then 
slough  off  into  the  intestine,  and  come  away  by  stool :  a  partial  cure  is  the 
consequence  :  not  produced  by  medicine  acting  upon  the  part,  as  is  very  clear, 
out  by  a  common  natural  effort,  aided  by  a  more  vigorous  and  healthy  state 
of  the  blood  than  when  the  disease  was  engendered.  To  assist  the  circula- 
tion in  regaining  this  state  is  clearly  the  duty  of  the  medical  attendant,  and  is 
the  only  manner  in  which  he  can  be  of  any  service  to  the  animal  in  restoring 
it  to  health. 

40,  Inihe  lungs,  then,  does  the  blood  receive  from  the  air  its  invigorating 
principle,  and  no  sooner  does  this  take  place,  than  it  drops  into  another  shor 
blood-vessel  (a  vein),  and,  by  it,  is  conveyed  again  to  the  heart :  not  the  same 
small  chamber  on  the  right  side,  of  course,  but  to  a  similar  one  on  the  left 
side.  Here  the  contractions  go  on  as  before  mentioned,  only  that  the  blood 
differs  in  quality ;  this  being  now  properly  fitted  to  promote  the  purposes  of 
life,  and  for  imparting  the  vital  principle,  occasioJis  the  heart  to  assume  that 
twisted  shape  we  see  in  some  animals,  while  in  others  whose  bodily  exertions 
and  arterial  functions  are  less  laboured  than  those  of  the  horse  (the  sheep's  for 
example)  it  is  more  round :  and,  indeed,  the  heart  of  this  last  mentioned  ani- 
mal is,  from  this  circumstance,  usually  termed,  in  the  London  district,  a  "round 
heart."  Out  of  the  small  chamber  on  the  left  side  is  the  blood  driven  through 
a  valve,  as  before,  into  the  large  chamber  of  the  same  side;  which  in  its  turn 
contracts,  with  much  force,  upon  its  contents,  expelling  the  same  into  the  great 
artery.  This  periodical  rushing  of  the  blood  into  the  arteries,  imparts  to  these 
vessels  a  motion  we  term  pulsation,  whereby  the  blood  is  propelled  forwards, 
to  the  remotest  parts  of  the  body.  Lessening  in  size,  and  increasing  in  num- 
ber, the  branch-arteries,  which  receive  this  blood,  become  more  sensitive  as 
they  are  farther  removed  from  the  heart,  and  afford  us,  at  certain  places,  the 
means  of  ascertaining  by  the  touch  the  degree  of  heat  at  which  may  at  any 
time  be  the  state  of  the  animal's  blood  ;  the  contractions  of  the  heart  being 
regulated,  in  quickness  and  force,  by  the  degree  of  stimulation  the  heat  of  the 
blood  may  occasion  it.  This  is  termed  the  irritability  of  the  heart,  and  the 
medical  test  of  which  I  sj^eak,  is  called  "  feeling  his  pulse."  Even  in  the  tail 
may  this  contractile  power  of  the  arteries,  and  its  effects,  be  seen  to  advan- 
tage ;  when  a  colt  is  being  docked,  the  blood  squirts  forth  with  frequent  gushes, 
answering  in  a  tolerable  accurate  manner  to  the  state  of  his  pulse,  although 
the  artery  at  that  remote  part  is  very  small.  But  the  blootl  that  is  so  changed 
in  the  lungs,  as  1  have  just  said,  is  still  found  to  contain  certain  parti- 
cles or  properties,  which  would  render  it  unfit  for  the  purposes  to  which  it  is 
to  be  applied,  or  those  particles  are  required  to  effect  certain  purposes  else- 
where in  the  system.  Accordingly,  the  major  part  passes  into  the  liver,  there 
to  be  refined  of  its  bitterness ;  whilst  a  portion  is  attracted  to  the  kidneys, 
where  it  leaves  its  saline  qualities,  that  pass  ofi'  by  staUng,  as  the  former  is 
voided  by  dunging.     See  "  Liver,"  farther  onwards. 

4L  These  purposes,  however,  are  not  always  effected  alike  regularly,  from 
several  causes.  Frequently,  the  blood  comes  to  those  organs  in  a  state  too 
vitiated  for  their  utmost  activity  to  cleanse;  sometimes  a  diseased  state  of  the 
blood,  at  others,  languor  of  the  parts,  indispose  them  to  the  performam-e  of 
their  functions,  and  the  blood  is  suffered  to  circulate,  filled  with  humours  that 
war  with  the  constitution,  and  form  what  is  termed  "  constitutional  disease," 
or  predispose  him  to  receive  disorders  of  varied  malignity,  according  to  cir- 
cumstances. I  shall  come  to  advert  to  this  point  when,  shortly,  the  liver  and 
kidneys  claim  our  attention;  but,  the  chie'est  cause  of  disorders  incident  to 
the  animal  by  reason  of  defective  liver,  is  the  great  exertions  he  is  put  to,  and 
iJieconsequent  rapidity  of  thecirculation,  whereby  the  blood  is  propelled  through 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  ARTERIES  AND  VEINa  41 

it  with  tremendous  velocity :  it  then  acquires  inflammation,  and  becomes  ul 
cerated  (see  sect.  391;  a  disposition  which  must  be  increased  whenever  the 
blood  has  been  formed  imperfectly,  either  as  regards  the  lungs  or  the  lacteala 
So  much  is  this  the  case,  that  the  blood  drawn  from  a  very  aged  patient  of 
mine  lately,  that  was  iucapable  of  grinding  his  corn  properly,  showed  evident 
proofs  that  particles  of  ill-digested  food  had  entered  into  the  circulation,  and 
is  an  answer  to  those  writers  who  aver  that  the  lacteals  reject  the  bile  and 
suck  up  only  the  fine  parts  of  the  chyle  ;  whereas,  all  inquiring  persons  must 
know,  that  they  take  up  the  lighter  parts  of  all  substances  whatever  that  pass 
through  the  intestines.  1(  this  were  not  so,  how  is  it  that  the  slow  poisons 
just  spoken  of  enter  the  blood  7  or  how  would  it  come  to  pass  that  so  much 
good  is  performed  by  alterative  medicines,  that,  m  like  manner,  insensibly  in- 
troduce themselves  into  the  blood,  and  produce  invisibly  those  permanently  good 
effects  we  so  much  admire  7  The  opposition  of  a  few  is  no  obstacle  to  this 
commendation  of  an  obscure  but  safe  and  certain  class  of  medicines, — to  say 
nothing  of  an  alterative  regimen,  which  is  mtre  safe  still,  and  certainly  more 
natural,  though  slower  and  less  positive  in  its  effects  than  active  medicine. 
How  much  longer  is  the  horse  to  be  treated  with  nothing  else  but  violence  7 

42.  Blood-vessels,  or  tubes,  I  have  already  observed,  pervade  every  part 
of  the  body,  and  are  of  two  kinds,  whose  office  is  directly  the  reverse  of  each 
other.  Arteries,  it  will  be  recollected,  convey  the  vital  fluid  to  all  parts  of  the 
body,  and  the  construction  of  these,  it  may  easily  be  conceived,  from  what  has 
been  said,  is  simply  that  of  a  tube  with  great  contractile  powers :  they  are 
large  near  the  heart,  but  soon  branch  out  of  a  lesser  size,  until,  entering  the 
smaller  organization  of  the  solids,  they  become  very  minute,  infinitely  nume- 
rous, and  more  sensitive,  thus  affording  the  means  of  renovation,  or  growing 
to  the  flesh,  bones,  skin,  hair,  hoofs,  &c.  The  large  artery  communicates  with 
minor  branches,  soon  after  leaving  the  heart,  by  two  rows  of  openings,  like 
perforations,  in  its  lower  sides,  at  two  or  three  inches  asunder.  Some  one  has 
likened  the  arrangement  of  these  vessels  to  the  stem,  branches,  and  twigs  of 
a  currant-bush,  and  so  might  the  veins  that  run  nearly  parallel  to  the  ar- 
teries, through  every  part  of  the  animal,  but  are  so  constructed  and  arranged, 
as  to  take  up  and  reconvey  the  blood  (which  the  arteries  constantly  deposit) 
back  again  to  the  heart;  and  the  similarity  will  still  further  hold  good,  if  wo 
extend  it  to  the  leaves  of  the  bush,  and  compare  these  to  the  glands  (see  Sec- 
tians  27,  28),  in  every  one  of  which  an  artery  terminates,  and  deposits  its  nu- 
tritious contents,  and  where  every  small  vein  begins  the  absorption  of  what 
the  artery  has  so  left  behind.  This  absorption,  when  obstructed,  lax,  or  other- 
wise imperfect  on  the  surface,  may  be  restored  by  stimulating  the  parts  with 
spirits ;  when  it  is  too  high,  and  labouring  greatly  in  consequence  of  the  vis- 
cidity of  the  blood,  local  inflammation  is  engendered,  and  one  or  other  of  those 
diseases  I  shall  hereafter  treat  under  "  abscess,"  is  the  consequence  of  this 
constitutional  derangement.  Blood  that  is  thick,  heavy,  or  viscid — call  it 
which  we  like — causes  heat,  which  being  general,  is  fever  ;  the  rapidity  of  the 
circulation  increases  violently,  and  the  blood  becomes  more  fluid  than  when 
the  animal  was  in  good  health.  Arteries  may  be  distinguished  from  veins 
in  the  dead  subject,  by  the  property  they  possess,  of  retaining  their  tubulai 
shape  after  the  blood  is  discharged  ;  whereas,  the  veins  collapse,  when  empty. 

43,  If  the  arteries  are  plain  tubes,  lying  for  the  most  part  concealed,  the 
veins,  on  the  contrary,  are  more  frequently  found  exposed  to  the  sight  under 
the  skin,  next  to  the  muscle.  But,  more  delicate  and  more  numerous,  the 
veins  perform  their  part  of  the  circulation  by  a  totally  different  means  than  i* 
found  in  the  })ropulsion  and  contraction  of  the  arteries.  One  of  the  means 
of  effecting  this  purpose  is  by  the  obvious  and  simple  movement  of  the  bcxly 
and  limbs,  as  well  as  by  the  act  of  breathing,  whereby  the  blood  is  presieJ  sy^ii 


42  EFFECTS  OF  RESPIRATION  AND  EXERCISE  ON  TIIE  BLOOO. 

of  some  one  part  or  other  of  the  veins  into  the  ailjacent  part;  but  these  vessels 
being  furnished  with  innumerable  valves,  within  an  inch,  or  less,  of  each 
other,  the  doors  whereof  open  only  towards  the  heart,  the  blood  must  neces- 
sarily force  itself  out  that  way,  and  no  other.  If  we  suppose  that  any  given 
portion  of  the  vein  is  hereby  emptied  ;  what  follows  from  the  circumstance,  but 
that  the  next-door  valve,  which  kept  back  the  blood  contained  in  the  adjoining 
portion  below,  while  it  was  pressed  upon  from  above,  being  thus  relieved  from 
the  pressure,  will  now  open  1  Then,  in  rushes  the  blood,  and  the  space  is 
again  filled,  but  only  to  be  emptied  in  a  similar  manner.  It  is  with  a  view  to 
accelerate  the  circulation  through  the  veins,  and  to  keep  the  blood  warm  in 
winter,  that  mankind  betake  themselves  to  forced  exercises,  as  hunting,  run- 
ning, or  beating  the  arms  athwart  the  chest,  and  that  beasts  with  the  same 
propensity  gambol  and  frisk  about,  or  rub  themselves:  both  promote  the  same 
ends,  by  brea  hing  short,  so  as  not  to  cool  the  lungs  too  much,  or  by  drawing 
in  the  same  warm  air  over  again,  in  sheltered  situations. 

44.  By  the  process  just  described,  the  blood  being  once  admitted  into  the 
minuter  veins,  finds  its  way  to  the  larger  ones,  which  convey  it  to  the  heart; 
near  to  which,  as  the  quantity  becomes  great  in  the  large  vein,  it  receives  a 
powerful  auxiliary  in  the  filling  and  emptying  of  the  lungs,  and  the  working 
forward  and  backward  of  the  midriff"  as  described  before.  Passing  through 
it  near  the  back  bone,  and,  consequently,  as  its  more  muscular  part,  the  great 
vein  must  at  every  inspiration  receive  from  the  midriff  considerable  aid  in 
pouring  forth  its  contents — to  say  nothing  additional  of  the  pump-like  action 
of  the  heart  itself  At  this  part  the  vein  acquires  the  appearance  of  a  double 
tube,  the  outside  thickened  and  muscular,  the  inner  one  membranous  and  col- 
lapsed, as  if  too  big  for  the  space  in  which  it  is  placed.  But  the  curious  fact — 
how  the  blood  which  had  been  sent  into  circulation  through  the  arteries,  gets 
into  the  veins  at  first,  deserves  consideration ;  as  this  must  be  eflfected  labori- 
ously, when  the  fluidity  of  the  blood  is  lessened,  or  else  accelerated  with  fright- 
ful rapidity,  whenever  it  so  happens  that  fever  prevails  :  local  inflammation, 
by  the  same  rule,  must  cause  an  unusual  flow  of  blood  to  the  part  affected ; 
and,  as  most  of  the  impurities  of  the  system  will  then  be  drawn  towards  it,  at 
that  place  must  they  leave  the  occasion  of  the  most  direful  effects.  In  proof 
of  this  doctrine,  it  happens  frequently,  that  when  an  animal  is  attacked  with 
inflammatory  complaints  at  two  places  at  once,  the  greater  evil  of  the  two  in- 
creases, while  the  lesser  one  "  runs  ofl^"  as  it  is  called,  or  gets  cured  of  itself. 
So,  on  the  contrary,  when  a  diseased  horse  (glanderous,  for  example)  is  well 
fed  and  well  kept,  he  not  unfrequently  overcomes  his  disorder  without  medi- 
cine, to  the  great  wonder  of  the  unknowing ;  the  solution  whereof  is,  that  the 
constant  supply  of  new  blood  has  quite  changed  the  nature  of  the  animal,  hi3 
disease  has  been  "  taken  up,"  or  absorbed,  by  the  animal  system,  and  ulti- 
mately carried  oflTin  the  common  evacuations.  In  short,  absorption  and  efl^u- 
eion  are  the  great  internal  secrets  of  animal  life;  although  we  can  not  say  with 
certainty  how  they  are  carried  on,  it  is  no  less  a  positive  law  of  nature,  that 
the  veins  at  their  commencement  in  the  glands  absorb  or  suck  up,  the  blood 
that  is  deposited  there  by  the  arteries,  and  separated  by  the  lymphatics; 
equally  well  known  is  it,  that  efl!'usion  takes  place,  of  arterial  blood,  into  much 
larger  veins,  as  well  as  from  one  part  of  the  system  into  another,  internally. 
These  points  are  deducible  from  a  multitude  of  facts  and  well-known  opera- 
tions, some  proofs  of  which  the  reader  will  find  more  in  detail  in  the  course 
of  this  treatise.  In  some  parts,  a  positive  connexion  of  the  capillaries,  or 
smallest  blood-vesssels,  is  found  to  exist;  in  such  a  manner,  that  the  secf^.on 
of  one  or  more  of  these,  and  the  consequent  obstruction  of  the  means  of 
life  to  all  the  parts  below  it,  which  some  would  naturally  expect,  is  hereby 
remedied. 


DIGESTION.— THE  STOMACH.  43 

45.  The  Prockss  of  Digestion,  whereby  the  food  is  prcpand  to  be  con- 
verted into  blood,  is  no  less  curious  than  "the  circulation"  itself,  is  equally 
conducive  to  the  support  of  life,  and  being  obstructed,  is  also  the  harbinger  of 
disease.  If,  on  the  two  other  great  functions  of  animal  life,  depend  hisinime 
diate  existence,  no  less  does  the  horse's  capabilities,  his  present  health,  and 
the  engendering  of  future  obstinate,  incurable,  and  often  mortal  diseases  reach 
his  vitals  by  way  of  his  stomach  and  intestines,  that  comprise  the  organs  of 
digestion. 

Every  one  knows  that  oats  and  hay  are  the  chief  sustenance  of  the  horse  iii 
a  domesticated  state,  and  these,  together  with  one  or  two  other  similar  i^roduc- 
tions,  and  water,  are  given  to  him  for  nutriment  alone ;  it  therefore  follows, 
that  whatever  substances  are  taken  into  his  stomach,  which  act  not  to  the  same 
end,  must  operate  injuriously,  even  though  containing  nothing  hurtful  in  them- 
selves :  these  must  obstruct,  if  they  do  no  more.  But.  when  matters  obnoxious 
in  their  nature,  and  possessing  strong  powers  and  effects,  are  being  adminis- 
tered to  the  horse,  it  seems  but  fair  to  examine  whether  such  things  are  likely 
to  agree  with  his  common  nutriment,  with  the  blood  that  is  made  from  it,  or 
with  his  constitution,  his  habits,  or  the  tasks  he  has  to  perform.  Or  whether, 
on  the  other  hand,  they  do  not  prove  destructive  of  the  food  itself,  of  the  ves- 
sels that  contain  it,  and  of  those  which  draw  up  its  liner  particles  that  are  to 
be  converted  into  blood. 

Let  him  who  practises  by  violent  means  consider  a  moment  the  natural 
structure,  formation,  and  functions  of  the  organs  on  which  his  medicines  are 
destined  to  act,  and  compare  their  altered  state,  that  has  been  brought  about 
by  reason  of  the  treatment  the  animal  has  received  at  his  hands.  Some  pro- 
tection, doubtless,  is  afforded  by  nature  in  the  secretion  of  the  fluid  so  often 
mentioned,  which  defends  the  several  organs  against  ordinary  injuries;  but 
these  are  often  found  insufficient  in  quantity  (notwithstanding  the  supply 
which  nmy  be  drawn  by  effusion  from  other  parts  of  the  body),  and  the  fre- 
quent repetition  of  the  monstrous  mixture  of  the  doctor's  skil-less  art,  ulti- 
mately effects  its  purpose  in  destroying  the  tone  of  the  fine  vessels  just  alluded 
to  (the  lacteals),  and  then  the  symptomatic  disease  of  the  skin,  called  hidc- 
Dound,  follows,  as  a  natural  consequence. 

46.  The  Stomach  is  a  bag,  or  pouch,  with  two  holes  in  it;  the  one  receiv- 
'ng  the  end  of  the  gullet,  the  other  opening  into  the  small  gut.  See  it ;  plate 
I — L,  26 — 29.  It  lies  behind  the  midriff,  inclining  a  little  to  the  left,  having 
the  lungs  contiguous  on  the  other  side  that  membrane,  and  the  liver  next  be- 
aind  or  under  it.  This  main  organ  of  digestion  is  but  small  in  the  horse,  as 
•-ompared  to  that  of  any  other  animal,  being  so  designed  to  assist  his  fleetness, 
out  which  would  be  impeded  by  his  receiving  large  quantities  of  food  at  a  tinifc, 
and  points  out  the  reason  why  he  requires  to  be  feci  and  watered  frequently ; 

he  larger  and  more  distended  the  stomach  of  any  animal  may  be,  the  raori. 
sluggish  and  vicious  he  is.  As  one  proof  of  this  position,  I  formerly  obtaineci 
the  stomach  of  a  man  which  was  larger  than  that  of  any  other  subject  I  ever 
saw  or  read  of,  and  its  possessor  in  life  had  a  heavy,  slow  and  sordid  manner, 
together  with  one  or  two  other  bad  qualities  which  brought  him  prematurely 
to  his  end. 

At  the  upper  orifice  of  the  stomach,  a  membrane,  nearly  insensible,  comnig 
from  the  gullet,  enters  it  loosely,  and  sprca-Jing  along  its  lower  part,  lines  about 
one  half  of  it,  thus  defending  it  from  acrimo/iiousor  poisonous  substances,  whilst 
the  coat  of  the  other  parts  thereof  consists  of  striated  muscular  fibres,  very 
sensible  and  given  to  contraction,  and  ruAning  transversely  to  thoseof  the  in- 
sensible coat,  a  circumstance  which  has  ^iven  rise  to  the  fanciful  notion,  tha^ 
digestion  proceeds  in  the  horse's  stomach  by  what  is  termed  "trituration,"  oi 
pounding;  but,  upon  reference  to  the  figure  which  illustrates  another  organ. 


44  INFI.AJSIMATION  OF  THE  STOxMACII— INTESTINES. 

Cat  section  5G),  the  reader  will  be  able  to  form  a  more  accurate  notion,  neai 
enough  for  his  purpose,  how  the  stomach  contracts  its  sensible  part  upon  it» 
contents.  This  sensible  coat  secretes  a  juice  which,  from  its  strong  gastric 
nature,  not  only  digests  the  food,  but  would  also  corrode  the  stomach  itself 
(insensible  though  it  be),  were  it  not  supplied  with  another  fluid  for  its  pro- 
tection, in  the  sahva  or  spittle  that  descends  the  gullet  along  with  the  food. 
This  saliva  is  also  secreted,  in  some  measure,  when  the  animal  may  not  be 
feeding:  but,  whenever  this  supply  fails,  the  gastric  juice  predominates  so 
much  as  to  cause  a  galling  pain  in  the  stomach,  and  occasion  in  the  animal  a 
ravenous  desire  for  tilling  it,  if  not  with  food,  at  least  with  some  substance  that 
may  keep  it  distended,  and  perhaps  carry  off  the  painful  superabundance. 
Horses  so  circumstanced,  when  in  harness,  gnaw  the  pole  or  shaft,  or  bite  at 
each  other,  and  soon  learn  to  become  crib-biters,  gnawing  any  thing  they  can 
come  near,  as  well  as  the  manger ;  litter,  bits  of  old  wall,  and  dirt,  at  length, 
are  found  by  them  agreeable  to  their  palate.     See  further  at  section  49. 

The  insensible  membrane  I  spoke  of,  by  its  loose  folds,  forms,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  stomach,  a  kind  of  valve,  which  prevents  regurgitation  of  the  food,  like 
that  of  ruminating  animals;  and  a  similar  contrivance  at  its  termination  in  the 
lower  or  right  oritice  occasions  a  short  obstruction  until  the  pulp  is  mixed; 
for,  when  the  stomach  is  filled,  the  relative  position  of  the  two  orifices  alters 
in  a  great  degree.  From  these  premises  it  seems  apparent  that  any  substance 
entering  an  empty  stomach  does  not  act  upon  the  sensible  part  of  it,  but  being 
soon  mixed  up  with  the  gastric  juice,  it  proceeds  into  the  intestines,  there  to 
communicate  its  efifects — whatever  these  may  be.  Whether  nutritive  or 
medicinal,  poisonous  or  beneficial,  the  intestines  receive  all  with  but  little  al- 
teration.* But  when  it  so  happens  that  the  food  does  not  pass  readily  out  of 
the  stomach,  a  fermentation  commences,  and  the  sensible  part  thereof  being 
then  distended,  the  ill  efifects  ascend  the  gullet,  reach  the  head,  and  cause  ver- 
tigo, staggers,  &c.  At  times,  a  specific  inflammation  takes  place,  and  com- 
municates itself  in  four  or  five  days  to  the  whole  of  that  surface,  taking  its 
course  downwards  or  upwards,  according  to  the  orifice  that  may  be  most  af- 
fected ;  this  being  all  the  way  down  through  the  intestines,  blocking  up  the 
influx  of  gall  (as  described  sect.  48),  and  causing  yellowness  of  the  eyes,  until 
its  appearance  at  the  anus ;  or,  in  the  other  case,  it  ascends  up  to  the  nostrils, 
making  its  appearance  first  about  the  head,  and  communicates  either  way  to 
the  skin  and  its  coat. 

47.  Of  the  intestines,  guts  as  they  are  usually  called,  it  is  miportant  to  keep 
in  mind,  that,  notwithstanding  the  ai)pearance  of  great  tenacity  they  assume, 
they  are,  nevertheless,  extremely  irritable,  beingcomposedof  two  coats  of  fine 
muscular  fibres  that  cross  each  other,  the  one  circularly,  the  other  lengthwise ; 
and  having  a  lining  which  secretes  a  fluid  for  its  protection,  they  admit  in  their 
intervals  an  innumerable  quantity  of  absorbent  vessels,  that  are  constantl; 
sucking  up  the  finer  particles  of  their  contents.     This  sort  of  conformation 

*  At  this  place,  for  the  information  of  those  who  would  practise  the  veterinarjr  art  by  com- 
parison, it  may  be  useful  to  observe,  that  in  the  human  stomach  is  digestion  prmcipally  per- 
formed, in  the  horse's  very  little ;  in  both,  the  small  intestines  appear  to  mix  tlie  food  with  tlie 
bile  and  other  digestive  juices ;  but  man  having  no  cizcum,  or  blind  gut,  like  the  horse,  to  re- 
ceive the  heavier  parts  of  the  food  as  they  escape  from  the  small  intestines,  his  lactcals  begin 
higher  up  than  those  of  the  horse,  which  lie  wholly  on  the  large  intestines.  It  follows  that, 
whatever  is  received  into  the  stomach  of  man  is  felt  through  the  system  immediately ;  witii  the 
horse  this  does  not  take  place  uniil.it  has  reached  the  intestines.  One  other  dissimilarity  in  the 
mode  of  digestion  is  worthy  of  notice:  in  man,  the  work  of  digestion  is  nearly  finished  when 
Ihe  bile  is  mixed  with  the  food — say  at  an  average  of  twelve  hours  from  its  being  taken,  whilst 
the  horse  passes  his  feed  into  tlie  intestines  in  about  two  hours,  before  it  has  well  assumed  an 
homogeneous  appearance,  which  the  bile  seems  to  effect  for  him.  With  us  liquid  reraaine  in 
(he  utomach;  the  horse  passes  water  immediately  into  the  caxum. 


INTESTINES— DISEASES  OF.  (ft 

renJers  the  tiilestinal  canal  obnoxious  to  repeated  strong  drastic  purges,  par- 
ticularly aloes  of  the  Barbadoes  kind,  that  heat  and  irritate  the  parts  by  their 
coarseness.  Inflammation  is  most  likely  to  succeed  such  irritation,  in  sum- 
mer-time especially,  and  the  animal  is  usually  destroyed  by  the  pretended  rf> 
medics  of  the  farriers;  or,  being  pressed  forward  in  his  work  during  the  attacK, 
goes  until  he  drops  down  and  dies.  At  the  fundament  may  be  seen  the  ear- 
liest indications  of  this  species  of  over-physicking,  in  the  disgusting  protrusion 
of  the  inner  coat  whilst  expelling  the  contents  thereof;  an  ordinary  effort  of 
nature  to  get  rid  of  what  is  offensive  to  it,  which,  considering  the  horizontal 
position  of  the  horse,  might  appear  wonderful  to  us  bipeds,  but  for  the  well- 
known  double  operation  of  the  coats  of  the  intestines.  From  the  top  to  the 
bottom  of  the  canal  a  spiral  motion  is  kept  up  by  the  alternate  contraction  of 
the  two  coats  thereof,  the  one  in  circumference,  the  other  lengthwise,  resem- 
bling that  of  a  worm,  and  appearing  as  if  a  corkscrew  agitated  its  inside.  By 
this  means  the  mass  is  pressed  backwards,  and  as  it  increases  in  quantity  and 
becomes  less  and  less  clearable,  the  offended  nerves  excite  the  guts  to  renew- 
ed efforts  for  its  expulsion,  in  which  the  lower  part  of  the  belly,  with  its  cover 
ing,  from  the  ccecum  to  the  sphincter,  concurs  with  all  its  powers  of  contrac- 
tion. Partial  retention  of  the  breath,  and  consequent  pressure  upon  the  mid- 
riff, and  parts  behind  it,  contribute  to  lessen  the  longitude  of  the  intestine  at 
every  effort.  This  kind  of  excitement,  if  repeated  too  often,  it  is  plainly  to  be 
seen,  must  keep  up  the  irritation  of  the  parts  concerned  in  it,  and  dispose  them 
to  contract  inflammatory  complaints. 

48.  In  length  about  thirty  yards,  the  intestinal  canal  has  in  its  course  two 
or  three  different  offices  to  perform  towards  digestion,  whereof  the  smallest 
gut  nearest  the  stomach  is  for  receiving  the  gall,  or  bile  that  has  been  formed 
in  the  liver  for  that  purpose.  At  the  termination  of  that  small  gut,  at  the  end 
of  twenty  yards,  an  immensely  large  one  occurs,  called  the  sac  (coecum),  or 
blind  gut,  where  the  contents  are  prevented  from  issuing  too  soon,  by  reason 
of  the  internal  coat  of  the  small  gut  getting  into  ft)lds,  as  it  were.  We  may 
as  well  consider  this  as  another  valve ;  and  that  it  was  provided  by  the  Author 
of  Nature  to  correct  the  animal's  propensity  for  transgressing  his  laws  against 
repletion,  as  well  as  to  prevent  the  contents  of  the  coecum  from  returning  up- 
wards, when  this  latter  is  compressing  the  large  intestines  backwards,  in  the 
act  of  dunging.  But  inflammation  sometimes,  obstructions  oftencr,  produce 
at  this  place  more  tedious  affections  than  is  generally  imagined.  When  it  so 
happens  that  the  stimulus  of  the  bile  is  insufficient  (as  in  diseased  liver),  and 
acrimonious  particles  are  left  behind,  or  the  half-masticated  food  inflicts  in- 
juries on  the  very  sensible  surface  of  this  passage,  then  the  noisome  effluvia 
reascends  to  the  stomach;  the  bile,  too,  enters  it  soon  after,  by  reason  of  the 
intestines  having  lost  their  power  of  compression  and  elongation,  when  the 
corkscrew  motion  downwards  is  changed  to  an  upwards  motion,  and  all  be- 
comes disorder  in  that  region.  Loss  of  appetite,  fever  and  dullness,  with  droop- 
ing as  if  in  pain,  and  a  staring  coat,  follow  each  other  in  succession ;  for  the 
secretion  of  bile,  which  I  shall  come  presently  to  describe,  as  affecting  the 
skin,  is  thereby  vitiated.  These  appearances  it  has  been  a  fashion  to  considei 
"  symptoms  of  the  worms,"  or  of  "  debiUty  "  (another  term  for  low  fever) ;  and 
the  practice  of  administering  bitter  medicines,  that  are  supposed  to  kill  the 
worms,  is  only  successful  on  account  of  their  restoring  the  tone  of  the  stomach, 
and  by  supplying  to  the  intestines  a  congenial  stimulus  in  the  place  of  hue 
This  was  the  rase  with  Mr.  White's  statement,  in  vol.  i.  p.  170,  where  he 
says,  "I  have  sometimes  succeeded  in  destroying  worms  by  giving  aloes,  onu 
dram  and  a  half,  every  morning  until  purging  was  producal."  That  is  to  say, 
"the  horse  became  well ;"  but  whether  he  had  any  worms  to  be  destroyed  ie 
another  question ;  and  then,  if  a  dram  and  a  half  would  succee<l  suinetiims,  J 
C 


iS  BLIND  GUT;  ITS  USES.  CONCRETIONS.  GREAT  GUT. 

should  apprehend  a  larger  dose  (as  eight  drams,  his  favourite  quantity)  would 
more  inevitably  have  poisoned  all  the  worms  his  horses  may  have  had,  of 
whichsoever  kind  they  might  be ;  but  this  mode,  as  will  be  perceived,  though 
more  destructive  of  worms,  would  not  have  acted  as  a  tonic  restorative  on  the 
stomach  and  intestines,  like  small  repeated  doses.  1,  however,  who  am  a  man 
of  no  fashion,  generally  have  found  those  kind  of  attacks  accompany  a  repeti- 
tion of  irregular  feeding;  that  is  to  say,  very  little  one  day,  very  mu<;h  ano- 
ther; now  all,  now  none;  the  attack  varying  in  degree,  and  changing  from 
simple  obstruction  to  the  inflammatory,  as  the  animal  may  or  may  not  have 
been  allowed  water  with  his  food. 

49.  To  supply  this  deficiency,  in  some  measure,  does  the  caecum,  or  blind 
g*ut,  seem  to  have  been  placed  at  the  termination  of  the  small  intestines.  In 
this  second  cavity  digestion  is  supposed  to  be  completed,  much  liquid  being 
found  therein ;  and  we  know  that  here,  in  a  corner,  termed  its  "  appendix," 
are  frequently  deposited  hard  matters,  as  earth,  stones,  and  other  substances, 
little  compatible  with  the  purposes  of  nutrition  (as  noticed  at  sect.  46);  but 
whether  these  ever  pass  oft'  by  stool  remains  in  doubt,  and  we  are  left  to  coi\- 
clude  that  it  is  much  less  sensible  than  the  other  intestines.  In  size  it  may 
be  about  thrice  that  of  the  stomach  of  the  individual ;  and  it  is  placed  near  the 
surface  of  the  belly,  lying  on  the  left,  about  midway  between  the  fore  and  hind 
near  leg.  Here  it  is  exposed  to  damagement  from  a  variety  of  causes  ;  the 
groom,  while  dressing  him,  often  hits  the  horse  here  with  the  curry-con)b  ;  the 
dealer  tries  whether  his  new  purchase  is  a  roarer  by  striking  him  hard  with 
his  lash  whip,  whilst  he  holds  up  his  head  short;  and  I  have  frequently  seen 
one  of  the  most  noted  jobbers  and  breakers  in  London  terrify  his  "restive  cus- 
tomers" into  obedience,  by  a  kick  of  his  foot  skilfully  placed  on  this  part. 
The  facts  are  notorious;  what  is  worse,  they  long  remained  uncorrected.  The 
consequence  of  all  this  hard  usage  is,  that  the  coecum*  loses  its  functions, 
more  or  less,  certain  heavy  particles  are  not  expelled  as  they  ought,  but,  re- 
maining behind,  attach  to  their  sides  some  earthy  particles  of  the  food  which 
would  otherwise  pass  into  the  colon,  and  the  heat  of  the  animal's  body  causes 
them  to  become  stones  of  great  magnitude.  Six  or  eight  pounds  in  weight, 
and  nearly  as  many  inches  in  diameter,  are  quoted  as  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon sizes,  in  certain  parts  of  the  country,  where  humanity  is  at  so  low  an 
ebb,  and  the  police  equally  unmindful  of  their  duty,  as  in  the  district  of  Lon 
don  before  alluded  to. 

50.  The  colon,  or  large  gut,  commences  at  the  only  orifice  of  the  last-men- 
tioned  sac;  then,  turning  underneath  the  small  intestines,  and  proceeding  for- 
ward to  near  the  stomach  and  liver,  it  turns  about,  and,  in  its  course  back- 
ward, makes  a  great  number  of  zig-zag  turnings,  by  means  of  two  ligaments 
that  run  along  its  whole  length,  and  coil  it  up.  Such  a  shape,  or  rather  no- 
thape  disposition  of  its  folds,  would  inevitably  obstruct  the  progress  of  its  con- 
bnts,  but  for  the  fore-mentioned  double  mention  of  its  muscular  coats,  with 
vhich  it  is  furnished,  as  well  as  the  smaller  intestines.  Being  heavy,  it  is  sus- 
^)ended  the  whole  length  of  the  horse?s  hinder  part,  by  a  strong  half  transpa- 
i'ent  membrane  (called  mesentery),  which  being  fastened  to  the  bones  of  the 
back,  and  hanging  down  in  folds,  or  plaits,  admits  of  the  gut's  filling  up  the 
same  from  side  to  side,  in  the  semi-globular  manner  we  may  perceive  when 
the  animal  is  opened.  But  where  the  mesentery  embraces  the  intestines  the 
tightest,  as  if  to  prev»nit  the  too  ready  escape  of  the  food,  there  is  placed  along 
the  whole  length  of  the  depression,  between  the  folds  of  the  gut,  a  white  vessel 

'The  n.usclcs  of  the  coecum  tjeing  stronger  than  any  other  part  of  the  inte'jtlnes,  are  coiii- 
pelled  by  the  blow  to  contract  fm-cibly,  as  do  the  hitercostal  muscles  of  the  lower  ribs,  whert-by 
the  air  in  the  lungs  is  suddenly  expelled,  and,  if  he  be  aflecled,  the  home  »roans  m^  tiie  air 
v*wfi  the  upper  part  of  ihe  windpiix?. 


PREDISPOSITION  TO  DISEASES:   HOW  COUNTERACTED.  47 

having  numerous  branches  to  the  right  and  left,  full  of  nutritious  juice,  making 
its  way  towards  the  fore-part  of  the  animal. 

This  is  the  lacteal  duct,  which,  from  its  situation  between  the  folds,  formed 
by  the  mesentery,  is  by  some  termed  "the  mesenteric  canal,"  and  by  and  by, 
(in  Gibson)  "the  mesenteric  artery."  Mesocolon  and  mesorecfum  being  the 
names  of  parts  which  usually  merge  in  the  general  term  "mesentery,"  for  the 
whole,  I  have  made  no  distinction.  But  all  this  does  not  signify  so  much  as  thr 
manner  in  which  this  duct  gets  filled  at  first  by  the  lacteals.  how  it  constantly 
flows  in  health,  or  is  obstructed  by  disease,  and  what  is  the  mode  and  the  efl'ect 
of  discharging  its  contents  near  the  heart,  as  before  alluded  to  in  sect.  37, 
second  paragraph,  as  well  as  just  below  in  sect.  51.  Herein  may  be  found 
much  matter  for  pli-asing  reflection  and  study,  by  him  who  aspires  after  ob- 
taining a  more  accurate  knowledge  of  the  curative  art  than  is  generally  pos- 
sessed ;  and  to  attain  to  perfection  wherein,  he  must  study  the  thing  itself  by 
inspection,  since  nothing  that  I  can  find  room  to  set  down  here  can  give  him 
any  thing  like  an  adequate  notion  of  its  importance;  nor,  indeed,  was  it  ever 
my  intention  to  em[)loy  strict  anatomical  description,  or  to  enter  into  learned 
definitions,  any  farther  than  should  be  found  necessary  to  illustrate  what  I 
have  to  teach,  respecting  diseases  in  general,  and  some  long  standing  errors 
of  respectable  veterinary  surgeons  in  particular.  On  no  other  point,  through- 
out my  present  labour,  do  i  so  much  desire  to  be  rightly  understood,  as  on  this 
one  of  the  absorbents,  ar.<f  absorption  altogether;*  for  it  is  only  when  this 
function  takes  place  with  regularity  that  health  can  be  preserved  ;  when  it  is 
disordered,  our  business  is  to  restore  it,  too  much  or  too  little  being  equally 
productive  of  a  disposition  to  diseases,  though  opposite  ones.  An  indolent  or 
an  impoverished  absorption  requires  our  care  no  less  than  a  too  rapid  or  fever 
ish  performance  of  this  function:  the  fleam  and  cathartic  medicines  reduce  the 
latter  kind  of  symptoms;  a  generous  mash,  tonic  alteratives,  and  good  groom- 
ing, are  the  best  restoratives  of  a  languid  system.  Pulsation  is  the  test  of  either 
state  of  derangement ;  and  he  who  is  the  cleverest  at  discovering,  by  this  prog- 
nostic, what  is  going  on  in  the  system,  will  always  make  the  most  humane,  as 
Well  as  the  most  successful,  horse-doctor. 

51.  Towards  its  termination,  the  colon  makes  a  short  turn,  as  if  to  pre- 
vent the  too  easy  escape  of  the  dung  into  the  rectum,  or  straight-gut,  with- 
out an  effort  of  nature  to  straighten  the  curve  at  that  place ;  as  we  see  it  per- 
formed when  the  animal  strains  the  part,  while  contracting  the  lower  muscles 
of  the  belly,  together  with  the  coecum,  in  order  to  produce  a  stool — the  whole 
transaction  being  most  intelligibly  termed  ''a  motion."  Several  such  im- 
pediments occur  in  the  course  of  the  intestinal  canal,  and  some  of  them  are  so 
abrupt,  as  no  after-art  is  ever  capable  of  reducing  to  a  straight  line:  the  reason 
for  which  kind  of  contrivance  is,  that  its  contents  still  possess  some  nourish- 
ment, which  it  is  desirable  should  be  extracted,  anil  they  are  thus  detained 
that  nothing  might  be  lost:  to  say  nothing  of  the  existing  opinion,  that  the 
food  which  has  thus  lain  some  time  in  the  animal  must  imj)art  a  juice  diflfer- 
ing  considerably  in  its  properties  from  that  which  was  but  recently  received 
into  the  stomach.  No  operation  in  the  system  is  more  beautiful  than  this  one 
of  drawing  from  the  food,  now  properly  mixed  and  softened,  what  becomes 
the  milky  fluid  called  chyle,  first,  and  blood  immediately  afterwards ;  the  first 
mentioned  being  performed  by  innumerable  transparent  vessels,  whose  fine 
mouths  open  every  where  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  intesiines.  From  thn 
word  lacta  (milk),  these  vessels  are  termed  lacteals^  their  function  benig  ^b 

•  Generally  termeJ  "  the  absorbent  system,"  and  until  lately,  vrholly  unattended  to  in  veteri- 
nary practice :  Gibson,  in  his  lengihy  particularities  resjiecting  the  hoi-se,  not  having  onr^ 
mentioned  the  lacteals  (as  if  they  existed  not),  and  contenting  himselfwithiust  locsely  nainii^ 
'  lymphatics  "  at  page  55  of  his  first  volume. 


48  feEL-RfrroRV  organs— fhe  liver. 

sorption  (like  the  lymphatics);  tne  largest  whereof  lying  along  the  mesentery 
(as  I  said  before),  sends  out  smaller  branches,  and  these  again  more  minute 
ones,  to  encircle  and  penetrate  the  gut;  in  this  their  mouths  do  incessantly 
suck  up,  or  absorb,  and  convey  to  the  larger  vessels  the  material  for  replenish- 
ing the  system  with  new  blood.  Passing  along  the  spine,  the  large  tube,  filled 
wilh  this  milky  fluid,  at  length  reaches  the  fore  part  of  the  annual,  and  ac- 
quires the  name  of  the  thoracic  duct ;  here  it  mixes  with  a  portion  of  lymph, 
and  is  conveyed  immediately  by  a  large  vein  to  the  heart.  Ascending  the 
pulmonary  artery,  as  described  in  a  former  section  (37),  the  air  entering  the 
lungs,  changes  its  colour  to  a  fine  healthy  scarlet,  and  at  the  next  pulsation  it 
is  driven  into  the  circulation  to  mingle  with  the  mass,  to  impart  its  newly  ac- 
quired properties,  and  to  return  again  and  again,  wasting  away,  until  at 
length  it  becomes  used  up  and  extinct,  its  place  being  supplied  with  other  new 
matter  by  the  continued  process  of  digestion.  A  change  of  substance  this, 
which  is  said  to  take  place  with  the  whole  body  of  the  horse  in  the  course  of 
every  year  and  a  half,  or  two  years  :  so  that  at  no  time  has  he  a  particle  of  flesh, 
bone,  hair,  hoof,  or  other  matter  which  formed  his  body  two  years  before,  and 
alfording  a  fit  subject  for  reflection  and  admiration  in  us,  as  it  invites  those 
who  have  the  care  of  providing  for  his  health  to  take  advantage  of  the  well 
known  circumstance,  the  more  securely  to  effect  those  changes  by  gradual 
means,  which  too  frequently  are  attempted  by  violence,  and  fail.  Nature  will 
not  be  forced,  rather  seek  her  in  her  recesses,  and  humour  her  ways.  Those 
who  act  differently,  generally  induce  some  lasting  disorder  to  appear  upon  the 
Burf;>ce,  which  tliey  treat  as  if  local;  when,  alas!  these  are  seated  in  the  ve-^ 
vitals  of  the  animal,  sometimes  in  the  most  delicate  parts  of  the  mesentery. 
Heating,  or  cordial  medicines,  as  well  as  those  other  untoward  mixtures, 
which  corrode,  or  blunt,  the  mouths  of  the  finer  lacteals,  thereby  dispose  them 
to  receive  materials  improper  for  the  making  of  good  blood;  the  consequence 
whereof  is,  that  tubercles  frequently  are  found,  which  fill  up  the  cavities  of  the 
lacteal  duct.  The  matter  of  these  tubercles  is  usually  hardened,  and  resem- 
bles the  yolk  of  a  hard  boiled  egg.  The  disease  appears  in  a  staring  coat,  is 
commonly  considered  to  be  the  worms,  and  treated  as  such,  with  more  heating 
or  drastic  medicines,  winch  but  increase  the  evil.  Other  obstructions  are 
thereby  formed,  and  if  a  solitary  worm  or  two  are  found  on  dissection  (as  fre- 
quently happens),  they  have  been  generated  in  the  obstructed  part,  but  have 
not  caused  any  disorder. 

Of  the  mesenteric  canal,  it  may  be  useful,  as  well  as  curious,  to  remark, 
that  1  have  always  found  its  state  of  health  or  disease  to  correspond  with  the 
appearance  of  his  coat ;  when  this  is  smooth,  the  former  is  full  and  free  from 
obstructions;  when  rough,  the  contrary.  In  hide-bound,  thiscanal  is  yellow; 
in  farcy,  red,  as  well  as  the  bowels;  these  appear  bluish,  when  the  horse  dies 
in  consequence  of  being  worn  out,  though  at  the  same  time,  the  flaccid  lac- 
teals still  preserve  their  healthy  white,  if  no  other  cause  to  the  contrary  pre- 
vails. But,  upon  such  further  particulars  as  are  connected  with  the  study  of 
digestion,  as  influencing  or  influenced  by  res|)iration  and  circulation,  I  shall 
take  occasion  to  say  more  hereafter;  adding  thereto  a  few  cursory  remarks, 
that  were  not  absolutely  necessary  for  the  present  illustration  of  the  animal 
system,  but  will  be  found  more  in  place  in  the  succeeding  section. 

The  Liver  with  its  sweetbread,  the  Kidneys,  and  the  Bladder,  being  liable 
to  certain  diseases  peculiar  to  each,  besides  the  property  of  affecting  one  ano- 
ther readily,  as  well  as  being  at  all  times  mainly  instrumental  in  maintaining 
anu  restoring  health  to  the  other  parts  of  the  whole  system,  now  claim  our 
undivided  attention.  I  shall,  therefore,  proceed  at  once  to  a  brief  description 
•;if  the  uses  and  functions  of  each,  and  accompany  the  same  with  a  fow  gene 


niE  LIVER:  ITS  SITUATION.  49 

ral,  but  pertinent  remarks  on  the  present  received  mode  of  ^Jeating  the  disor- 
ders incident  to  the  several  parts  that  impede  those  functions,  reserving  par- 
ticulars regarding  the  causes,  sympsoms,  and  method  of  cure,  to  a  subsequent 
part  of  the  volume.     Consult  the  Index. 

52.  The  Liver  is  a  very  important  and  immensely  large  glandular  body  ol 
a  dusky  red  colour,  almost  divided,  like  the  lungs,  into  two  lobes,  having  two 
smaller  subdivisions;  and  is  attended  by  its  pancreas  or  sweetbread,  a  small 
flat  part  thereof,  which  has  the  property  of  secreting  a  sweet  kind  of  saliva. 
This  secretion  was  noticed  before,  as  entering  the  gut  near  the  stomach,  along 
with  the  bile  from  the  liver:  both  are  therefore  conveniently  situated  under- 
neatt  the  stomach  and  behind  the  midriff^  to  the  skirt  of  which  the  upper 
part  ?{  the  liver  is  attached  ;  but  the  exact  functions  of  this  pancreas,  or  its 
diseases,  are  no  farther  known  to  us,  except  that  it  partakes  a  good  deal  the 
appearance  of  its  joint  neighbour,  and  that  it  is  indeed  sweet  to  the  palate. 

Before  he  proceeds  farther,  the  reader  had  better  consult  the  place  of  a  skele- 
ton as  to  the  situation  and  extent  of  this  important  organ  (important  in  a 
curative  point  of  view),  as  relates  to  the  midriff,  stomach,  and  kidneys,  where 
it  will  be  seen  included  between  the  squares  marked  K — N  ais  intersected  by 
the  lines  numbered  21 — 27.  The  side  view  therein  presented  is  necessarily 
the  left  or  near  side,  but  the  other  lobe  or  right  is  of  greater  length  and  more 
substance,  it  touches  the  right  kidney,  and  its  upper  surface  is  contiguous  to 
the  diaphragm,  which  presses  upon  it  at  each  inspiration  of  the  lungs.  This 
tendency  of  the  liver  to  the  right  side  seems  to  have  been  designed  by  nature 
to  counterbalance  the  leftward  position  of  the  heart,  and  of  the  lower  part  of 
the  stomach ;  the  pyloric  orifice  of  which  is  seen  at  the  intersection  of  the 
lines  K  and  26.  In  a  former  page  (sec.  27.),  1  took  occasion  to  describe  the 
minute  glands  with  which  the  extremities  are  furnished,  and  to  advert  to  the 
secretory  glands,  all  which  are  formed  by  arteries  that  deposit  their  contents, 
and  which  is  again  taken  up  into  the  veins;  but  the  liver,  the  largest  of  all 
glands,  and  a  secretory  organ,  differs  from  the  others  in  one  great  and  signal 
respect :  it  is  formed  of  an  assemblage  of  veins  only.  Its  structure,  in  other 
respects,  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  smaller  glands. 

Into  the  liver  is  brought  the  blood  which  has  been  sent  from  the  heart  to 
circulate  and  nourish  the  whole  system  (except  a  portion  which  the  kidneys 
attract) ;  a  service  that  is  performed  by  means  of  a  great  blood-vessel  they 
call  vena  porta,  that  passes  along  the  right  side  of  the  spine.  In  size  very 
large,  and  always  filled  in  health,  a  sight  of  this  vessel  shows  how  busily  em- 
ployed the  liver  must  be,  in  separating  from  so  great  a  quantity  of  blood  the 
tiitter  qualities  it  has  obtained  by  having  passed  through  the  animal's  system, 
and  imbibed  whatever  might  there  lurk  of  the  offensive,  the  diseased,  or  the 
infectious.  It  proves,  also,  that  any  disease  with  which  it  may  be  attacked, 
must  be  proportionably  violent  in  its  progress,  and  tedious  to  cure,  inasmuch 
as  both  will  depend  upon  the  state  every  other  viscus  may  be  in,  through 
which  the  blood  happens  to  have  passed.  Are  the  kidneys,  or  either  of  them, 
inflamed?  the  blood  which  has  recently  passed  through  them  comes  to  the 
liver  to  get  rid  of  its  noisomeness,  in  the  form  of  bile.  Is  an  abscess  to  be 
dispersed,  and  the  acrid  matter  driven  from  the  part,  to  be  taken  up  by  th« 
lymphatics  (see  sect.  29),  at  the  liver  it  is  strained  off,  and  here  must  be  im- 
parted a  portion  of  its  baleful  quaUties.  It  follows  of  course,  that  whatever 
medicine  is  directed  towards  the  liver  must  go  thither  by  means  of  the  circu- 
^ation,  i,  e.  through  the  absorbents  :  for  schirrous  liver  this  is  best  accom- 
plished by  the  lymphatics ;  for  inflamed  liver  by  means  of  the  lacteals ;  ir 
other  words,  these  are  the  internal  and  the  external  modes  of  exhibition,  and 
the  preparations  of  mercury  are  here  mostly  kept  in  view. 

I'he  secretion  of  too  mu-'h  bile,  and  the  consequent  inability  of  the  vessel* 
6» 


50  OF  BILE-EXCESS  AND  DEFECTIVE;  SYMPTOMS  AND  CURE. 

to  carry  it  offj  it  may  easily  be  foreseen,  would  be  the  harbinger  of  jaundice; 
an»l  its  approach  may  be  discerned  by  the  yellowness  of  the  eyes,  by  the  in- 
creased number  and  thinness  of  the  animal's  dungings,  and  the  constant  emp- 
tiness of  its  belly,  which  both  feels  and  looks  loose  and  flabby.  On  the  con- 
trary, too  little  bile,  must  leave  the  intestines  without  the  requisite  stimulus 
to  expel  their  contend  which,  soon  getting  dry  and  hard,  a  constipation 
usually  follows,  that  defies  the  remedy  by  purgatives:  nor  is  the  operation  of 
backraking  with  clysters  always  of  effectual  service.  Whichever  extreme  af- 
fects the  liver,  the  patient  becomes  weak:  but  in  case  of  deficiency,  though 
he  may  look  more  brisk  for  a  few  days,  stretching  his  hind  legs  out  when  un- 
employed, he  afterwards  becomes  feverish,  hot  under  the  tongue,  sluggish  and 
dull  in  the  eyes.  Schirrous  liver — a  corrosion  or  rustiness  of  its  fine  surface, 
accompanies  this  deficiency  of  bile,  and  when  it  recurs  often,  the  disease  be- 
comes permanent;  but  whether  caused  by,  or  causing  the  same,  I  am  unable 
to  ascertain.  Ulcerated  liver  is  occasioned  by  a  too  great  heat  in  this  organ: 
if  occurring  upon  its  thin  extremity,  the  disorder  cures  itself  by  a  natural 
operation,  i.  e.  by  adhesion  to  the  gut,  and  passing  oR  by  stool ;  but  when 
seated  higher  up,  it  terminates  fatally,  by  wholly  debihtating  the  system,  and 
sooner  or  later  destroys  the  patient. 

The  preparations  of  mercury,  before  alluded  to,  act  variously  upon  the  sys- 
tem, according  to  the  mode  of  exhibition  the  practitioner  may  adopt :  in  the 
form  of  calomel  it  assists  the  liver  to  discharge  its  functions  by  lowering  its 
tone  ;  the  blue  pill  (pilul.  hydrarg.)  is  finely  adapted  to  solve  the  crudities  of 
stomach  and  bowels  in  carnivorous  animals,  but  has  never  been  extensively 
tried  on  the  horse.  For  any  disease  of  the  whole  system,  or  "bad  habit  of 
body,"  as  Richard  Lawrence  properly  calls  that  predisposed  state  of  it  which 
ultimately  produceth  tumours,  grease,  fistula,  farcy — mercury,  in  all  its  va- 
rious shapes,  is  the  only  specific. 

Too  great  a  secretion  of  the  bile,  although  it  pass  oflf,  produces  a  roughish 
meagre  coat  first  about  the  belly ;  the  patient  becomes  languid,  especially  after 
being  compelled  to  any  great  exertion,  when  he  perspires  too  readily  on  the 
carcass,  his  manner  is  uneasy,  and  after  a  while,  partial  hide-bound  commen 
ces  under  the  chest.  Should  the  bile  be  of  a  less  acrimonious  nature,  those 
symptoms  are  then  perceptible  lower  down  (i.  e.  farther  back),  and  when  his 
eyes  appear  yellowish,  it  is  then  a  confirmed  jaundice ;  but  in  very  bad  cases, 
producing  death,  people  vulgarly  call  it  "broken  hearted,"  because  commonly 
brought  about  by  bad  usage*. 

Inflammation  of  the  liver  generally  accompanies  those  appearances;  but 
we  can  not  be  certain,  though  it  is  to  be  presumed,  that  inflammation  is  always 
consequent  upon  an  over-quantity  of  secretion.  After  much  procrastination, 
medicinal  remedies  are  of  little  avail  when  tried  on  the  most  extensive  scale, 
although  no  disorder  to  which  the  horse  is  liable  is  easier  of  cure,  if  it  be 
taken  m  time  :  the  patient  requires  only  a  treatment  directly  the  reverse  of 
that  which  brought  on  his  ailments,  and  he  gets  well,  almost  of  course. 
Regular  work,  moderate  feeding,  and  tolerable  behaviour  comprise  these  na- 
tural remedies :  they  are  usually  found  efficacious  in  the  earlier  stages  of  the 
disorder,  and  then  only.  But  those  natural  remedies  being  neglected,  and  al- 
teratives (the  assistants  of  nature)  never  thought  of,  languor  of  the  whole 
system  prevails  sooner  or  later,  and  the  best  of  medicines  fail  to  act  by  reason 
of  that  languor.     The  absorbents  are  then  accused  of  not  performing  their 

*  Snice  writing  the  above,  I  have  ascertained  upon  the  view,  that  a  horse,  ranlcling  undei 
tl.n  effects  of  maltreatment,  absolutely  broke  the  cells  of  his  heart  through  high-spirited  cha 
grin.  The  case  is  described  much  at  large  in  the  "  Annals  of  Sponing,"  for  July  1822,  a  pape* 
which  I  was  induced  to  draw  up  at  the  instance  of  my  friend  John  Bee,  Esq.,  who  was  preseij- 
HI  the  death  ndtheilissection 


FOUL  HABIT,  HOW  PRODUCED  j  HOW  CURED.    KTONEYS.  51 

function  properly  ;  or,  if  they  do  so,  then  the  liver  and  the  kidneys  fail  in  re- 
fining the  blood  sufficiently,  so  that,  at  its  getting  to  the  extremities  once 
more,  those  particles  which  ought  to  have  been  carried  off  are  there  deposited, 
and  form  the  nidus  of  those  external  maladies  that  are  mistakenly  considered 
local  diseases,  and  treated  as  such,  instead  of  correcting  the  foul  habit  of  body 
which  is  thus  plainly  indicated.  Of  the  whole  series  of  tumours  or  abscess, 
grease  is  the  only  one  which  people  in  general  think  of  taking  up  into  the 
system ;  the  matter  that  proceeds  from  the  pustules  that  form  grease  is  so  pal- 
pably composed  of  urea,  or  the  principle  of  urine,  which  ought  to  have  been 
attracted  to  the  kidneys,  that  every  body  who  would  cure  the  grease,  very 
properly,  as  if  by  instinct,  administers  diuretics ;  and  when  this  means  of 
cure  is  adopted  early,  always  with  a  proportionate  degree  of  success.  But  of 
these  things  more  in  the  following  sections. 

53.  The  Kidneys,  although  the  seat  of  only  one  disorder  (inflammation), 
yet  are  they  so  intimately  connected  with  the  cure  of  other  diseases,  which 
are  constitutional,  that  a  right  knowledge  of  their  functions  can  not  but  prove 
highly  serviceable  in  the  judicious  administration  of  the  universally  approved 
method  of  cure,  by  the  urinary  passage.  Diuretics,  or  urine  balls,  are  so  con- 
stantly in  the  hands  of  grooms  and  others,  that  I  would  admonish  them  thus 
early  to  reflect  a  little  on  the  consequences  of  going  on  from  day  to  day  in 
urging  these  fine  glands  to  over-exertion,  whereby  they  are  kept  in  a  constant 
state  o(  irritation,  are  rendered  incapable  of  acting  their  part,  or  literally  be- 
come rotten.  They  are  situated,  one  on  each  side  of  the  spine,  close  to  the 
last  two  ribs  (see  plate  G,  H,  as  intersected  by  figures  28 — 30),  where  they 
are  attached  as  well  by  the  blood-vessels  which  belong  to  them,  as  by  stout 
cellular  membranes  which  cover  them  underneath.  With  this  exception  the 
kidneys  of  horses  seldom  have  the  covering  of  fat,  termed  suet,  which  wc  find 
in  other  animals,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  very  great  action  of  the  parts.  Mr. 
Richard  Lawrence  must  have  been  thinking  on  the  ox  or  sheep's  kidneys, 
when  he  wrote  his  289th  page.  For  my  part,  so  little  of  this  fat  on  the  kid- 
neys has  been  noticed  by  me,  that  this  book  was  already  at  press  before  I  was 
convinced  they  were  ever  covered ;  and  yet  I  have  assisted  in  opening 
and  noting  the  state  of  as  many  horses,  1  believe,  as  any  man  in  England 
who  ever  wrote  a  line  on  this  subject :  in  France,  I  have  reason  to  conclude, 
they  are  more  industrious  in  this  respect.  The  left  kidney  lies  close  to  the 
ribs;  the  right  one  farther  forward,  is  loose,  and  is  connected  with  the  right 
lobe  of  the  liver ;  which  being  much  longer  than  its  left  lobe,  seems  to  extend 
itself  backward  for  that  purpose.  Excitement,  no  doubt,  is  the  mutual  intent 
of  this  connexion  ;  and  that  deviation  from  her  true  system,  which  nature  al- 
lows in  the  effusion  from  one  part  to  another,  takes  place,  when  either  the 
one  or  the  other  may  be  diseased,  obstructed,  injured,  or  destroyed.  On  no 
other  grounds  can  we  account  how  it  is  brute  animals  so  long  survive  the  total 
destruction  of  some  vital  part,  as  we  frequently  find.*  One  consequence  of 
this  loose  situation  of  the  right  kidney  is,  that  inflammation  generally  makes 
its  appearance  upon  it  earlier  than  on  the  left,  a  circumstance  which  is  partly 
derived  from  its  proximity  to  the  liver;  it  also  imparts  some  of  its  own  feel- 
ing to  that  organ,  when  inflamed  ;  two  facts  these  which  ought  to  be  well 
kept  in  mind,  when  we  wish  to  excite  unusual  secretion  in  either.  In  shape, 
the  left  kidney  approaches  the  angular  more  than  the  right  one  ;  from  which 
1  infer  that,  although  the  functions  of  the  two  must  be  so  nearly  the  same, 
?Ji  affectivjris  they  differ ;  at  least  a  gall  or  slight  blow  will  aflfectthe  left  much 
sooner  than  the  right  kidney. 

•  Latterly,  Mr.  Travers  ha.-?  given  the  public  the  »p?ultsof  many  curious  experiinentfl  5*1 
ibis  subject 


52  THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  URINE. 

M  The  section  of  a  kidney,  which  should  be  performed  lengthwise,  wiR 
show  in  the  centre  its  pelvis,  in  which  the  tube  (or  ureter)  that  carries  off  the 
water  to  the  bladder  takes  its  rise :  in  this  pelvis  stone  is  sometimes  formed, 
that  often  finds  its  way  to  the  bladder,  unless  it  remains  in  the  ureter,  or  comes 
away  entirely.*  The  ureters  communicate  immediately  with  the  bladder,  and 
the  water  they  convey  is  formed  by  the  outermost  red  part  of  the  organ  draw 
ing  the  blood  into  it,  and  through  which  it  is  filtsred  by  the  vascular  or  whitish 
part  which  lies  next  withinside ;  here  numerous  little  tubes  convey  it  to  the 
centre  one,  or  ureter,  that  enters  the  cavity  of  the  pelvis  at  H  I,  33,  34,  of  the 
plate  of  a  skeleton. 

The  blood,  which  has  been  so  filtered  of  its  water,  is  absorbed  by  a  vein, 
which  is  plainly  visible  in  the  section  of  the  kidney  ;  and  the  whole  function 
shows  how  rapidly  circuitous  any  medicine  must  act,  which  being  poured  into 
the  stomach  is  found,  in  so  short  a  space  as  two  or  three  hours,  to  have  work- 
ed its  passage  through  the  bowels  into  the  lacteals,  thence  through  the  heart 
and  arteries  into  the  kidneys,  filled  the  bladder,  and  caused  a  staling  of  the 
noxious  water,  which  is  to  carry  off  disorders  of  one  sort  or  other.  Here  it  is 
worthy  of  remark,  that  the  operation  of  internal  medicines  is  much  more  cer- 
tain in  the  horse,  when  directed  against  the  absorbing  vessels  and  the  kidneys, 
than  when  intended  to  act  chiefly  on  the  stomach ;  for,  as  hath  been  observed, 
nis  stomach  being  one  half  of  it  insensible  to  stimulants,  we  are  not  certain  of 
producing  upon  it  any  effect  whatever.  In  all  swellings  of  the  legs,  the  good 
properties  of  diuretic  medicines  may  be  discerned  almost  immediately,  by  reason 
of  the  connexion  which  subsists  between  the  functions  of  lymphatics  and  of 
the  kidneys ;  so  likewise,  diaphoreiic  medicines  no  sooner  excite  the  lacteals 
to  a  performance  of  their  function,  than  the  skin  shows  evident  signs  of  its 
good  effects.  But  both  means  of  cure  msiy  be  abused,  as  1  shall  show  more 
particularly  in  the  sequel :  the  first,  being  administered  too  often,  wears  out 
the  functions  of  the  kidneys;  the  second,  being  carried  on  too  long,  at  length 
refuseth  to  act  upon  the  skin. 

55.  An  idea  respecting  the  deposition  of  water  in  the  membranes  was 
thrown  out  in  the  twentieth  section ;  and  another,  as  to  variation  in  the  pro- 
portions of  urine  and  perspiration  in  summer  and  winter,  at  the  bottom  of 
section  the  twenty-second,  to  which  the  reader  may  refer.  On  this  topic  a 
foolish  notion  having  got  abroad  as  to  the  small  quantity  of  acrid  matter  con- 
tained in  the  urine  of  the  horse,  induced  Dr.  Thomsont  to  submit  a  portion 

•  I  was  called  in  to  examine  a  horse,  whose  diseases  had  baffled  the  skill  of  many  clever 
farriers.  He  had  been  long  declared  to  have  "  a  complication  ; "  that  is  to  say,  none  icnew  his 
disease,  lor  he  occasionally  voided  blood  with  his  urine,  in  great  pain ;  they  had  thei-efore  given 
him  diuretics  to  such  an  excess,  that  he  could  not  bear  the  h;ind's  passing  along  his  back  over 
the  kidneys:  his  sheath  showed  signs  of  oedematous  swelling,  and  upon  that  region  being 
pressed  he  became  unruly.  I,  however,  saw  enough  to  ascertain,  by  the  heat  and  tension  of 
the  pcul,  that  it  was  inflammatory,  and  as  his  pulse  was  high,  his  tongue  hot  and  dry,  I  pro- 
posed to  bleed  him,  and  to  foment  the  part ;  the  operation,  however,  was  scarcely  performed 
when  its  owner  resolved  to  take  no  further  trouble,  and  the  horse  was  slain.  On  examination 
I  found  his  kidneys  were  rotten,  and  as  pervious  as  dough :  ulcers  appeared  upon  both  lobes  of 
the  liver,  and  the  neck  of  the  bladder  was  inflamed  a  little.  The  sheath  presi.Tved  its  size  ;  and 
on  the  top  of  the  penis  a  small  shapeless  stone,  the  cause  of  all  this  mischief,  lay  buried  under 
the  cuticle;  and  would,  I  should  apprehend,  have  come  away  in  the  course  of  a  day  or  two 
fpcn'.aneously.    How  it  got  there  is  most  inscrutable. 

t  or  Edinburgh,  in  his  Annals  of  Philosophy,  for  August,  1820.  By  the  way,  on  this  sub- 
ject it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  for  seven  or  eight  years  past,  the  French  and  Italian  doctora 
Oave  made  a  gi-eat  fuss  about  this  I'uree  (nrea),"or  proportion  of  the  principle  of  urine,  calling 
'R  "a  discovery ; '"  whereas  our  own  people,  in  every  branch  of  medicine,  have  been  aciing  up> 
un  the  same  doctrine  for  better  than  forty  yearS;  to  my  certain  knowledge.  Some  have  regu- 
'ated  their  practice  (human)  by  the  appe^irance  of  the  water,  with  various  success;  and  I  have 
^  great  notion,  that  this  test  of  the  state  of  the  horse's  health  may  be  added  la  those  other  g^-mp 
wmsby  which  we  endeavour  to  ascertain  the  ailments  of  an  animal  which  aatureliasforbiddeo 


GLANDERS.    CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  BLADDER,  53 

i>f  it  to  chemical  analysis  in  order  to  decide  that  point.  "The  result  was,  ih?t 
it  contains  an  unusually  large  })roportion  of  that  principle,  so  that  without  be 
iiiiT  concentrated  by  evaporation,  it  yielded  crystals  of  nitrate  of  urea,  very 
readily  on  the  addition  of  nitric  acid."  This  fact  being  thus  satisfactorily  as- 
certained, accounts  for  the  strong  ammoniacal  vapour  of  stables  that  affects  the 
eyes  of  the  attendants,  and  being  inhaled  (as  said  in  sect.  39.),  is  clearly  the 
harbinger  of  several  diseases  in  the  horses  confined  in  them — glanders  among 
the  rest. 

56.  Thk  Bladder,  or  receptacle  for  the  redundant  water  of  the  whole  sys- 
tem, as  it  is  separated  from  the  blood  by  the  kidneys,  is  situated  within  the 
hollow  of  the  pelvis,  at  tlie  intersection  of  H  1  with  33,  34  on  the  plate  of  a 

skeleton,  with  its  outlet  or  neck  turned  towards  the  place  of 
exit,  varying  a  little  according  to  the  sex.  It  consists  of  three 
coats  or  layers,  the  outer  two  being  muscular,  and  having 
their  fibres  crossing  each  other — (as  may  be  seen  upon  split- 
ting asunder  a  stale  bladder),  the  better  to  enable  it  to  contract 
upon  and  expel  its  contents.  The  inner  coat  is  membrane- 
ous, sensible  on  distention,  and  secreting  a  mucous  fluid  to 
protect  itself  against  the  elfects  of  the  urine.  When,  how- 
ever, the  bladder  becomes  full,  the  secretion  is  insufficient  foi 
its  protection,  and  irritation  commences  in  order  to  induce  the 
muscular  coats  to  concur  in  the  expulsion  of  the  urine.  This 
desire  must  be  very  great  in  the  horse,  for  the  reason  assigned 
at  the  close  of  the  preceding  section,  and  shows  the  necessity 
of  permitting  him  to  void  his  urine  upon  his  first  intimating  an  incHnation 
thereto.  The  shape  of  some  horses'  bladders  differs  a  good  deal  from  that  of 
others, — particularly  about  the  neck,  those  of  the  female  being  considerably 
wider,  and  shorter,  than  those  of  the  male,  a  circumstance  to  be  remembered 
when  I  come  to  treat  of  the  disorders  incident  thereto ;  since  in  inflammation 
of  its  neck,  for  example,  in  one  sex  we  are  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  instru- 
ments, in  the  other  the  urine  may  be  discharged  by  the  fingers.  But  it  so 
happens  that  horses  are  more  liable  to  the  disorder  just  named  than  mares. 
My  reader  will  also  please  to  note,  that  the  thin  membrane  which  defends  the 
whole  intestine  against  the  friction  of  the  surface,  (termed  peritonajum,)  reaches 
backward  to  only  half  way  over  the  bladder;  so  that  it  offers  no  obstruction  to 
our  operations  upon  its  neck  in  cases  of  disease. 

57.  To  recur  once  more  to  the  subject  of  a  preceding  section  (the  55th)— 
the  principle  (of  urea)  that  resides  in  any  given  quantity  of  urine  evacuated 
by  the  horse,  it  may  be  here  observed,  that  when  the  animal,  on  a  journey, 
has  been  pushed  onward,  and  thus  prevented  from  staling  for  a  considerable 
time,  he  at  length  produces  it  of  a  deeper  colour  and  less  in  quantity  than 
usual,  a  change  which  has  been  effected  by  the  great  heat  of  his  body  having 
taken  it  up  again,  by  the  absorption  and  effusion  which  nature  has  provided, 
of  aqueous  particles  from  one  part  of  the  system  to  another.  The  principlcj 
or  urea,  however,  remains  in  the  bladder,  and  produces  one  of  two  evils;  either 
the  inner  or  sensible  coat  becomes  inflamed,  and  loses,  after  an  attack  of  dia- 
betes, some  part  of  its  function  of  secreting  the  mucous  fluid  for  its  defence, 
if  it  does  not  terminate  fatally;  or,  being  less  severe,  but  often  repeated,  a  de- 

*c  complain.  Whatever  practitioner  should  undertake  to  judge  of  the  horse's  diseases  by  it« 
urine,  must  prepare  himself  to  undergo  a  good  deal  of  ridicule,  and  may  expect  some  calumny  ; 
he  would  not,  however,  be  far  from  the  ri'glit  path  towanis  making  a  proper  estimate  of  th» 
quantitj  or  violence  of  its  ailment,  though  lie  might  not  so  readily  ascertain  the  precise  nature 
rf  the  disorder.  The  terms  "nephrin,"  and  "uric  acid,"  the  oldest  and  the  newest  forth^ 
principle  of  this  evacuation,  show  the  assiduity  of  which  it  has  lieen  dieu'ed  worthy,  in  tha* 
practice  where  it  is  confessedly  of  less  importance  than  it  is  in  ours. 


54  DISEASES  OF  TIIE  BLADDER:  OPERATION. 

position  of  earthy  particles  takes  plaee,  which  is  generally  converted  into  stone 
or  gravel. 

J-*alsy  of  the  Madder  is  induced  from  frequent  repetitions  of  thus  neglect 
lug  the  calls  of  nature,  as  well  as  from  injuries  of  the  spine;  in  both  which 
cases  the  nerves  having  lost  their  sensibility,  the  coats  do  not  contract  suffici- 
ently, and  some  water  is  always  left  behind.  In  all  diseases  of  the  bladder,  a 
disposition  to  fill  speedily  manifests  itself:  and  in  palsy,  this  is  the  leading 
symptom.  When  this  evil  takes  place,  the  horse,  while  staling,  seems  un- 
willing, or  is  incapable  of  discharging  the  last  drops  of  each  voidance ;  and,  if 
the  usual  practice  of  giving  diuretics  be  adopted,  the  animal  is  ruined,  if  he 
does  not  burst  the  fundus  of  the  bladder  and  die  immediately:  rather,  the 
contrary  method  of  discharging,  instead  of  filling  the  bladder,  should  be  sought, 
and  the  readiest  way  to  effect  this  is  to  introduce  the  hand  into  the  funda- 
ment, which  having  emptied,  the  bladder  may  be  felt  much  distended.  In 
this  case,  we  are  told,  "  too  much  pressure  might  terminate  fatally ;  "  but  by 
smoothing  the  bladder  gently  witti  the  tops  of  the  fingers,  from  its  neck  for- 
wards, is  usually  successful.  In  fact,  I  never  should  have  thought  of  its  fail- 
ing, but  for  what  is  said  in  one  of  the  books  on  diseases  of  horses  (White,  vol. 
i.  p.  121),  where  we  find  a  good  number  of  pages  bestowed  upon  "suppres- 
sion and  retention  of  urine,"  which  are  not  diseases  in  themselves,  but  the 
effects  of  disease;  the  first  arising  in  defective  secretion  of  the  kidneys,  the 
second  in  the  bladder,  or  its  neck.  At  all  times  a  good  deal  of  sympathy  exists 
between  this  organ  and  the  kidneys,  and  the  kidneys  with  the  liver;  inflam- 
mation of  either  being  soon  communicated  to  all  three,  in  a  degree  propor- 
tioned to  the  animal's  general  state  of  bodily  health  previously  to  the  attack. 


CHAPTER  III. 

General  Observations  on  the  Animal  System  of  the  Horse,  with  Reference 
to  the  Origin  of  Constitutional  Diseases;  Recapitulation  and  further 
Development  of  Veterinary  Practice^  upon  the  principles  before  laid 
down. 

Seeing  that  a  recapitulation  of  the  preceding  chapters,  and  a  few  general 
observations  arising  therefrom,  would  be  necessary,  before  we  examine  into 
the  particular  diseases  to  which  they  have  reference,  1  shall  here  adJ  the  no- 
tice of  such  minor  parts  of  the  horse,  as  may  seem  to  have  been  overlooked ; 
and  then  draw  such  conclusions  from  the  whole,  as  to  the  principles  upon 
which  veterinary  medicine  may  be  most  successfully  conducted,  as  appear  to 
me  best  adapted  to  your  acquiring  those  just  notions  of  the  theory  as  lead  to 
favourable  results  in  practice. 

The  animal  system*  (which  has  been  so  often  mentioned)  whereby  life  is 
rx)ntinued  and  strength  renewed,  diseases  are  contracted,  and  the  disposition 
lo  throw  them  off  is  constantly  manifested,  and  by  which  the  ordinary  wear 
and  waste  of  the  various  component  parts  of  the  body  is  unceasingly  supplied 
with  new  and  healthy  matter,  has  been  shown,  in  the  foregoing  brief  account 
of  the  separate  parts  that  contribute,  by  their  united  actions,  to  make  up  this 
system.  A  system  that,  although  api)arently  complex  and  infirm,  is,  in  re- 
aliiy,  simple,  magnificent,  and  robust.  It  is  we  (mankind)  who  derange  the 
ii-.  action  of  those  parts,-  by  oui  vanity,  our  wants,  and  seU"  will;  or,   by  our 

A  Rvstem  is  a  coui-se  of  action,  according  to  some  known  rule  or  law  of  nature;  and  Ui'» 
/m  has  been  applied  to  Bome  of  man's  connivances  cilso,  not  very  hiappily. 


ANIMALS'  SYSTEMS  DIFFER.    LESSER  PARTS  DESCRIBED.  6ft 

our  ignorance,  put  the  whole  system  out  of  repair,  when  we  endeavour  to 
control  nature,  instead  of  humbly  following  her  track,  and  working  after  her 
fashion  ;  and  every  mechanic  knows,  that  a  system,  or  a  machine,  being  once 
put  out  of  order  in  its  minutest  part,  incurs  the  danger  of  complete  disorga- 
nization in  those  that  are  more  material  to  the  performance  of  its  functions  as 
a  whole  :  an  observation  that  applies  as  well  to  a  watch  or  steam-engine,  as 
to  a  worm,  to  n»an,  or  the  horse ;  but  which,  of  course,  I  intend  should  be  ap- 
plied to  the  last  mentioned  animal  particularly. 

Our  Creator,  however,  as  if  prescient  of  the  barbarities  his  image  would 
fall  into,  in  the  exercise  and  abuse  of  the  power  he  gave  us  over  the  living 
things  of  the  earth,  hath,  in  his  goodness,  conferred  on  brutes  the  means  of 
supplying  from  one  part  of  the  system  the  losses  which  accident  may  occa 
sion  in  another  part :  a  subject  well  worthy  our  patient  scrutiny,  as  furnish 
ing  the  means  of  effecting  cures  in  desperate  cases,  and  not  to  be  disregarded 
in  first  attacks  of  malignant  diseases. 

But  "  the  animal  system,"  as  a  term,  or  in  fact,  may  be  taken  to  imply  as 
well  that  of  all  animals  as  particular  kind  of  animals — descending  sometimes 
(not  improperly)  to  individuals  of  those  kinds.  Some  persons,  however,  de- 
scend still  lower,  and  the  term  "  system"  has  been  sadly  misapplied,  and  ban- 
died about  from  one  thing  to  another,  until  it  is  brought  to  describe  particular 
parts  or  portions  only  of  the  individual's  system.  The  dog  kind,  the  horse 
kind,  and  mankind,  are  good  and  proper  distinctions,  for  the  system  of  animal 
life  differ  in  all  three:  they  are  not  in  every  case  moved  in  a  similar  manner 
by  the  same  class  of  medicines;  whereby  we  first  perceive  that  their  systems 
differ,  and  we  examine  the  dead  subject  of  either  kind  (as  in  the  preceding 
chapter),  to  find  out  how  this  takes  place,  and  in  what  degree,  and  we  regu- 
late our  practice  conformably  to  the  discoveries  so  made.  The  several  indi- 
viduals, too,  of  the  same  kind,  have  particularities  in  their  respective  systems, 
arising  from  habit,  from  country  or  climate,  or  from  crosses*  that  demand  our 
serious  analytical  reasoning,  in  the  application  of  similar  remedies,  and  adapt- 
ing their  proportions  to  the  removal  of  similar  symptoms.  So,  a  sensible 
difference  is  known  to  exist  between  the  constitution  of  a  cart-horse  and  a 
blood-horse,  between  a  galloway  and  a  hunter;  each  requiring  accurate  dis- 
crimination in  ascertaining  the  state  of  disease,t  and  this  consideration  ought 
to  inspire  us  with  carefulness  in  applying  the  ren^edies,  since  that  which  re- 
stores the  one  might  be  injurious  to  the  other.  Among  those  four  breed.s,  we 
frequently  find  individuals  variously  affected  from  the  same  causes  according 
to  their  built,  shape,  or  make  (see  pages  2,  G,  and  18),  according  to  the  con- 
stitution and  co-adaptation  of  the  dam  and  sire ;  as  age  may  come  on,  acci- 
dents have  taken  place,  or  chiefly  as  the  individual  may  have  been  mistreated 
Wy  his  unworthy  master,  the  sordid  fiirrier,  or  unfeehng  ostler,  ''""o  all  which 
important  distinctions  in  the  state  of  his  patient's  particularities,  1  beg  to  call 
the  studious  reader's  most  serious  attention,  while  examining  his  case,  in  ordei 
to  apply  the  rr  medy  most  appropriate  to  the  degree  of  attack. 

In  the  two  preceding  chapters  of  this  treatise,  more  of  the  animal  mignc 
undoubtedly  have  been  described,  or  the  same  subjects  considerably  enlarged 
upon,  and  move  parade  of  learning  might  have  been  displayed,  but  the  readci 
would  not  have  benefited  one  jot  by  that  course  of  proceeding :  he  migh.t, 
probably,  have  bewildered  himself  (as  many  do)  in  the  mazes  which  would 
then  surround  him ;  whilst  the  description  of  those  parts  of  the  animal,  which 

*  The  system  of  the  same  individual,  also,  may  undergo  changes  by  time;  so  that  a  medi- 
cine may  operate  ditTerently  now  from  what  it  formerly  did. 

t  The  surest  barometer  of  healtli,  the  pulse,  would  indicate  an  approach  towards  fever  ir 
one  individual,  which  might  be  the  certain  standard  of  neaith  in  another.  s>ec  The  Pulse,' 
MpaseGO. 


56  DOCKING.    FTRING.    TH^  FOOT.    THE  SKIN. 

contubuU  but  infpj-iorly  to  the  system  I  had  in  view  to  illustrate  and  explain, 
might  have  led  him  to  look  upon  these  in  a  light,  too  important  for  the  func- 
tions they  perform — as  regards  my  pur[)ose. 

The  eyes,  the  tongue,  the  ears,  the  skin  and  hair,  the  tail,  the  genitals,  and 
the  hoof,  or  foot,  though  each  deserving  our  most  sedate  attention,  for  many 
good  reasons,  yet,  as  they  do  not  originate  disease,  1  then  purposely  avoided 
taking  particular  nolice  of  them.*  Nevertheless,  I  do  not  mean  to  deny,  that 
they  all,  according  to  each  its  functions,  accurately  indicate  the  existence  of 
disease,  as  they  do  of  health,  and  the  degree  of  both  is  marked  on  them  with 
wonderful  ])recision.  Hence  it  was  easy  to  conclude,  even  though  we  did  not 
know  the  fact  to  a  demonstration,  that  they  are  subject  to  some  deplorable 
maladies  that  are  peculiar  to  each,  arising  out  of  constitutional  defectiveness, 
to  say  nothing  of  accidents,  nor  of  the  fancied  improvements  man  presumes 
to  make  upon  the  works  of  his  Maker. 

Under  this  last  reproach  lie  all  those  farriers  and  others,  who  give  pain  un- 
necessarily to  the  animal  in  the  indispensable  operations.  Among  these,  I 
class  that  of  docking,  notwithstanding  the  gibes  of  our  continental  neighbours 
(the  French)  conveyed  to  us  in  something  like  the  following  couplets,  about 
the  period  of  king  James's  abdication. 

Proud  Englishmen  avaunt,  barbarians  as  ye  be, 

Who  cut  your  monarchs'  heads  off"— -oiT  horses  take  the  queue! 

We  Frenchmen,  better  bred,  who  reverence  the  law, 

Never  meddle  with  our  kings'  heads,  arid  let  our  horse-tails  grow. 

Although  of  no  moment  in  themselves,  these  verses  show  the  then  French 
.ustoms,  and  mark  the  period  when  docking  and  nicking  came  up  among  us 
in  England,  to  be  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century.  But  I  put  it 
to  the  reason  of  any,  the  most  strenuous  advocate  for  this  custom,  whether  he 
ever  contemplated  the  proba>bility  of  a  horse  being  subjectetl  to  this  operation 
three  or  four  several  times ;  yet  it  is  no  less  true,  that  at  a  market  dinner-table, 
in  the  town  of  Watford,  in  May,  1820,  1  heard  of  a  horse  which  had  been  so 
served  five  several  times,  from  no  other  authority  than  that  of  the  last  owner 
of  the  unfortunate  creature.  1  took  occasion  to  show,  in  a  precp<ling  page, 
that  in  all  great  exertions  of  the  animal  powers,  the  tail  and  head  had  a 
share. 

Firing  is  another  of  those  barbarous  practices  that  are  much  oftener  re- 
ported to  than  is  necessary  or  proper.  In  fact,  we  may  observe  that  this  and 
similar  painful  operations  are  adopted  in  an  exact  ratio  that  the  operator's 
eilucation  may  have  been  neglected. 

Of  the  foot,  I  have  already,  in  the  first  chapter,  noticed  some  general  faultsi, 
arising  from  constitutional  defects  in  the  form  of  the  whole  limb;  and  I  shall 
thence  be  led  to  enter  into  further  consideration  thereof,  with  more  particulars, 
under  the  article  "  Shoeing,"  as  well  as  when  I  come  to  treat  of  the  several 
.disorders  incident  to  this  important  part  of  the  frame.  Meantime,  I  am  in- 
duced thus  early  to  reprobate  one  other  species  of  that  busy  intermeddUng  in 
the  affairs  of  nature  I  took  occasion  to  advert  to  higher  up.  This  consists  in 
the  baneful  practice  of  cutting  away,  unmercifully,  the  horny  part  of  the  sole, 
that  lines  and  defends  the  sensible  sole,  whereby  injuries  upon  the  road  be- 
come more  frequent,  and  lameness  from  unknown  causes  is  incurred  ;  but  if 
not  so,  canker,  rottenness,  corns,  are  sure  to  follow,  or  the  hoof  contracts,  and 
fever  of  the  feet  and  founder  succeed  each  other. 

The  skin  and  coat  received  some  attention  under  the  article  Secretioni^ 

*  Th«  diseases  of  the  foot,  I  consider  ae  those  of  accident  or  infliction,  and  with  a  brief  niwr 
omical  **cription,  will  form  a  separate  chapter. 


THE  TONGUE,  EVE,  AND  EARS,  INDICATIONS.  57 

And  elsewhere,  as  the  reader  must  recollect,  or  refer  to ;  but  he  must  never 
forget,  that  the  first  mentioned  may  be  safely  and  powerfully  stimulated  as 
the  outlet  for  many  constitutional  affections  of  the  system,  the  proper  time 
for  their  use  being  indicated  (as  I  said  before)  by  the  appearance  of  the  coat. 

The  tongue  always  partakes  of  the  general  state  of  the  system :  m  the 
horse,  it  does  not  afford  to  the  sight  so  sure  a  prognostic  of  the  state  of  the 
stomach  as  in  the  human  subject ;  but,  to  the  feel,  it  communicates  to  us  the 
state  of  the  blood  with  so  much  accuracy  as  demands  our  assiduous  attention, 
to  the  acquiring,  by  practice,  the  most  intimate  acquaintance  with  its  moni- 
tions. This  member  of  the  body,  in  conjunction  with  the  coat,  I  have  al- 
ways considered  the  health-gage  of  mv  patients.  See  observations  on  the 
"  Pulse"  at  page  60. 

The  eye  is  a  most  material  organ  of  sense,  and  is  much  studied  by  those 
who  would  render  themselves  good  judges  of  the  general  soundness  or  un 
soundness  of  the  horse's  constitution.  It  beams  bright  and  steadily  in  health, 
projects  most  fiery  when  the  animal  is  most  vigorous ;  in  lassitude  it  sinks,  it 
blears  with  a  cold,  and  under  extreme  circumstances  is  extinguished.  After 
a  heat,  horses  full  of  blood,  with  foul  stomachs,  certainly  alter  in  their  vision, 
shy  and  become  troublesome;  and,  so  sure  is  the  eye  the  barometer  of  vigour 
that  horses  got  by  old  sires  have  the  eye  more  sunken  than  others,  with  a  hoi 
lowness  over  it. 

The  ears,  by  their  movements,  show  the  apprehensions  of  the  horse,  if  not 
his  disposition.  When  he  fears  the  lash,  he  turns  their  cavities  backwards. 
Is  he  disposed  to  be  resentful,  they  are  laid  flat  on  his  poll.  Following  his 
companions,  or  the  hounds,  or  going  homewards,  the  cavity  of  the  ear  turns 
sharply  forward  :  asleep,  as  well  as  under  other  cii'cumstances  of  easy  watch- 
fulness, one  ear  turns  forward,  the  other  backward  ;  but,  when  roused  sud- 
denly, they  alternately  change  position.  Who,  then,  would  destroy  these 
useful  appendages  of  the  horse's  organ  of  hearing?  Who  would  singe  off  the 
hairs,  which,  passing  from  side  to  side  of  the  cavity,  catch  the  sounds  and 
convey  to  his  rider  the  first  notice  of  danger  from  wild  beasts,  as  well  as  plea- 
sure from  the  cry  of  the  hounds?  The  Arab  knows,  by  his  horse's  ears,  of 
the  approach  of  enemies  ;  but  the  Englishman  relies  too  securely  upon  his  own 
comparatively  imperfect  hearing,  and  cuts  off  those  better  intelligencers  of  dis- 
tant occurrences ;  or,  he  more  assiduously  abridges  their  Utility,  by  clipping 
away  the  inside  lining;  or,  worse  still,  by  applying  flame  to  the  part,  he  ren- 
ders the  horse  skittish  ever  after.  Those  are  the  only  disorders  of  the  ears 
of  horses;  if,  for  want  of  this  hairy  defence,  premature  dulness  of  hearing, 
occasioned  by  rain,  dust,  and  other  substances  entering  these  organs,  be  not 
another. 

That  the  genitals  draw  off  from  the  system  and  store  up  a  noble  secretion, 
for  the  purpose  of  continuing  the  kind,  is  certain  ;  but  I  shall  pursue  the  mat- 
ter no  further  than  to  notice  the  change  to  which  the  coats  of  geldings  are 
subject  as  to  colour,  compared  to  those  of  perfect  horses  ;  and  all  the  inference 
I  mean  to  draw  from  that  fact  is,  the  still  further  corroboration  of  ray  pre- 
viously maintained  opinion,  as  to  the  seat  of  perspirable  matter  residing  in  the 
la{  teal  part  of  the  system. 

As  it  is  the  blood  which  by  its  deposite  forms  all  those  parts,  so  by  means 
t>f  the  blood  must  we  endeavour  to  correct  any  derangement  of  the  system  of 
•inimal  life,  whetherof  quadrupede  orbipede;  for  the  workingof  the  system  in 
making  of  new  blood  and  cleansing  the  old  is  the  same  in  ail,  though  differing 
in  degree,  whilst  mainly  agreeing  in  the  process.  AVould  any  one  demand 
how  it  comes  to  pass,  that  quadrupeds  draw  so  much  substantial  nourishment 
from  herbaceous  vegetables,  whilst  man  can  only  extract  a  watery  juice,  do- 
void  of  all  nutritious  qualities?  let  h'.ni  l>e  answered,  tliat  all  depends  on  th« 
7 


fi3  COMPARATIVE  STRUCTURE. 

digestive  powers,  these  being  greater  in  the  brute,  than  in  man.  It  even  ap- 
pears plainly  to  me,  that  the  animal  food  taken  by  man  is  the  same  as  the  her- 
baceous taken  by  quadrupeds,  only  that  it  has  meantime  undergone  the  pro- 
cess of  digegition,  sanguification  and  deposition  in  the  solids,  &c.  and  hence 
arises  the  difference  in  the  practice  of  the  curative  art  as  applied  to  the  one 
animal  and  the  other.  Every  disease  is  in  fact  a  compound,  varying  in  cif- 
ferent  constitutions,  and  the  composition  of  the  remedy  should  be  adapte<l  to 
evejty  variation  thereof,  even  of  the  same  attack. 


BOOK  II. 

THE  CAUSES  AND  SYMPTOMS  OF  VARIOUS  BODILY  DISEASES  INCIDENT  TVi 
THE  HORSE ;  WTIH  THE  MOST  APPROVED  REMEDIES  IN  EVERY  CASE. 


CHAPTER  I 
Of  Interrud  Diseases. 

Inflammatory  disorders,  generally. — Fever. — From  all  the  infor 
mation  the  reader  may  have  collected  together  in  his  mind,  respecting  the 
"  circulation  of  the  blood,"  as  described  with  instructive  minuteness  at  pages  33 
to  42,  he  will  naturally  conclude  that  the  horse  is  ever  most  liable  to  contract 
one  or  the  other  of  those  disorders  we  term  inflammatory.  The  great  heat 
of  his  blood,  combined  with  his  bulk,  and  the  amazing  exertions  he  is  compelled 
to  make,  all  together  constantly  predispose  him  to  incur  fever  of  the  whole  sys- 
tem or  inflammation  of  particular  parts,  according  to  concurring  circumstances. 
Nor  is  the  matter  changed  one  whit,  when  we  reflect  that  fever  sometimes 
terminates  in  local  inflammation,  which  we  term  "critical,''  ais  being  the  crisis 
and  cure  of  the  disorder;  and  that  the  inflammation  of  one  part  or  organ  (the 
liver  in  particular)  frequently  devolves  into  fever  of  the  whole  animal  system, 
by  means  of  the  rapid  circulation  of  the  blood  through  the  diseased  organ. 

Let  us  proceed  to  discuss  the  subject  generally  at  first,  and  to  pursue  each 
in  detail  afterwards ;  simply  premising,  that  all  the  disorders  incurred  by  the 
horse  are  referable,  more  or  less,  to  this  over-heated  or  inflammatory  state  of 
his  blood,  and  its  consequent  unfitness  for  the  purposes  of  promoting  animal 
life,  health,  and  vigour.  For,  the  more  heat,  the  more  viscidity  or  thickness 
there  will  be  in  the  blood,  and  less  will  it  be  found  capable  of  circulating  the 
.onger  such  unnatural  heat  continues,  up  to  a  certain  point  of  the  disease : 
when  the  animal  is  so  far  aflfected  as  to  lose  its  appetite,  and  consequently  no 
fresh  blood  can  be  formed  by  the  digestive  powers,  the  blood  then  becomes 
thinner  every  day,  because  its  more  solid  particles  are  constantly  being  de- 
posited in  the  c>elJular  membrane,  to  supply  the  waste  that  is  unceasingly  go- 
ing on  there.  The  reader  would  do  well  to  read  over  again  what  is  said  con- 
cerning this  process  of  the  animal  system  at  page  48,  with  the  references  there 
made  to  page  37,  to  page  23,  and,  in  fact,  to  the  whole  tenor  of  the  second 
chapter.  But  this  supply  soon  fails,  as  necessarily  it  must,  when  it  is  not  re- 
plenished  at  the  source,  and  wasting  of  the  solids  succeeds  of  course,  unless 
nature  is  assisted  by  our  art  judiciously ; — the  right  application  of  this  art  is 
what  we  are  now  in  search  of. 

One  of  the  immediate  consequences  of  the  horse  being  hard  worked,  or  high 
fed  and  physicked  with  stimulants,  is  the  constant  heating  or  feverish  state 
of  the  blood.  Increased  action  of  the  heart  and  arteries  accompany  and  keep 
up  this  state  of  irritation,  which  may  be  further  accelerated  by  the  animars 
being  allowed  to  take  cold  whilst  in  that  state,  whereby  the  perspiration  is 
checked  of  a  sudden,  and  the  blood  which  may  then  fill  the  smaller  vessels  is 
detained  there<  to  the  further  ajiiioyance  of  the  larger  ones:  he  then  contracU 


CO  FEVER.  ABSCESS.   t;OLl>. 

inflammation  ot  all  the  solids  and  organs  of  life,  or,  more  properly, /e.^r. 
But  when  only  a  certain  part  of  the  system,  or  a  single  organ  is  thus  check- 
ed, we  consider  the  affair  under  tlie  name  of  inflammation  of  that  part,  as  of 
the  lungs,  the  kidneys,  &c. ;  always  keeping  in  mind,  that,  by  continuance, 
these  extend  their  baleful  affections  to  other  organs,  with  which  a  certaii. 
sympathy  is  known  to  exist.  In  like  manner,  when  external  muscular  parts 
swell  and  secrete  matter,  this  is  in  like  manner  an  inflammation  of  that  parti- 
cular part,  or  tumour,  or  abscess,  with  a  great  variety  of  names,  according  to 
the  place  where  it  may  be  seated  :  poll-evil  and  fistula  are  among  those  external 
complaints  to  which  I  allude. 

The  latter,  or  local  kind  of  inflammation,  is  the  effect  of  the  former  or  con- 
tinued internal  fever,  and  whenever  such  a  tumour  or  abscess  makes  its  ap- 
pearance near  the  surface,  the  general  inflanunation  or  fever  subsides;  when 
it  discharges  offensive  matter,  the  fever  is  cured.  If  such  a  tumour  appear 
without  previous  general  fever  of  the  system,  we  repel  it,  so  that  it  may  dis- 
perse and  pass  off  by  stool.  It  may  usually,  however,  he  considered  as  an 
effort  of  nature  to  relieve  itself  of  offensive  viscid  matter  that  lurks  in  the  sys- 
tem ;  and  in  this  case  only,  when  v^'ell  ascertained,  would  that  reduction  of 
the  system  which  1  shall  shortly  insist  upon  as  proper  in  all  inflammatory  at- 
tacks, be  least  advisable,  as  nature  would  then  require  aid  to  assist  her  in  hei 
efforts,  rather  than  subtraction  from  her  [)owers,  by  the  bleeding,  purging, 
<fec.  so  recommended. 

But  whenever  a  cold  is  caught,  whereby  the  trunk  is  afi'ected,  one  of  two 
evils  is  experienced,  that  are  quite  contrary  in  their  effects:  1st,  Either  the 
bowels  lose  the  power  of  retaining  their  contents,  and  of  contributing  their  aid 
to  the  purposes  of  digestion,  chylitication,  and  sanguification,  i.  e.  the  making 
of  fresh  blood,  and  diarrhoea  ensues;  or,  2d,  The  extreme  heat  of  the  body 
causes  the  dung  to  harden,  and  if  the  obstruction  be  not  speedily  removed, 
the  most  distressing  consequences  usually  happen.  Either  extreme  may  come 
on  gradually  and  imperceptibly;  but  as  the  latter  (termed  constipation)  is  of 
most  frequent  recurrence,  is  a  disorder  of  over  repletion,  producing  vertigo, 
staggers,  apoplexy,  megrims,  or  fits,  1  have  considered  it  under  a  separate 
head,  as  "costiveness ; "  seeing  that  it  sometimes  supervenes  without  previous 
fever,  though  always  accompanied  by  it.  One  or  other  species  of  affection 
of  the  bowels  is  also  produced  by  catarrhal  inflammation,  or  fever  of  the  organs 
of  respiration,  when  this  is  violent  or  of  long  continuance. 

Respiration  of  confined  or  noxious  air  in  close  stables,  as  described  at  page 
39,  also  produces  quicker  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  with  perspiration  and  tem- 
porary fever,  which  may  be  confirmed  by  sudden  exposure  to  the  open  air, 
and  the  consequent  detention  of  blood  in  the  small  vessels  which  we  term 
capillary.  Sudden  immersion  in  cold  water  whilst  sweating  and  respiring 
with  difficulty  after  a  run,  wading  through  a  river,  or  standing  in  a  current 
of  cold  air,  are  all  prolific  sources  of  inflammatory  disorders.  Indeed  fevei 
and  inflammation  are  so  closely  allied  to  each  other,  that  we  run  little  risk  of 
creating  confusion  of  terms  by  considering  them  as  derived  from  the  same 
origin,  and  none  whatever  in  treating  of  both  in  the  same  chapter.  For  most 
•tablemen  and  farriers,  as  well  as  many  veterinary  writers,  do  speak  of  the 
tine  and  the  other  promiscuously,  as  if  they  were  the  same,  when  describing 
the  symptoms  of  either;  nor  do  I  see  any  good  cause  for  my  deviating  from 
this  practice  upon  the  present  occasion,  after  the  slight  distinction  just  drawn. 

One  other  general  observation  may  l>e  aptly  made  in  this  })lace,  which  may 
8tand  instead  of  much  discussion   hereafter.     As  fever  is  a  necessary  conse- 

auence  of  any  inflammation  whatever,  so  without  fever  there  would  be  no  in- 
animation.    Every  run  you  give  a  horse  heats  or  inflames  his  blood,  quick- 
ens his  pulse,  and  he  sustains  lemi)orarY  fever.     Wliilst  in  this  state,  'f  any 


TV  Piles  FEVER.    BLKEDING  AND  PURGING— RESTORATIVEa  ffi 

▼Bcas,  or  organ,  that  constitutes  a  vital  part  of  his  system,  receive  such  a 
check  or  daniper  as  1  have  described,  obstruction  of  the  finer  blood-vessels  en- 
sues— as,  of  the  lungs,  by  their  drinking  cold  water,  or  mere  affusion  of  ilon 
the  chest,  and  inflammation  is  the  name :  if  the  whole  body  of  an  animal  cr 
its  entire  surface  be  so  affected,  the  evil  consequences  are  similar,  and  fever  is 
the  name  by  which  we  designate  it.  Horses  out  of  condition,  or  already  in  a 
low  state,  though  feverish,  with  quickened  pulse,  do  not  require  further  re- 
duction ;  since  this  is  evidently  "low  fever,"  which  I  have  treated  of  under  a 
separate  head;  as  I  have  also  "Typhus  fever,"  or  the  affection  of  the  whole 
system  which  arises  from  a  vitiated  or  corrujrt,  state  of  the  blood.  But,  in  all 
cases,  the  best  guides  to  the  practitioner  for  his  prescriptions,  and  indeed  all 
his  operations,  are  the  causes,  the  symptoms,  general  health  and  peculiarity 
of  cor>stitution  of  the  animal ;  when  it  so  happens  that  such  particulars  can  be 
extracted  from  those  about  him ;  as  will  be  the  case  in  all  studs  of  a  superior 
cast.  If  the  feverish  affection  arises  from  inactive  kidneys,  the  diuretics  re- 
commended lower  down  will  be  all  the  treatment  that  is  requisite  in  such  a 
case ;  if  a  dull  heavy  pulse  and  the  state  of  his  dungings  show  that  the  bowels 
only  are  at  fault,  purgatives  alone  will  restore  health.  So  of  any  other  vis- 
ceral obstruction,  when  these  give  pain  fever  ensues,  and  is  best  removed  by 
the  exhibition  of  mercury ;  if  the  internal  irritation  continues,  rowelling  is  the 
remedy  most  appropriate  to  such  cases,  and  the  state  of  the  pulse  will  tell  the 
doctor  when  and  why  he  should  bleed.  This  will  bring  us  to  an  early  con- 
sideration of  "the  pulse,"  its  indications  and  general  rules.  In  all  cases  of 
inflammation,  whether  of  the  whole  system,  or  fever,  or  of  particular  organs, 
let  bleeding  be  resorted  to  immediately,  in  quantity  proportioned  to  the  amount 
of  heat,  which  is  ascertained  by  the  temper  of  the  pulse.  "Open  the  prima 
vice"  also,  is  a  good  maxim  of  a  late  respected  lecturer  on  those  subjects, 
meaning  thereby — purge  the  bowels  or  chief  canal,  and  keep  them  open.  Co- 
pious clysters  of  warm  water-gruel  assist  the  latter  materially,  particularly  if 
a  solution  of  salts  be  added,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  case;  but  rather 
than  delay  the  clyster  through  want  of  the  ingredient  being  at  hand,  use 
simple  warm  water  only.  Very  often,  in  slight  attacks,  the  animal  requires 
no  other  treatment,  if  resorted  to  in  time ;  but  delay  is  dangerous,  for  with 
every  hour  the  symptoms  increase  in  a  three-fold  ratio,  and  the  animal  be- 
comes weaker  and  weaker  every  moment,  and  therefore  less  able  to  bear  up 
against  the  attack.  In  all  cases,  be  quick,  for  ruin  is  going  on  with  rapid 
strides,  whenever  the  animal  shows  signs  of  great  internal  pain.  Fresh  air, 
diluting  liquids,  and  clysters,  in  all  cases  of  inflammation  whatsoever,  are 
found  of  as  much  service  in  the  restoration  of  health,  as  the  best  active  medi- 
cines that  can  be  administered;  the  first  mentioned  most  positively  so,  unless 
the  animal  perspire  greatly  at  the  time,  or  it  suffers  under  a  fit  of  shivering. 
Danger  is  to  be  apprehended  in  the  latter  case,  and  the  fresh  air  need  not 
then  be  admitted  ;  but  if  shivering  is  succeeded  by  sweating,  or  even  a  small 
degree  of  moist  heat,  it  may  be  considered  as  the  crisis  of  the  disorder,  when 
something  has  taken  place  that  is  favourable  to  the  cure — of  which  more  par- 
ticulars in  the  proper  place.  Continued  shivering,  by  the  way,  denotrs  the 
termination  of  all  inflammatory  diseases — in  death;  cordials  then  may  do 
good,  but  more  frequently  accelerate  the  catastrophe,  whilst  the  diluting  liquid 
— water-gruel,  will  afford  relief  in  some  measure,  but  can  do  no  harm.  But 
resh  air,  that  issues  not  in  streams,  is  of  all  other  restoratives  that  upon 
which  1  place  the  most  rehance;  even  removal  to  a  fresh  stall,  or  up  and 
down  the  stable,  effects  great  changes  in  the  animal's  spirits,  that  can  not  fail 
to  strike  the  eye  of  an  attentive  observer,  and  bespeak,  more  than  words  can 
ionvey,  the  vital  necessity  of  a  cool  atmosphere. 

The  Pulse — Being  thechiefest  criterion  forjudging  of  the  state  of  the  cir 


Ca  PULSE,  STATE  OF-FEELING  THR 

culation  of  the  blood,  and  as  I  have  sat  down  with  the  notion  that  my  book 
will  be  read  straight-an-end  at  first,  let  the  reader  attend  a  moment  while  I 
say  a  word  or  two  on  this  preliminary  topic.  "Without  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  this  touch-stone  of  the  main  spring  of  life,  no  one  can  form  a  judgment  fit 
to  be  acted  upon  as  to  when  it  is  necessary  to  bleed  or  of  the  quantity  to  be 
taken :  thus,  in  cases  of  fever,  the  groom  begii. j  very  properly  by  bleeding ; 
but  he  almost  invariably  takes  too  little,  or  in  case  of  increased  action  of  the 
pulse,  through  over  exertion  of  the  animal's  powers,  he  bleeds  when  such  a 
course  is  detrimental,  and  almost  always  administers  cordials,  thus  reducing 
with  one  hand,  and  increasing  the  action  with  the  other. — See  pages  33,  et 
seg. 

When  in  health,  the  pulsations  or  strokes  are  from  thirty-six  to  forty  in  a 
minute;  those  of  large  heavy  horses  being  slower  than  of  the  smaller;  and 
of  old  ones,  they  are  also  slower  than  of  young  animals.  When  either  may 
bejustoflf  a  quick  pace,  the  strokes  increase  in  number;  as  they  do  if  he  be 
alarmed,  or  terrified,  or  hear  the  hounds'  familiar  cry.  Fever,  of  the  simple 
or  common  kind,  usually  increases  the  pulsations  to  double  the  healthy  num- 
ber; hence  the  propriety  of  ascertaining  the  state  of  this  index  of  health, 
while  the  animal  is  still  free  from  disease,  goes  to  prove  over  again  the  pro- 
priety of  my  plan  of  teaching  the  curative  art  in  animals  by  closely  examin- 
ing the  indications  of  health,  and  setting  down  in  one's  mind  every  deviation 
therefrom  as  the  approach  of  illness,  that  ought  to  be  met  and  combated  at 
the  threshold. 

In  this  vievyr  of  its  utility,  why  might  not  the  attendant  groom,  or  horse- 
keeper  in  more  humble  establishments,  keep  a  register  of  the  state  of  every 
horse's  pulse,  when  it  comes  first  under  his  care,  and  renew  the  same  exami- 
nation at  intervals  of  a  week  or  ten  days  1  This  practice  alone  would  ren- 
der him  expert  in  all  cases  of  imminent  danger;  to  say  nothing  of  those 
other  indications,  the  dungings  and  the  water  voided.  On  this  latter  point 
the  reader  will  turn  back  to  what  is  said  of  "  Urine"  in  page  53,  53. 

As  the  fever  increases  in  violence,  likewise,  when  the  animal  is  in  great 
pain  from  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  &c.,  the  pulse  beats  still  higher,  and 
reaches  to  100  in  a  minute,  or  more.  The  danger  is  then  great,  and  less  than 
three  or  four  quarts,  drawn  from  a  large  orifice,  would  do  harm  rather  than 
good,  by  increasing  the  action  of  the  blood,  and  the  hardness  of  the  artery 
would  also  be  increased.  To  ascertain  either  state,  the  attendant  should  ap- 
ply the  points  of  his  fingers  gently  to  the  artery  which  lies  nearest  the  sur- 
face. Some  prefer  consulting  the  temporal  artery,  which  is  situated  about 
an  inch  and  a  half  backward  from  the  corner  of  the  eye.  Others  again,  and 
they  are  the  greater  number,  think  it  best  to  feel  it  underneath  the  edge  of 
the  jaw-bone,  where  the  facial  artery  passes  on  under  the  skin  only  to  the  side 
of  the  face.  In  either  case,  too  great  pressure  would  stop  the  pulsation  alto- 
gether, though  by  so  trying  the  artery  against  the  jaw  bone,  will  prove  whether 
It  be  in  such  a  rigid  state  of  excitement  as  attends  high  fever;  or  elastic  and 
springy,  slipping  readily  from  under  the  finger,  as  it  does  when  health  prevails 
and  the  strokes  follow  each  other  regularly. 

TUe  presence  of  high  fever  is  further  indicated  by  a  kind  of  twang,  or  vi- 
oration,  given  by  the  pulse  against  the  finger  points,  resembling  much  such  as 
would  be  felt  were  we  to  take  hold  of  a  distended  whipcord  or  wire  between 
the  fingers,  and  cause  it  to  vibrate  like  a  fiddle-string,  sharply ;  whereas,  in 
health,  a  swell  is  felt  in  the  vibration,  as  if  the  string  were  made  of  soft  ma- 
terials, and  less  straightened ; — facts  these  which  owners  would  do  well  to  as- 
certain by  practising  upon  the  pulse  of  their  own  horses.  Languid  or  slow 
puise,  and  scarcely  perceptible  in  some  of  the  beats  or  strokes,  indicate  low- 
acss  of  spirits,  debility,  or  being  used  up  :  if  this  langu<jr  s  felt  at  interval* 


SrVIPLE  FEVER  :  SY^IPTOMS.  69 

only,  a  few  strokes  being  very  quick,  and  then  again  a  few  very  slow,  this  in- 
dicates low  fever,  in  which  bleeding  would  do  harm.  Cluickness,  however, 
is  the  chief  indication  of  the  whole  class  of  inflammatory  frvei ,  and  this 
being  my  principle  object  at  present,  I  shall  postpone  further  consideration  of 
the  pulse  until  1  come  to  treat  of  "  blood-letting." 

FEVER. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  well-marked  fever,  simply  so  called — first,  that 
which  arises  from  the  pain  an  animal  may  be  put  to  by  the  derangen)cnt  of 
some  main  organ  of  life,  by  misusage,  hard  riding,  wounds,  &c. ;  and  second- 
ly, that  which  consists  in  a  general  inflammation  of  the  blood  arising  from  a 
cold,  a  chill,  or  sudden  check,  as  before  described.  The  ancient  vulgar  name 
given  to  this  alarming  disease  conveys  to  the  common  observer  a  better  idea 
of  its  force  and  danger,  than  those  which  are  settled  by  consent  of  the  faculty 
of  horse  medicine;  and  the  phrase  "inflammation  of  the  blood"  may  betaken 
as  more  plainly  indicative  of  the  cause  of  fever  than  aught  the  moderns  have 
substituted  in  its  place.  Had  our  plain-speaking  ancestors  termed  it  "in- 
flammation of  the  blood-vessels,"  they  would  have  been  still  more  accurate, 
probably  :  but  no  mistake  is  more  common  throughout  life,  than  to  speak  of 
the  thing  contained  for  the  thing  containing  it,  and  vice  versa.  When  the 
symptoms  come  on  quick  or  acutely,  the  most  prompt  measures  must  be  taken  : 
a  mild  attack  may  be  easily  reduced  if  taken  in  time,  but,  if  neglected,  it  as- 
sumes the  most  alarming  symptoms.  Evacuations  and  diluting  drinks  are 
the  proper  means  of  reducing  the  patient;  but  before  purgatives  are  admin- 
istered, see  what  is  said  a  few  pages  onward  respecting  "  Costiveness ;"  for 
it  not  unfrequently  happens,  that  this  is  all  that  ails  the  animal,  except  his 
being  worked  too  hard  while  costiveness  is  upon  him. 

In  either  case  of  accelerated  pulse  from  those  causes,  bleeding  should  pre- 
sently be  had  recourse  to,  and  let  the  quantity  taken  be  regulated  by  the  force 
and  quickness  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood :  for  this  is  what  constitutes  the 
fever.  If  the  pulsation  advance  to  above  60,  two  quarts  should  be  drawn  ;  if 
above  70  in  a  minute,  three  quarts  of  blood  would  not  be  too  much  to  take 
away  at  once.  If  the  number  of  beats  be  much  more,  ascending  rapidly,  with 
the  rigid  feel  of  the  artery  above  described,  four  quarts  at  least  must  l>e  drawn, 
and  that  from  a  large  orifice.  Should  this  rigidity,  or  hardness  of  the  artery 
continue,  notwithstanding  the  bleeding,  a  quantity  that  shall  cause  faintness 
or  tottering  might  be  taken,  or  rather  a  repetition  take  place  of  the  same  o\>e- 
ration  in  lesser  quantities,  until  that  hardness  of  the  artery  is  no  longer  felt. 
Some  skill,  derived  from  practice,  is  required  in  watching  for  this  last  men- 
tioned symptom ;  but  whatever  is  to  be  done,  let  there  be  no  delay  in  the  first 
operation  :  twelve  hours  should  intervene  between  the  two  bleedings. 

Immediately  hereupon,  let  a  mild  purgative  be  administered,  adapting  this, 
as  well  as  the  amount  of  bleeding,  to  the  size  of  the  horse,  if  he  belong  to 
either  extreme  of  exceeding  large  or  very  small.  For  one  of  the  moderate 
coach-horse  kind  give  the  following 

Purgative  Ball. 

Aloes,  7  drachms. 

Castile  soap,  4  drachms. 

Oil  of  caraways,  6  drops. 

With  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one  aose. 

fn  all  cases  of  fever  arising  from  accidents,  hard  runs,  &c.  which  may  beoon- 
■idercd  as  temporary  excitements  only,  the  above  treatment  in  its  mildest  fonn 


(if  INFLAMMATION:  SYMPTOMS. 

wi<l  be  found  sufficient  completely  to  reduce  the  symptoms ;  but  in  the  fever 
simply  so  called  (arising  from  inflammation  of  the  solids  as  before  described), 
a  repetition  of  the  purgative  becomes  necessary,  with  mashes,  a  quiet  stable, 
and  an  attentive  groom.  When  the  fever  arises  from  indigesti-)n,  or  any  de- 
rangement of  the  stomach  or  bowels,  its  immediate  cause  will  be  found  in 
hardened  faeces  ;  and  in  addition  to  the  forementioned  remedies,  give  a 

Purgative  Clyster. 

Water  gruel,  6  to  7  quarts. 
Table  salt,  an  ounce  to  each  quart. 

Lei  it  be  applied  assiduously,  and  some  assistance  be  given  to  bring  away  the 
first  hard  faeces  that  apj^ar  :  the  remainder  of  the  hardened  dung  will  come 
away,  naturally,  in  good  time.     See  further  under  the  head  "  Costiveness." 

Castor  oil,  in  the  quantity  of  a  pint  or  more,  will  open  the  canal  partially 
only,  passing  by  the  main  evil  in  the  coecum  and  great  gut^*  and  pro- 
ducing but  a  small  quantity  of  the  offensive  cause  of  disease.  But 
help  must  be  afforded  in  this  respect;  and  if  the  bowels  yield  not  to  the 
purgative  ball,  other  means  must  be  resorted  to,  though  1  should  never  think 
of  having  recourse  to  oil  in  the  first  instances.  Although  the  constipation 
or  obstruction  be  obstinate,  yet  very  strong  diuretic  purgatives  are  ineligible, 
as  they  might  kill  the  animal,  or  at  least  injure  the  intestines  materially,  by 
reason  of  that  very  circumstance. 

Distinctions  have  been  drawn  by  some  writers  between  "symptomatic  and 
simple  fever ;"  that  is  to  say,  whether  the  excitement,  called  fever,  originate 
in  a  check  of  the  circulation  received  externally  or  internally ;  but  as  the 
treatment  in  both  cases  is  so  nearly  the  same,  1  shall  make  no  such  distinction. 
The  internal  attacks  alluded  to,  when  confined  to  a  single  organ,  and  not  ex- 
tending to  the  whole  fran)e,  are  more  properly  termed  inflammation  of  that 
viscus  or  organ,  and  therefore  will  be  treated  of  hereafter,  under  the  following 
heads,  viz. 

Inflammation  of  the  Lungs, 
Inflammation  of  the  Stomach  and  Intestines, 
Diseases  of  the  Liver — Inflammation,  &c. 
Kidneys  and  Bladder. 

All  these  produce  fever  throughout  the  whole  system,  when  either  exists 
but  in  a  slight  degree;  for  those  parts  are  all  of  them  vital,  and  communicate 
their  feeling  to  the  solids  by  means  of  the  circulation.  It  is  not,  however,  un- 
til these  attacks  are  well  marked,  that  they  deserve  separate  consideration  ;  for 
some  horses  suffer  under  the  one  or  other  during  life,  with  more  or  less  malig- 
nity according  to  exciting  circumstances,  the  lungs  being  the  most  general 
Bufferer,  the  bowels  the  seldomest  attacked  of  either,  but  usually  prove  the 
most  fatal  of  this  whole  class. 

The  symptoms,  in  all  cases,  nre  heat  and  acceleration  of  the  pulse,  as  before 
described,  and  which  in  foot,  brought  me  to  the  consideration  of  this  portion 
ot  my  subject  before  the  others,  A  hot  mouth  soon  comes  on  ;  shivering  takes 
place  early,  and  the  animal  evinces  signs  of  internal  pain  by  looking  at  his 
tlanks  or  chest.  The  fever  is  then  likely  to  fix  on  the  lungs  if  not  speedily 
reduced.     Loss  of  appetite  follows ;  but  too  gradually  to  be  waited  for,  as  a 

'The  practical  reader,  whilst  wailing  the  progress  of  the  disease,  will  not  waste  his  time  hy 
turning  bark  to  the  first  book,  at  p.  46,  and  see  wliat  is  said  of  the  conformation  of  those  largo 
g'iui,  and  the  difliculty  of  escape  that  must  attend  their  offensive  contents  at  the  turiis  or  sinu 
wea  (which  I  liave  theie  coiisidcr«jd  as  so  many  valves),  wh^n  inflammation  or  fever  h}>^  waca 
befim. 


DANGER  OF  RALAPSB.  ^ 

a  cnterion  for  jud^ng  and  acting  promptly.  He  will  evince  languor  and  dul> 
ness,  with  half  closed  eyes,  and  a  small  discharge  from  them,  as  if  tears  es 
raped ;  sometimes,  this  last  will  happen  in  cases  of  mere  debility  or  starvation 
also,  when  it  is  not  too  much  to  suppose  the  animal  may  be  deploring  his  hard 
fate.  Consulting  the  pulse,  however,  vvill  settle  any  doubt  as  to  which  ail- 
ment the  animal  labours  under;  for  this  main  characteristic  of  health  will,  in 
the  latter  case,  partake  of  his  debility,  and  strike  now  hard  and  then  soft,  a 
few  beats  each :  in  this  case  a  feed  of  corn  or  water  gruel,  would  probably  re- 
store a  more  healthful  even  pulse,  whereas  bleeding  would  go  to  destroy  the 
patient.  It  has  l>een  termed  low  fever,  though  not  very  properly;  and  lentor 
or  more  justly  lenteur  (slowness,  dulness,  heaviness)  by  the  French  veterina- 
rians; yet,  having  no  better  name  for  it  than  "low  fever,"  under  that  head,  1 
shall  shortly  bestow  a  few  lines  on  this  s[)ecies  of  systematic  debility. 

The  dung  and  urine  are  always  good  indications  of  the  state  of  the  body; 
if  the  former  fail,  fever  is  the  cause,  it  subtracts  also  from  the  quantity  of  urine,, 
and  if  he  stale  small  quantities  at  short  intervals,  some  internal  inflammation 
has  taken  place.  See  Inflammation  of  the  Kidneys.  In  fever,  the  mouth  and 
tongue  become  drier  than  ordinary;  and  if  any  saliva  be  secreted,  it  is  tough 
and  ropy.  If  the  animal  be  in  condition,  upon  lifting  the  eyelid  an  uncommon 
redness  appears;  if  he  be  out  of  condition,  or  in  a  low  state,  this  does  not  al- 
ways happen ;  so  this  indication  may  be  reckened  among  the  uncertain 
symptoms. 

If  the  remedy  and  the  symptoms  of  fever  are  thus  pressed  forward  together 
upon  the  reader's  notice,  as  exemplifying  the  assiduity  he  should  display  in 
repeUing  the  attack,  let  him  know  that  his  work  is  but  half  completed  when 
he  finds  the  heat  and  acceleration  of  the  pulse  reduced  by  his  endeavours  to 
the  ordinary  standard.  The  tone  of  the  patient's  stomach  and  the  whole  di- 
gestive process  require  restoration,  and  this  with  a  careful  hand,  that  the  bow- 
els may  not  again  get  overloaded;  because  why,  a  second  attack  of  this  sort 
would  be  more  difficult  to  surmount  than  at  first ;  for  the  bowels  have  partly 
lost  their  function  of  expelling  their  contents,  through  the  violence  of  the  dis- 
ease, if  not  by  the  harsh  action  of  the  remedies  employed.  Hardy  working 
horses,  of  course,  recover  their  appetite  as  soon  as  the  fever  abates;  and  no 
further  care  is  required  for  such  than  an  occasional  laxative  or  purgative,  ac- 
cording to  the  amount  of  obstruction.  The  ball  prescribed  at  page  63  may  be 
given  at  intervals  with  the  fever  powders  ;  and  subsequently,  the  fever  drink 
prescribed  below  for  all  other  descriptions  of  the  horse  recovering  from  fever. 

Fever  Powder.  No.  I. 

Powdered  nitre,  1  ounce. 
Emetic  tartar,  2  drachms. 
Mix  for  (me  dose. 

No.  2. 
Powdered  nitre,  6  drachms. 
Camphor,  2  drachms. 
Calx  of  antimony,  1^  drachms. 

If  either  be  deemed  more  desirable  in  the  form  of  a  ball,  this  may  be  eflected 
by  mixing  the  powder  with  mucilage  and  meal;  but  in  the  form  of  powdef 
mixed  with  his  corn  is  most  eligible,  as  the  medicine  then  acts  earlier,  wher»' 
^  the  ball  presently  descends  into  the  great  gut. 
Fever  Drink. 
Cream  of  tartar,  I  ounce. 
Turmeric,  1  ounce. 
Diapente,  1  ounce. 


$B  LOW  FEVER.    SYMPTOMS. 

Mix  ill  pcwder,  and  add  to  a  pint  of  warm  gruel,  to  be  given  once  or  twice  a 
day.  This  is  a  good  cool  stomachic,  and  restores  the  appetite,  at  the  same  time 
that  the  disposition  to  the  return  of  fever  is  kept  down :  if  found  of  marked 
Bervice,  the  doses  may  be  repeated  to  three  or  four  times  a  day  for  a  week. 

LOW  FEVER. 

Together  with  typhus,  or  putrid  fever,  and  rheumatic  fever  are  diseases 
.ncident  to  the  horse,  though  attempts  were  long  made  to  deny  the  appUca- 
fion  of  these  terms  to  any  of  his  numerous  afflictions,  by  those  who  dread,  in- 
ordinately, the  falling  into  analogies  with  the  human  practice;  a  fear  that  may 
be  carried  too  far,  notwithstanding  all  our  care  should  be  employed  in  separat- 
ing this  from  the  veterinary  practice. 

Cause. — Of  low  fever,  under  the  idea  of  debility,  a  few  words  fell  on  the 
preceding  pages:  and  truly,  if  "high  fever"  may  be  produced  in  a  subject  that 
IS  full  of  blood  or  condition,  by  over-exercise,  and  the  other  causes  thereof  set 
down  above  (pages  59,  60,  see  also  Book  1.  at  page  42,  &c.),  these  same  causes, 
operating  upon  a  horse  out  of  condition,  or  which  has  not  sufficient  blood  in 
his  frame  to  receive  inflammation,  necessarily  occasion  that  languor  which 
attends  debility  of  the  ei.  Jre  system.  The  reader  will,  perhaps,  oblige  me  by 
turning  to  book  I.  at  page  40,  and  reading  over  again  what  is  there  said  as  to 
some  causes  of  low  fever.  But  the  respective  terms  we  give  to  the  various 
kinds  of  attack  would  signify  much  less  than  they  deserve,  were  it  not  for 
the  danger  we  should  otherwise  fall  into  of  treating  one  disorder  for  another, 
when  the  symptoms  (some  of  them)  so  much  resemble  each  other.  This  dan- 
ger is  more  likely  to  come  upon  us  in  cattle  medicine  than  in  the  other,  since 
we  are  under  the  necessity  of  finding  out  what  is  the  matter  with  our  pa- 
tients, whilst  the  human  doctor  receives  the  information  at  once,  in  words. 

As  inflammatory  fever  is  more  prevalent  in  the  spring  and  summer,  owing 
to  the  high  condition  of  most  horses  when  first  attacked,  so  does  low  fever,  or 
irritation  of  the  animal  system  of  a  horse  in  low  condition,  mostly  prevail  in 
autumn  and  winter.  We  owe  this  latter  in  great  measure  to  the  debility  or 
weakness  brought  on  by  the  shedding  of  his  summer  coat,  when  the  autum- 
nal equinox  sets  in.  Being  then  much  exhausted  by  the  heat  of  the  season 
just  gone  by,  he  sweats  profusely  on  the  least  exercise ;  then  his  coat  becomes 
dry  and  husky  when  at  rest,  and  his  skin  sticks  tight  to  his  ribs,  slightly  re- 
sembling hidebound.  The  animal  having  lost  much  of  his  natural  covering 
and  no  care  being  taken  to  palliate  this  loss,  he  is  more  liable  to  catch  cold  if 
exposed  and  still  pushed  in  his  work.  If  not  relieved  from  its  severity,  coach- 
horses  in  particular  become  unserviceable  in  great  numbers,  to  an  alarming 
degree,  resembling  much  the  distemper  of  the  spring  season.  Too  often  it 
happens,  such  knocked-up  horses  are  considered  as  done  for,  and  the  owner 
sells  oflf;  whereas  ex [^riencc  tells  us,  that  a  nourishing  regimen  would  re- 
store them  to  their  wonted  vigour;  for  the  serious  or  watery  part  of  the  blood 
(chap.  2,  sect.  20,  21 )  having  been  drained  off  by  the  violent  perspiration  they 
were  exposed  to  by  their  summer  work,  the  muscular  fibres  become  too  rigid, 
and  the  blood  too  thick  for  circulating  in  the  finer  vessels ;  it  therefore  re- 
mains rioting  in  the  larger  ones,  distending  their  capacity  and  increasing  the 
irritation.  Working  horses  are  then  usually  deprived  of  their  corn,  because 
they  can  not  work ;  this  only  adds  to  the  irritation  of  the  vascular  system  and 
Bolids  which  constitutes  the  low  fever  we  ure  now  considering. 

Si/mptoms. — Parallels,  or  distinctive  characteristics,  of  such  diseases  as 
somewhat  resemble  each  other,  are  therefore  very  [iroper,  inasmuch  as  they 
prevent  those  dangerous  mistakes  in  practice  that  hapiien  oftener  (even  in  thv 
human  practicel)  than  suits  me  even  to  hint  at  in  this  place.     They  are  most 


REMEDY.    FENTBR  OF  FUNCTIONAL  DERANGEMENT.  6'7 

(Miiticularly  serviceable  to  veterinarians  :  for  this  reason  it  is  I  recommentl  the 
reader  to  compare  what  is  said  of  the  symptoms  of  high  fever,  just  above,  with 
the  present  page,  as  regards  the  symptoms  of  low  fever.  They  are  placed 
near  together  for  that  purpose,  as  I  then  said  (at  page  64).  The  pulse  in 
this  case  never  mounts  high  during  an  entire  minute,  but  beats  quick  a  few 
strokes,  and  then  slow,  and  so  low  as  scarcely  to  be  perceptible ;  this  denotes, 
that  though  fever  be  present,  there  is  not  strength  sufficient  to  bring  it  to  a 
crisis.  The  artery  feels  rigid,  at  intervals  only,  and  again  becomes  supple, 
if  not  elastic,  to  the  touch;  his  flanks  are  agitated  more  than  usual,  and  his 
hind  quarters  and  ears  become  cool  if  not  cold.  As  in  high  fever,  his  eyes 
are  dull  and  heavy,  and  water  will  occasionally  fall  from  them.  Though  in 
the  former  species  of  fever  he  evince  considerable  pain,  in  this  no  such  symp- 
tom appears,  but  despondency  assumes  its  place. 

Remedy. — Unless  his  body  be  already  too  open,  give  the  laxative  draught, 
as  under :  and  as  he  will  still  feed,  diuretic  powders  may  be  mixed  occasion- 
ally with  his  feed,  consisting  of  nitre  and  rosin,  of  each  about  one  ounce 
Should  the  urine  appear  turbid,  or  come  off  with  difficulty,  in  small  quanti- 
ties, the  diuretic  ball  is  indispensable ;  and  these,  with  good  gruel  and  care, 
accompanied  by  tonics,  will  restore  to  the  animal  a  comparative  portion  of 
health.     Time  and  moderate  usage  will  accomplish  the  remainder. 

Laxative  Draught. 

Aloes  and  carbonate  of  potash,  of  each  2  drachms, 
Mint  water,  4  ounces. 

This  will  correct  the  urine  also,  and  its  laxative  quality  may  be  increasfti 
by  adding  to  the  quantity  of  aloes. 

A  Diuretic  Ball. 

Turpentine  and  soap,  of  each  4  drachms,  with  mucilage  to  form  the  ball. 

A  good  restorative  for  lowness,  occasioned  by  the  moulting  fever  of  autumn, 
is  recommended  by  J.  Clark,  of  Edinburgh :  he  says,  "the  end  of  autumn 

E roves  very  severe  to  those  horses  whose  flesh  and  strength  are  exhausted  by 
ard  labour.  In  this  low  and  spiritless  state  the  moulting  season  comes  on, 
and  carries  off  numbers  that  good  nursing  and  feeding,  with  rich  boiled  food, 
at  this  season  might  have  preserved.  Carrots  and  potatoes  recover  some  horses 
surprisingly ;  it  renews  their  flesh  and  the  fluids  generally,  and  promotes  the 
secretions ;  it  operates  upon  them  nearly  in  the  same  manner  as  spiing  grass, 
and  its  effects  are  presently  visible  on  their  coats."  Many  stable  men  give 
oatncieal  mixed  up  into  bergue,  or  crowdie,  for  horses  that  evince  signs  of  lan- 
guor and  lowness  of  spirits,  after  fatiguing  work  in  winter :  if  made  into  stiff 
gruel,  i.  e.  boiled,  the  restorative  effect  is  found  still  more  desirable,  and  a 
smaller  quantity  of  oats  then  sufficetL.  A  gradual  return  to  hard  food  does 
all  for  the  horse's  working  condition  which  can  be  desired. 

Fever  is  brought  on,  in  some  degree,  whenever  it  comes  to  pass  that  either 
.if  the  vital  organs  may  be  deranged  in  its  functions.  Not  unfrequently  it 
happens  that  a  diuretic  is  all  the  patient  requires,  which  may  be  judged  of  by 
the  state  of  his  pulse  after  the  medicine  has  operated.  When  this  is  the  case, 
the  feverish  symptoms  owe  their  origin  to  suppression  of  urine,  and  the  re- 
absorption  of  the  contents  of  the  bladder  into  the  system.  See  Bladder  and 
"Suppression  of  urine;"  and,  after  treating  the  attack  simply  as  such,  a  cor 
dial  ball  should  then  take  place  of  all  further  treatment,  as  the  immediate  tail 


iJS  COSTIVENESS;  ITS  CAUSES,  SYMPTOMS,  REMEDY. 

ing  down  of  his  pulse  to  a  healthy  standard  will  show.  Too  free  use  of  urin* 
balls,  however,  in  the  hands  of  horse  keepers,  spoils  the  action  of  the  bladder. 
See  chap.  ii.  page  51.  The  French  give  a  bottle  of  their  routine  wine  made 
warm,  and  most  of  our  farriers  administer  a  quart  of  ale  with  the  same  view. 
Those  are  mostly  wagon-horses,  full  of  flesh,  that  so  absorb  the  aqueous  par- 
ticles of  the  urine,  and  ultimately  the  principle  thereof  (termed  urea),  and 
light  up  the  fever  anew.  Another  cause  of  feverish  attacks,  generally  of  the 
slighter  kind,  but  liable  to  prove  fatal,  if  neglected,  is  the  retention  of  his 
dung,  or  constipation,  which  means  costiveness. 

COSTIVENESS 

May  be  considered  an  original  disease,  and  as  one  producing  as  well  as  being 
produced  by  fever.  That  is  to  say,  hardness  of  tJie  faeces  generally  attends  a 
fever,  and  is  frequently  the  chief  cause  of  it :  like  the  preceding  ailment,  we 
have  only  to  remove  the  cause,  and  the  effect  ceases.  See  also  "  Diseases  of 
the  Liver." 

Cavses, — ^Want  of  the  necessary  or  usual  evacuation  by  stool,  that  is  some 
times  occasioned  by  the  bowels  having  lost  the  power  of  exf)elling  their  con- 
tents, as  described  in  the  second  chapter,  page  45.  Simply  speaking,  the  in- 
dividual having  been  a  long  time  dosed  with  purgatives,  any  neglect  hereof 
causes  the  dung  to  harden  and  obstruct  the  contractile  functions  of  the  intes- 
tines :  heat  ensues,  and  re-absorption  takes  place,  as  in  case  of  retenti  a  of 
urine,  until  the  dung  loses  all  moistun;  and  becomes  as  hard  as  baked  clay, 
forming  in  the  rectum  (or  straight  gut),  small  round  lumps. 

The  same  kind  of  big  fleshy  horses  as  are  liable  to  suppression  of  urine,  are 
also  principal  sufferers  by  constipation  or  costiveness.  Hard  food  and  hard 
work  in  warm  weather  is  very  productive  of  this  malady,  which  is  often  mis- 
taken for  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  the  means  of  prevention,  therefore,  are 
obviously  the  direct  contrary  mode  of  feeding,  and  also  keeping  ^  good  watch 
on  the  dunging  of  each  horse  in  the  team. 

Symptoms. — When  constipation  attends  general  fever,  it  is  then  but  a  cor- 
responding symptom  of  that  disorder,  and  the  reader  is  referred  back  a  few 
pages  to  what  is  thei-e  said  on  this  head.  But,  when  the  pulse  is  not  so  high 
as  to  warrant  us  in  pronouncing  it  fever,  and  the  dung  is  ascertained  to  be 
hard,  there  is  no  difficulty  in  treating  it  as  simple  costiveness.  It  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  colic  and  from  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  by  the  quiet 
state  of  the  animal  when  he  is  down,  which  is  not  the  case  with  either  of  those 
disorders,  in  which  pain  of  the  bowels  is  most  evident ;  whereas,  these  do  not 
appear  to  suffer  from  the  costiveness,  though  the  brain  and  the  whole  of  the 
nervous  system,  become  more  or  less  affected  from  sympathy  with  the  stomach, 
and  ultimately  producing  delirium  and  frenzy.  His  eyes  offer  the  earliest 
symptoms  by  their  duiness,  contraction,  and  expansion,  succeeded  by  sleepi- 
ness ;  he  refuses  his  food,  he  will  not  work,  the  mouth  becomes  hot  and  dry, 
the  ears  cold,  and  the  breathing  difficult  or  nearly  imperceptible  on  account 
of  the  pressure  of  the  stomach  and  bowels  upon  the  midriff.  See  page  34. 
The  pulsation  usually  increases,  if  he  be  in  a  tolerably  good  condition ;  but 
ttiis  increase  is  ever  inconsiderable  until  fever  comes  on,  and  marks  the  period 
when  blood-letting  would  be  necessary.  A  dull  heavy  pulse  is  more  common, 
until  the  paroxysms  of  madness  may  render  this  symptom  a  little  sharper  and 
quicker  for  a  short  period.  At  length  he  tumbles  down,  regardless  of  the 
situation,  and  the  action  of  the  head  shows  how  greatly  this  part  is  affected, 
antil  stupor  and  death  ensue,  if  the  sufferer  be  not  relieved. 

Remedy. — Purgatives  are  not  always  the  most  eligible  medicines  even  in 
th*>  i-arlirst  stages  of  the  disorder ;  for,  if  the  constipation  has  lasted  »  con? 


INFLAMMATORY  DISEASES.  $^ 

siderable  lime,  great  injury  would  be  done  to  the  intestines  by  forcing  a  pas- 
sage, whereby  a  commotion  might  be  raised  in  the  stomach,  but  would  act  in 
efficiently  where  the  evil  chiefly  lies,  viz.  in  the  large  intestines  and  rectum. 
As  soon  as  it  is  ascertained  that  the  animal  has  not  dunged  for  some  days — 
when  he  seems  uneasy,  a  fulness  is  perceptible  towards  the  flank,  the  funda- 
ment, &c.  and  unusual  dryness  and  tightness  is  discovered  at  this  latter  part, 
the  operation  of  back-raking  should  be  resorted  to.  Castor  oil,  one  pint, 
would  indeed  find  a  passage  in  the  first  stages  of  the  attack,  but  good  part 
of  the  evil  usually  remains  behind ;  in  the  more  advanced  stages,  especially 
when  the  patient  drops,  nothing  else  will  relieve  him  but  back-raking.  Let 
the  operator  strip  his  arm  bare,  and  having  well  anointed  it  with  soft  soap, 
lard,  or  butter,  (the  first  being  the  most  eligible,)  he  will  bring  his  fingers  to 
a  point,  and  gently  introduce  the  hand  and  wrist,  when  he  will  feel  and  draw 
forth  a  portion  of  the  indurated  faeces  he  will  there  meet  with,  in  lumps  harj 
and  dry.  This  he  may  repeat  three  or  four  (or  more)  limes,  and  leave  the 
animal  to  himself  a  little,  whilst  a  drench  is  preparing.  Trivial  as  the  relief 
may  seem  which  has  been  thus  afforded  to  the  patient,  he  will  immediately 
evince  proofs  of  its  benefits,  by  a  more  sane  conduct,  by  licking  forth  his 
tongue,  opening  the  half  shut  eyes,  by  looking  about  him,  and  sometimes  by 
getting  upon  his  legs.  In  this  latter  case,  plain  water  gruel,  as  warm  as  a 
person  might  take  it  without  inconvenience,  may  be  administered  in  the  quan- 
tity of  two  or  three  quarts,  if  he  will  take  so  much;  but  if  the  animal  be  ex 
hausted,  and  does  not  get  up  without  diflliculty,  or  without  help,  one  half  the 
drench  may  be  ale  or  porter.  Although  he  will  seem  recovered,  and  may  pro- 
duce a  stool,  his  bowels  must  next  be  emptied.     In  order  to  this,  give  a 

Laxative  Draught  or  Drench. 

Castor  oil,  half  a  pint. 
Aloes,  2  drachms, 
Prepared  kali,  2  drachms. 
Water  gruel,   1  pint. 

Repeat  this  next  day,  leaving  out  the  oil,  and  doubling  the  quantitj  cf 
aloes;  or,  after  an  interval,  give  the  usual  purgative  ball,  containing  seven  oi 
eight  drachms  of  aloes,  as  prescribed  at  page  63. 


Inflammatory  dtseases  of  every  sort  leave  behind  them  a  good  share  of 
weakness,  which  full  feeding  will  not  always  amend.  We  must  therefore 
restore  the  tone  of  the  digestive  powers  by  the  aid  of  medicine,  that  may  be 
repeated  according  to  circumstances,  and  the  returning  strength  of  the  a  n- 
valescent  animal. 

Tonic  Ball.     No.  1. 

Jesuit's  bark,  7  drachms. 

Prepared  kali,  2  drachms. 

Mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one  dose. 

In  ordinary  cases,  one  of  these  per  day  for  a  week  will  be  found  to  tiAvt 
♦Jone  as  much  for  the  animal  as  could  be  desired.  But  should  the  coal  stil' 
appear  rough  and  staring,  give  the  following : 


fl  TYPHUS  FEVER;  I  IS  SYMPTOMa 

Tonic  Ball.     No.  2. 

Salt  of  steel,  or  sulphate  of  iron, 
Col  umbo  root,  and 
Bark,  of  each  3  drachms. 
With  mucilage  to  form  the  ball. 

Great  precaution  is  necessary  to  prevent  a  relapse,  which  would  render  the 
patient's  case  more  dangerous  than  at  first;  the  animal  being  less  capable  of 
Bearing  up  against  a  fresh  attack,  by  reason  of  the  reductions  he  has  been  sub- 
jected to.  Soft  or  sodden  oats,  fine  hay,  clover,  a  few  vetches,  carrots,  grasg 
cut  fresh  from  a  sloping  ground,  may  succeed  each  other  in  small  quantities, 
until  he  may  be  returned  to  oats  and  hay  as  usual.  If  the  heat  return  at  in- 
tervals, as  usually  happens  towards  nightfall,  give  him 

A  Cooling  Decoction. 

Linseed,  2  quarts. 

Coarse  sugar,  2  ounces. 

Water  boiling  hot,  6  quarts  poured  upon  the  seed. 

Let  it  simmer  three  or  four  hours,  and  pour  off  the  liquid  for  use  when  nearly 
cold.  The  linseed  will  bear  another  water,  less  in  quantity ;  but  some  horses 
will  take  the  seeds  also,  which  may  be  permitted.  Give  the  whole  in  the 
course  of  the  day,  at  two  or  three  intervals,  and  repeat  the  same  decoction 
once  or  twice  more. 

TYPHUS,  OR  PUTRID  FEVER, 

Is  caused  by  long-continued  debility,  or  slow  fever,  as  much  as  by  the  in- 
judicious use  of  medicines  administered  for  the  cure  thereof  Of  these,  the 
most  common  error  consists  of  cordial  medicines,  diapente,  wines,  &c. ;  which, 
as  they  give  a  short -Uved  vigour  to  the  animal,  are  supposed  to  have  done  some 
good,  and  are  therefore  persisted  in,  until  the  digestive  and  secreting  parts  of 
the  system  are  spoiled. — See  chap.  2,  page  22,  &c. 

Symptoms,  the  same  as  those  in  slow  fever,  mark  typhus  fever,  only  the 
pulse  is  accelerated  upon  taking  the  medicines  just  alluded  to:  its  irregularity 
IS  also  greater,  until,  by  continuance  of  the  disease,  it  ceases  to  denote  any 
particular  state  of  the  body  long  together.  Hence,  the  supply  of  new  blood 
carries  with  it  similar  effects  :  the  vitals  lose  their  tone,  and  the  muscular  part 
of  the  system  wastes  and  becomes  rotten  on  the  bones,  and  if  the  same  stimu- 
.ating  treatment  has  been  kept  up  until  the  animal  dies,  its  flesh  will  be  found 
on  dissection  to  have  acquired  an  uncommonly  bright  purple  colour,  not  only 
on  the  surface,  but  wherever  incision  is  made.  Putrescence,  in  a  high  degree, 
has  already  taken  place  ere  that  catastrophe  seals  the  suflTerer's  fate! 

I  mention  these  mmor  circumstances  to  prove  Tso  far  as  I  can  do  so)  the 
real  existence  of  this  main  type  of  putrid  fever.  Another  symptom  of  typhus 
goes  to  the  same  proof,  namely,  delirium,  which  follows  a  continuance  of  the 
stupidity  discoverable  in  slow  fever.  A  well-marked  case  is  reported  in  the 
Annals  of  Sporting,  for  Nov.  1824,  to  which  work  I  have  since  been  some 
months  attached;  and,  although  I  was  precluded  by  absence  from  examining 
the  subject,  I  have  reason  to  rely  on  the  report  afterwards  made  to  me  by  Mr. 
P.>rd  that  its  flesh  was  putrid  in  an  extremely  offensive  degree,  and  wholly 
anlit  even  to  be  cast  to  the  dogs, 

Frora  the  very  unaflccted  and  detailed  account  of  the  narrator,  it  appears 


MAD  STAGGERS.— RHEUMATIC  FEVER.  71 

plain  that  unskilful  persons  might  be  led  to  apprehend  such  paryoxisms  de- 
noted hydrophobia ;  but  a  short  inquiry  into  the  habits  of  the  horse  previous 
to  its  last  delirium,  would  go  a  gotxl  way  to  relieve  the  anxiety  usually  instil- 
led into  a  neighbourhood  by  such  events.  None  can  say,  however,  until  the 
experiment  be  tried,  whether  animals  fed  on  such  meat  might  not  acquire  ra- 
bies thereby. 

The  mad  staggers,  as  the  term  is,  which  has  never  been  satisfactorily  ac- 
counted for,  can  be  no  other  than  this  delirium  of  the  typhus  fever,  brought 
on  by  pushing  the  animal  in  his  work  although  labouring  under  slew  fever. 
None  but  common  or  ordinary  cart-horses  are  lost  in  the  staggers  ;  whilst  none 
but  a  very  ordinary  owner  would  so  force  his  cattle  to  the  last  extremity  dur- 
ing illness.  As  the  above  is  all  I  shall  find  it  necessary  to  say  of  staggers,  I 
must  here  remark  on  the  singular  impropriety  of  Mr.  Richard  Lawrence's 
considering  this  as  an  attack  of  apoplexy  !  Since  one  pang  alone  denotes 
ihe  death  so  to  be  named. 

Rheumatic  Fever  is  one  of  those  disorders  in  the  horse,  upon  the  existence 
of  which  doctors  disagree  ;  but  doubtless  the  vicissitudes  of  heat  and  cold  to 
which  the  horse  is  subjected,  whereby  the  whole  system  is  checked  so  as  to 
occasion  general  fever,  is  equally  likely  to  check  the  circulation  in  one  or  two 
limbs  only.  And  the  pain  the  animal  would  thus  labour  under  in  the  per- 
formance of  its  duties  would  constitute  one  of  the  causes  assigned  higher  up 
for  simple  fever.  Little  good,  however,  would  ensue  by  my  considering  it 
separately ;  so  I  shall  content  myself  with  referring  the  reader  to  the  head  of 
simple  rheumatism. 

Epidemic  fevers — Distemper. 

Cause. — When  these  appear,  from  time  to  time,  they  may  fairly  be  ascribed 
to  the  season ;  for  the  kind  of  attack  is  not  of  a  nature  to  become  communica- 
tive, unless  by  continuance  putridity  follows:  then,  indeed,  infection  may  be- 
gin, as  it  would  also  happen  in  any  of  the  preceding  species  of  fever.  A  rainy 
spring  after  a  mild  winter  producer  an  epidemic  catarrh,  as  well  as  sudden 
chill,  among  horses  that  are  out  at  pasture  whilst  shedding  their  coats,  and  the 
most  delicate  receive  this  influence  earliest.  We  may  as  well  consider,  that 
whatever  may  give  one  horse  a  cold,  or  aifect  his  lungs,  singly  applied  to  him, 
would,  if  applied  to  many,  in  like  manner  affect  the  whole :  this  constitutes 
epidemy,  or  the  distemper.  Cloudy  weather  and  cold  easterly  night  winds, 
when  the  weather  is  warm  or  murky  by  day,  is  more  likely  to  check  the  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs  or  of  the  whole  system,  than  when  a  colder  season  has  pre- 
pared the  animals  to  withstand  the  influence  thereof.  An  epidemic  prevails 
sometimes  in  autumn ;  but,  happen  when  it  may,  horses  at  grass  acquire  it 
less  often  than  those  which  are  kept  in,  upon  hard  food. 

Symptoms. — As  just  intimated,  a  cold,  that  harbinger  of  so  many  other 
evils,  is  what  marks  the  epidemic  in  every  case  ;  in  addition  to  this,  the  animal 
will  labour  under  the  other  symptoms  of  fever  before  described,  according  to 
ifs  actual  state  of  body  at  the  time  of  attack.  Thus,  if  the  horse  be  in  full 
Cesh  and  vigour,  his  veins  quickly  fill  with  the  stream  of  fife,  inflammation  of 
the  blood  wiil  ensue,  or  rather,  to  speak  more  accurately,  of  the  vessels  which 
contain  it;  hence,  simple  fever,  or  fever  of  the  whole  system  follows,  as  before 
described,  pp.  62,  63 ,  but,  be  he  poor,  with  little  blood  to  receive  inflamma 
tion,  low  fever  is  that  particular  affection  which  accompanies  the  original  cold 
or  catarrh 

Hence,  1  feel  no  hesitation  in  classing  the  epidemic — at  least  all  those  which 
have  happened  in  my  time,  with  one  or  the  other  of  those  diseases,  and  re- 
''ommend  treating  it  accordingly.  At  its  earliest  stage,  of  course,  as  it  assuriicii 


72  TREATMENT  OB  PULMONARY  PATIENTS. 

Ihe  shspe  of  a  catarrh  or  cold  (which  in  the  more  malignant  cases  become* 
"Inflammation  of  the  lungs,")  I  should  treat  it  as  such;  but  if  not  called  in 
until  this  attaf'k  had  extended  to  the  animal's  whole  system,  and  catarrh  had 
subsided  into  general  inflammation,  no  reason  exists  why  we  should  consider 
it  a  different  disorder,  merely  because  the  patients  may  be  more  numerous 
than  ordinary!  The  reader  had  therefore  best  proceed  on  to  the  next  head 
of  information,  for  the  details  as  to  the  sufferings  and  cure  of  a  single  animal, 
which  I  apprehend  will  instruct  him  how  to  treat  the  many ;  for,  neither  the 
name  nor  the  character  of  the  disorder  can  be  changed  by  this  circumstance^ 
however  tlarming  its  extent. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  LUNGS. 

Catises. — Like  all  other  of  its  class  of  disorders,  inflammation  of  the  lungs 
is  occasioned  by  a  sudden  check  being  given  to  the  circulation,  by  cold  when 
the  animal  is  heated,  either  by  exercise,  food,  or  close  stabling,  as  before  de- 
scribed. How  it  happens  that  this  organ  of  animal  life  is  much  more  fre- 
quently deranged  than  any  other,  the  reader  who  has  well  studied  the  second 
chapter,  pp.  31,  32,  will  be  at  no  loss  to  account  for;  adhesion  of  the  pleura, 
or  of  the  lungs,  to  the  ribs,  &c.  as  described  at  section  3'2,  being  very  common : 
the  labour  of  action,  not  to  call  it  pain,  is  greatly  increased  thereby,  and  a 
certain  degree  of  fever  is  thus  engendered  and  kept  up.  The  animal  is  in 
this  manner  always  predisposed  to  acquire  cold  or  catarrh ;  and  ultimately 
inflammation  of  the  lungs  comes  on,  if  the  cold  be  neglected.  Excessive  ex 
posure  to  the  rougher  elements,  added  to  the  changes  in  our  humid  atmo- 
spheric temperature,  accounts  for  the  prevalence  of  affection  of  the  lungs. 
Out  of  the  same  causes  arise  several  minor  evils,  to  be  considered  here- 
after; as, 

Simple  cold,  or  catarrh. 
Broken  wind,  of  three  kinds. 
Roaring. 
Chronic  cough.    - 

The  symptoms  of  inflamed  lungs  rapidly  follow  each  other;  shivering,  dif- 
ficulty of  breathing,  loss  of  appetite  and  sluggishness,  with  drooping  of  the 
head,  become  visible  in  quick  succession.  In  a  few  hours,  if  the  animal  be 
in  good  keep,  longer,  if  out  of  condition,  those  symptoms  increase,  with  un- 
usually quick  action  of  the  flanks,  accompanied  by  hot  mouth  and  hectic 
cough.  Its  ears  and  legs  become  cold,  and  he  cares  not  to  lie  down,  or  being 
down,  he  rises  languidly,  as  if  mourning  his  fate.  Sometimes  the  progress 
•jf  this  monstrous  disease  is  accelerated  by  its  previous  habits,  if  the  animal's 
constitution  be  predisposed  towards  inflammation. 

The  cure  is  sometimes  mainly  effected  by  the  effusion  of  water  in  the  chest, 
which  frequently  takes  place  upon  bleeding  the  patient;  the  practitioner  has 
little  more  to  do  than  place  himself  in  the  situation  of  the  handmaid  of  nature, 
and  all  will  go  on  well  towards  perfect  restoration.  How  this  effusion  is  per- 
formed, iione  can  know.  Suffice  it  for  our  purpose,  that  such  is  the  case,  as 
1  have  shown  in  the  second  chapter,  where  1  undertook  to  in ve:=ligate  the  ani- 
mal functions  separately,  and  imagine  I  can  not  be  misunderstood  :  See  sec- 
tions I'J.  20,  21,  in  particular,  at  pages  22,  23.  We  may  a^^certain  when 
v„«b  riiuistou  l.jis  taken  place,  by  an  evident  remission  of  the  desponding  symp- 
t()ms  just  set  down:  the  flanks  cease  to  heave  so  much  as  hitherto,  the  animal 
AmJis  up  more  cheerfully,  he  tries  to  eat  a  bit,  the  cough  almost  ceases,  and 
the  warmth  of  the  ears  returns,  all  in  a  partial  degree;  but  the  roughness  of 


HEAT,  HOW  REDUCBD.  73 

fiiscoat,  which  always  accompanieg  inflammation,  does  not  so  soon  return  toit« 
original  suppleness  but  assumes  the  first  symptoms  of  hide-bound.  When 
those  favourable  symptoms  appear,  much  assiduity  in  the  minor  helps  to  ro* 
covery  should  be  kept  up,  though  further  bleeding  will  be  evidently  unneces- 
sary. 

1  have  presumed  that  the  patient  has  been  already  blooded  in  this  as  in  all 
other  inflammatory  attacks,  and  that  to  an  amount  commensurate  to  the  vi- 
rulence of  the  attack,  even  to  the  amount  of  five  or  six  quarts,  if  the  animal 
is  of  full  habit  Of  this  proportionate  degree,  or  quantity,  let  the  reader  more 
precisely  inform  himself  by  turning  back  to  what  is  said  on  this  head  and  the 
pulse,  under  general  inflammation,  or  fever,  at  pages  63  and  64.  The  ope- 
rator will  of  course  follow  up  the  bleeding  with  the  purgative  ball  prescribed 
at  page  63,  in  the  case  of  general  inflammatory  disorders.  Were  1  to  repeal 
over  again  such  general  instructions,  however  diversified  in  language,  1  should 
add  no  new  information.  In  every  case  of  bleeding  a  laxative  should  follow, 
as  l>efore  directed,  and  clysters  or  water-gruel  be  administered  in  aid  of  both, 
at  intervals  of  three  or  four  hours.  Neglect  not  tolerably  warm  clothing ; 
and  by  good  hand  rubbing,  beginning  [gently,  for  'tis  sore]  at  the  neck  and 
chest,  and  so  proceeding  towards  the  hind  quarters,  endeavour  to  obtain  ex- 
ternal heat,  if  not  perspiration.  When  these  appear,  it  is  a  sign  that  effusion 
has  taken  place,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  acct)rding  to  the  quantity  of  per- 
spiration. This  may  be  assisted  in  some  degree,  after  the  laxative  and  clyster 
have  well  subsided,  by  administering  a  ' 

Sweating  Ball. 

Take  tarter  emetic  and  asafoetida,  of  each  one  drachm. 
Liquorice  powder  and  syrup,  enough  to  form  the  ball  for  one  dose. 

Repeat  the  same  in  twelve  hours,  unless  much  perspiration  has  supervened 
in  the  meantime,  when  there  will  be  no  necessity  for  repetition.  Thin  water- 
gruel  will  assist  the  expected  perspiration;  or,  if  the  animal  be  a  fleshy  one, 
a  bran  mash  may  supply  its  place:  either  must  be  given  blood-warm. 

The  heat  of  the  lungs,  which  is  the  immediate  cause  of  the  disorder,  is  vi- 
sibly reduced  by  every  inspiration  of  fresh  air  the  animal  takes.  Naturally, 
then,  this  air  should  be  fit  for  its  purpose,  or  pure ;  at  least  not  the  confined 
air  of  an  over-filled  stable,  replete  with  noxious  effluvia;  nor,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  current  of  air  that  issues  by  doors  and  windows  to  the  r*ght  and  to 
the  left,  particularly  in  cold  weather,  or  even  in  warmer  weather  whilst  the 
animal  is  yet  sweating  with  the  diaphoretics  just  now  recommended.  As  in 
most  other  affairs  of  life,  the  best  will  be  found  the  medium  course;  for  the 
noxious  stable  air  having  irritated  and  so  predisposed  the  lungs  to  receive  the 
blighting  influence  of  the  cold  air,  it  follows  that  either  extreme  of  stimulat- 
ing, or  bracing  overmuch,  must  do  harm  one  way  or  the  other.  A  tuil  and 
free  inquiry  into  the  best  means  of  employing  this  main  auxiliary  in  the  re- 
storation of  health  in  inflammatory  disorders  would  be  well  worth  the  labom 
of  any  veterinarian  competent  to  the  task ;  but  as  regards  myself  at  present, 
such  a  course  would  ill  suit  my  views  in  writing  this  too  brief  treatise.  1 
shall,  therefore,  content  myself  with  observing  here,  that  since  it  is  to  this 
want  of  ventilation  in  stables,  and  crowding  many  horses  together,  that  we 
jwe  all  pulmonary  complaints  and  most  fevers,  the  subject  is  worthy  consider- 
afion  as  a  preventive  as  well  as  a  remedy. 

Formerly,  the  general  practice  was  to  clothe  the  animal  almost  to  suffoca- 
tion, and  to  close  up  every  aperture  by  which  air  might  enter  the  stable;  tht, 
consequence  of  which  mistaken  notion  was  a  severe  attack  of  the  lunas  that. 
8* 


74'  AIR-  VENITLATION  OP  STABIJJS. 

usually  proved  fatal,  wherever  these  addenda  to  stable  management  could  be 
employed  in  supposed  perfection.  Not  so  the  poor  man's  or  the  dealer's 
horses  under  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  or  the  more  dreaded  •'  epidemic 
distemper;"  his  stables  being  more  or  less  pervious,  and  his  horse  clothing 
without  the  nap,  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  to  find  these  had  recovered, 
whilst  the  more  pampered  and  more  valuable  animals  fell  victims  to  every  spe- 
cies of  inflammatory  diseases.  These  results  were  known  to  many,  in  various 
circles,  about  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the  Veterinary  College ;  and 
the  mutual  communications  that  thence  resulted,  proved  the  impolicy  of  the 
old  plan  of  adding  heat  to  heat,  and  increasing  the  disposition  to  acquire  disease, 
of  the  lungs  in  particular.  A  revolution  which  had  recently  taken  place  in  the 
human  practice  regarding  the  treatment  of  inflammatory  and  febrile  disorders, 
also  contributed  to  open  the  eyes  of  our  veterinary  practitioners  in  this  respect, 
and  they  adopted  the  direct  contrary  practice  in  its  greatest  extremity.  Mr. 
Colman  advised  turning  the  horse  into  a  loose  box,  leaving  open  the  apertures, 
without  clothing  or  paying  any  regard  to  the  seasons.  Nought,  however, 
could  be  more  absurd  than  to  sup[)ose  that  a  disease  which  is  produced  by 
cold  should  have  the  continuance  of  cold  prescribed  for  its  cure. 

My  practice  has  been  to  aflford  the  animal  as  much  fresh  air  to  breathe  as 
could  possibly  be  allowed  consistently  with  keeping  out  a  draught  or  current; 
taking  care  also  that  none  whatever  should  be  directed  towards  his  body,  nor 
any  enter  the  stable  from  the  windward  in  stormy  or  cold  seasons.  With  these 
precautions,  in  a  loose  box  and  well  covered  up  about  the  chest,  but  not  tight- 
ly, he  would  ever  be  found  turning  round  to  that  side  where  the  most  air  was 
.0  be  obtained,  as  if  by  instinct,  knowing  whence  the  readiest  natural  relief 
from  his  sufferings  was  to  be  found.  In  one  case,  of  an  aperture  being  made 
into  an  adjoining  shed,  the  patient  was  frequently  discovered  inhaling  the  little 
air  which  was  to  be  drawn  thence,  though  the  orifice  was  no  other  than  a  dis- 
placed knot  of  the  wood  partition. 

In  general,  the  disease  bends  before  the  remedies  proscribed;  the  hand- 
rubbing  must  be  continued,  particularly  of  the  legs,  which  in  the  worst  period 
of  the  disease  are  uncommonly  fine,  but  should  it  last  him  some  time  they 
swell,  and  in  either  case  prove  they  are  the  barometer  of  the  disorder,  as  well 
as  the  necessity  of  rubbing  them.  On  the  other  hand,  should  the  pulsation 
increase  after  bleeding,  and  no  favourable  symptoms  appear  (as  indeed  they 
can  not  be  then  expected),  this  necessary  operation  must  be  repeated  to  the  same 
amount  as  at  first,  or  up  to  a  state  of  tottering  as  recommended  before,  at  page 
63:  this  necessity  will  occur  but  seldom,  and  that  always  with  patients  in 
previously  high  condition.  Therefore,  no  danger  can  be  apprehended  from 
this  copious  discharge;  for,  at  the  end  of  twelve  hours  or  less,  which  is  the 
period  at  which  1  should  again  resort  to  the  fleam,  the  blood  would  have  re- 
turned tcits  former  courses  in  every  respect ;  the  continuance  of  fever  up  to  the 
same  original  height  of  the  pulse,  shows  that  the  particular  animal  then  under 
treatment,  possessed  an  uncommon  quantity  of  blood,  and  therefore  that  an 
unusual  quantity  should  be  taken  away  in  order  to  alleviate  the  heat  that  is  de- 
stroying it,  and  will  destroy  it,  if  the  heat  be  not  subdued  at  this  second 
bleeding;  for,  should  this  fail,  I  expect  little  good  from  further  attempts, 
though  it  is  desirable  to  try  what  I  always  consider  as  the  forlorn  hope. 

Should  those  remedies  fail,  suppuration  takes  place  usually  in  six  and  thir- 
ty hours,  and  the  animal  is  lost.  Occasionally,  however,  it  happens  with  low- 
prieed  animals,  that  the  inflammation  fixes  itself  and  terminates  with  de- 
struction of  one  lobe  only  of  the  lungs,  generally  that  on  the  right  side,  the 
jther  performing  all  the  functions,  but  how  perfectly,  or  for  how  long  time,  ) 
ha(!  no  means  of  ascertaining.  At  this  point  of  his  inquiries,  the  studioua 
fader  had  better  consult  over  ajrain  what  1  thought  it  necessary  to  say  upon  th* 


INFLAMED  LUNG3.    BLISTERING  AND  ROWELUNG  EMPLOYED.       75 

Jissection  of  the  lungs,  in  chap.  2,  pages  31  to  34;  but  he  will  please  to  re- 
member, I  am  not  at  present  prepared  to  maintain,  that  the  real  cause  of  a 
destroyed  lobe,  which  I  have  just  suggested,  is  more  correct  than  that  ven 
tured  by  me  at  page  33. 

Bleeding,  though  highly  beneficial  at  first,  when  the  animal  system  is  in  full 
vigour,  is  extremely  dangerous  after  the  inflammation  has  continued  some 
time.  When  (the  fever  continuing)  weakness  is  indicated  by  swelling  of  the 
legs,  or  nature  seeks  to  relieve  itself  by  a  running  at  the  nose,  then  bleeding 
will  be  harmful ;  this  latter  was  considered  a  most  favourable  indication  of  crisis 
in  the  epidemic  fevers  of  my  youth;  but  1  sincerely  hope  that  the  groundless 
fears  the  rumour  of  such  a  plague  engenders,  never  more  will  visit  us  with 
affright :  the  idea  of  infection,  in  such  cases,  is  too  ridix;ulous  to  admit  of  refu- 
tation. 

Weakness  follows,  of  course,  every  attack  of  so  vital  an  organ  as  the  lungs, 
and  is  a  necessary  consequence  of  the  great  evacuations  of  each  sort  his  ex 
treme  danger  has  rendered  indispensable.  But  cordial  balls,  or  indeed,  stimu 
lants  of  any  sort,  are  very  improper,  and  might  occasion  a  partial  relapse,  if 
given  before  the  animal  is  quite  recovered.  Good  grooming,  diet,  and  exer- 
cise, constitute  the  means  of  restoring  his  strength.  Let  him  be  well  rubbed 
down,  daily,  and  his  nostrils  s{>onged  out  clean  and  often,  when  the  discharge 
takes  place,  which  most  commonly  attends  the  cure;  the  same  offensive  mat- 
ter must  be  cleaned  away  from  the  stall  and  manger,  and  he  may  be  led  forth 
daily  whilst  this  business  is  going  on.  Hand-rubbing  the  legs  should  con- 
tinue, so  as  to  promote  warmth ,  and  they  may  be  subsequently  wrapped  up, 
especially  if  the  weather  be  chilly,  with  hay-bands,  &,c.  Exercise  may  be 
gradually  increased  as  the  patient  gains  strength  and  appetite.  At  first,  good 
stout  oat-meal  gruel,  sweetened  with  coarse  sugar  or  treacle,  alternating  this 
with  wheat-meal,  in  order  to  coax  his  appetite;  then  oats  which  have  been 
steeped  in  boiling  water  may  be  given,  and  next  put  him  to  hay  of  fine  odour, 
in  small  quantities  at  a  time.  If  grass  or  green  vetches  can  be  procured,  a 
little,  and  not  too  much,  may  be  cut  for  the  now  convalescent  horse,  in  order 
to  keep  open  his  body ;  on  the  contrary,  should  he  appear  low  spirited,  a  little 
malt  occasionally  will  give  him  more  vigour  before  leading  him  to  the  field 
every  day,  or  leaving  him  there  in  clothing,  whilst  the  sun  may  be  out,  if  it 
shine  at  all. 

Blistering  and  rowellino  are  recommended  by  most  veterinarians,  a-s 
tending  to  divert  inflammatory  heat  from  the  more  vital  part  of  the  surface. 
The  theory  is  good;  in  the  practice  of  human  medicine  I  believe  blistering  is 
universally  adopted ;  and  this  is  one  reason  why  I  ever  looked  upon  this 
means  of  cure  with  suspicion,  even  before  I  ascertained  that  the  general  heat 
or  fever  is  always  increased  by  the  employment  of  either  blister  or  rowel. 
Both  are  of  the  same  nature;  and  the  practitioner  may  learn  how  either 
citrates  on  the  system  by  ascertaining  the  state  of  the  pulse  previously  to  the 
application,  and  comparing  it  with  the  increased  action  of  that  barometer 
whilst  the  remedy  is  taking  effect.  Subsequently,  however,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, the  agitation  of  the  pulse  will  subside;  and  although  I  seldom  find  oc 
casion  for  employing  either  blister  or  rowel,  yet  1  am  free  to  allow,  that  the 
manner  in  which  inflammation  of  these  organs  sometimes  terminates  (namely 
nil  abscess,  or  soft  tumour  under  the  skin),  seems  to  invite  an  early  adoption 
^f  artificial  means  to  bring  about  the  same  ends.  The  hand-rubbing  just  re- 
commended effects  this  to  a  certain  extent;  and  if  it  has  been  neglected,  or 
Idzily  performed,  then  will  blistering  become  necessary  to  prevent  suppuration 
within. 

As  this  tumour  usually  makes  its  appearance  and  marks  the  crisis  of  acute 
attack?,  the  practitioner  may  form  an  estimate  of  the  probable  beneficial  of- 


79  A  COLD— WHAT! 

fects  of  blistering  in  any  case,  by  comparing  and  noting  the  earliest  symptom* 
of  any  two  cases,  in  one  of  which  the  crisis  has  been  subsequently  attended 
with  such  a  superficial  tumour,  and  in  the  other  not  so.  He  will  then  v^- 
ploy  blistering  with  more  reliance  on  its  efficacy  than  1  have  found  nec'^ 
sary  after  the  hand-rubbing. 

When  this  remedy  is  adopted  for  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  employ  blister- 
ing ointment  composed  of  cantharides  and  sweet  oil,  or  hog's  lard,  or  all 
three — or  the  following 

Blistering  Ointment. 

Cantharides,  powdered,  5  drachms. 

Hog's  lard,  4  ounces. 

Oil  of  turpentine,  1  ounce. 

Mix,  for  one  extensive  application  over  each  side  of  the  chest ;  which  is  a 
neater  and  more  expeditious  method  of  attaining  the  desired  end  than  rowel- 
ling.  When  the  latter  method  is  adopted,  let  the  tow  used  for  the  rowel  be 
dipped  in  a  mixture  of  sweet  oil  and  oil  of  turpentine ;  and  the  skin  of  the 
breast  or  belly, — if  more  than  one  such  seton  is  employed, — be  separated  only 
just  sufficient  to  admit  the  rowel,  in  order  to  increase  the  irritation ,  but  if  the 
surrounding  parts  swell  to  an  inordinate  size,  change  the  tow  for  some  which 
has  been  sodden  in  digestive  ointment. 

Pleurisy,  or  inflammation  of  the  pleura,  a  membrane  covering  the  two 
lobes  of  the  lungs  (see  chap.  ii.  p.  42) — has  been  described  by  Lawrence  as  a 
separate  disease  ;  but,  as  the  treatment  is  the  same  as  the  preceding,  I  can  see 
no  propriety  in  making  the  distinction  he  does,  especially  as  we  can  not  know 
the  difference  until  after  death  discloses  all  imperfections. 

A  COLD  OR  CATARRH. 

Causes. — If  I  sought  much  nicety  of  arrangement,  the  disorder  termed  "  a 
cold,"  would  have  preceded  the  similar  but  more  malignant  attack  I  have  de- 
scribed under  "Inflammation  of  the  Lungs."  Both  are  occasioned  by  cold 
applied  to  the  animal's  organs  of  respiration  at  a  time  that  he  is  most  suscepti- 
ble of  its  influence,  differing  only  in  the  part  which  may  suffer.  Thus,  when 
the  canal  through  which  the  air  passes  receives  the  check  (before  described), 
which  is  the  immediate  cause  of  inflammation,  every  one  agrees  in  its  being 
merely  "  a  cold,"  though  in  most  cases  no  attack  is  more  replete  with  danger 
if  neglected. 

But  the  origin  and  progress  of  such  a  check  upon  the  functions  of  the 
membrane  that  lines  this  canal,  having  been  already  fully  described  in  the  se- 
cond chapter,  pages  33,  the  studious  reader  must  turn  back  to  that  part, 
if  he  would  trace  causes  to  their  effects,  and  does  not  presently  recollect  all 
that  is  tnere  said  on  this  topic. 

One  prolific  source  of  the  disorder  termed  a  cold,  is  found  in  ihe  shedding 
of  the  coat  in  spring  and  in  autumn,  a  process  of  nature  always  attended  with 
a  certain  degree  of  debility  or  general  weakness.  Hence  it  is  that  the  animal 
sweats  profusely  upon  the  least  exertion ;  and  being  in  this  state  suflered  to 
stand  (harnessed  perhaps")  in  the  open  air  to  cool,  the  sweating  is  too  suddenly 
stopped,  and  he  gets  a  cold  at  least.  That  the  lungs  should  suffer  the  soonest 
of  any  other  organ  is  not  at  all  astonishing  :  the  very  great  exertions  made  by 
the  lungs  in  the  business  of  progression,  is  much  increased  by  adhesions  and 
other  obstructions  to  the  action  of  its  several  parts ;  and  this,  added  to  theii 
exposure,  externally,  and  the  coastant  inhalation  of  fresh,  cold  damp  air  • 


SYMPTOMS.  77 

(i!*ogether,  the  prevalence  of  pulmonary  affections  in  every  vaned  stage  ought 
no  longer  to  be  matter  of  surprise  to  any  person,  however  casually  he  may 
look  at  the  matter. 

The  horse  is  subject  to  cold  or  catarrh  at  every  season  of  the  year,  and 
some  animals  retain  chronic  cough  all  the  year  round,  and  some  during  their 
natural  lives.  But  the  cold  which  is  contracted  in  the  spring  differs  materially 
from  that  of  the  uutumn.  The  former  attacks  the  animal  when  he  is  full  of 
hard  meat  and  gross  feeding — "full  of  humours,"  according  to  a  homely  but 
intelligent  phrase,  and  a  malignant  sore  throat  or  an  inflammation  of  the 
lungs  is  the  ultimate  consequence,  however  slight  the  cold  may  have  been  at 
first.  Sometimes  access  of  all  those  symptoms  of  diseased  lungs,  which  I  have 
already  or  may  hereafter  take  occasion  to  describe,  will  be  found  in  the  same 
animal,  and  he  usually  bends  before  the  complication  of  evils  and  dies,  unless 
speedily  relieved  by  bleeding,  &c.  From  its  prevalence  at  some  seasons,  we 
then  agree  to  call  it  "epidemic,"  and  to  recommend  a  treatment  corresponding 
with  the  prevailing  symptoms,  if  these  be  mild,  as  a  simple  cold  ;  which  form 
the  epidemic  fever  or  distemper  always  assumes  in  its  earliest  stages.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  cold  or  catarrh  which  the  moulling  animal  acquires  in  au- 
tumn, finds  his  system  reduced  by  the  heat  and  labour  of  summer;  his  blood, 
in  quality  or  quantity,  is  scarcely  capable  of  being  excited  to  inflammation, 
and  the  first  attacks  are  more  easily  subdued.  Neglect,  however,  increases 
the  evil  at  all  times,  especially  with  the  more  valuable  well-conditioned  ani- 
mals, some  of  which  are  so  tenderly  managed,  that  they  scarcely  can  stand 
the  opening  of  a  door  or  shutter  after  dark,  without  catching  cold.  Neither 
autumn  or  winter  is  the  season  for  remedying  this  defect  in  stable  manage- 
ment,— if  ever  it  can  be  got  over  at  all. 

Symptoms. — According  to  the  precise  part  attacked,  these  vary  not  only  as 
to  appearances,  but  as  to  virulence  or  malignity,  always  increasing  as  the  com- 
plaint descends  lower  and  lower  down  towards  the  seat  of  vitality  ;  the  danger 
being  also  greatly  augmented  when  the  animal  is  pre-disposed  to  acquire 
catarrh  in  its  worst  forms  by  some  previous  misfortune — as  adhesion,  &c.  A 
simple  cold  consists  in  slight  inflammation  of  the  membrane  which  hues  the 
nose,  windpipe,  &c.  the  functions  of  which  membrane  in  health  are  described 
in  the  34th  section,  chap.  ii.  together  with  the  manner  in  which  the  disease  is 
engendered.  As  we  find  in  all  other  inflammatory  disorders,  variations  in 
the  symptoms  occur,  according  to  the  previous  constitution  or  evils  of  the  in- 
dividual, and  its  actual  condition — much  more  than  is  attributable  to  an  ad- 
verse season,  or  the  immediate  cause  of  disease.  For  example,  if  two  equal 
animals  be  exposed  to  a  chilly  night  air,  that  horse  which  had  performed  a 
journey  previously  to  turning  out,  would  catch  a  cold  for  certain, — the  other 
most  probably  would  escape ;  but,  if  both  had  performed  the  same  journey, 
let  us  suppose,  and  one  of  them  laboured  under  the  constitutional  defect  of 
"adhesion  of  the  pleura,"  (see  page  32),  he  would  acquire  the  more  malignant 
cold,  known  as  "inflammation  of  the  lungs," — his  less  unhappy  mate  a  simple 
cold.  What  horrid  symptoms  denote  the  former,  1  have  attempted  to  describe ; 
the  simple  cold,  at  its  first  appearance,  is  too  well  known  to  require  minute 
description. 

If  the  cold  extend  no  farther  than  a  check  upon  the  mucous  secretion  of  the 
membrane  that  lines  the  nose,  a  purulent  discharge  is  first  observed  in  the 
morning,  its  eyes  become  dull  and  a  little  bleared  ;  and,  in  twenty-four  hours, 
a  short  cough  denotes  that  the  inflammation  is  creeping  onwards,  and  has 
reached  the  epiglottis.  The  attack  upon  this  point  of  conjunction  between 
the  throat  and  mouth,  will  be  greatly  accelerated  by  the  injury  most  horses 
sustain  which  have  been  subjected  to  the  brutal  operation  of  beiug  "coughed'* 


79  SORE  THROAT— RE&IEDIES. 

by  the  dealers; — an  i/-jury  that  thus  produces  latent  ejfTects,  chough  the  pain 
were  originally  little,  and  that  little  long  ago  departed. 

We  h'ear  this  kind  of  first  attack  termed  "  a  cold  in  the  head,"  the  second 
symptom  is  "a  cough,"  and  feel  no  disposition  to  quarrel  with  either  term. 

In  proportion  as  the  attack  may  be  more  severe,  the  symptoms  increase,  as 
does  the  danger.  Passing  the  hand  down  over  the  windpipe,  at  the  epiglottis, 
*he  animal  will  shrink  if  it  be  sore  within,  and  he  will  soon  evince  difficulty 
of  swallowing,  and  refuse  his  food:  inflammation  has  begun.  When  these 
are  not  preceded  by  a  discharge  from  the  nose,  this  symptom  does  not  appear 
until  the  inflammation  is  lowered  by  bleeding  and  other  remedies:  the  dis- 
charge is  then  an  indication  that  the  inflammation,  or  heat,  has  subsided  and 
no  longer  demands  the  adjacent  secretions.  See  page  33,  for  a  more  minute 
description  how  this  demand  takes  place. 

With  those  symptoms  of  sore  throat  others  become  apparent,  and  the  whole 
assume  a  malignant  tendency  proportioned  to  the  severity  of  the  attack  and 
previous  state  of  the  suffering  animal.  As  happens  in  all  other  inflammatory 
complaints,  the  pulse  tells  of  the  existence  of  fever,  in  its  degree  :  accompanied 
by  languid  eyes,  breathing  quick  and  laboriously,  and  general  heat  of  the  skin 
without  perspiration.  In  some  cases  the  sore  throat  is  substituted,  in  some 
measure,  by  enlargement  of  the  glands  underneath  the  jowl,  which  are  also 
attended  by  soreness  more  or  less ;  and  as  this  species  of  attack  is  occasioned 
by  the  humidity  of  a  cold  spring  or  wet  autumn  acting  upon  moulting  horses^ 
great  numbers  feel  its  influence  at  once,  and  gives  reason  for  veterinary  writers 
to  consider  this  general  distemper  as  "the  influenza,"  and  an  "epidemic." 
Enough  has  already  been  said  under  the  latter  head  of  information,  therefore 
let  us  proceed  to  treat  of  the  thing  as  it  regards  the  individual  patient. 

Remedy. — When  the  glands  swell,  as  just  mentioned,  and  there  is  no  reason 
to  doubt,  according  to  the  corresponding  symptoms,  that  it  is  the  effect  of  a 
cold — which  may  further  be  ascertained  by  their  heat  and  tension,  let  some 
discutient  application  be  used — as  camphorated  spirits  of  wine  :  but  if  the  in- 
flammation be  to  a  great  degree,  bran  poultice  may  be  applied  to  advantage. 
If  those  enlarged  glands  already  contain  matter  the  tendency  to  irritation  vyill 
thus  be  reduced ;  if  merely  sordid  tumours,  either  application  will  effect  relie^^ 
by  reducing  the  size  and  tenderness  of  the  part,  so  as  the  animal  may  take  his 
medicines  with  less  difficulty.  Steaming  the  head  for  an  hour,  or  applying 
hot  flannels  that  have  been  steeped  in  boUing  water,  will  be  fouitd  serviceable, 
taking  care  to  dry-rub  the  coat  immediately  after,  which  also  assists  to  reduce 
the  swelling.  If  this  symptom  does  not  give  way  before  those  applications, 
and  the  throat  is  ascertained  to  be  sore,  blistering  may  be  resorted  to,  taking 
care  to  extend  it  over  the  whole  of  the  parts  affected.     See  page  76. 

As  in  all  other  inflammatory  diseases,  bleeding  to  an  amount  proportioned 
to  the  violence  of  the  attack,  with  purgatives  and  clysters,  should  accompany 
the  foregoing  external  applications :  and  these,  with  plenty  of  bran  mashes, 
sodden  oats,  and  the  fever  powders  prescribed  at  page  65,  will  reduce  the 
symptoms.  Similarly  to  those  also  will  be  the  precariousness  of  his  complete 
recovery,  and  so  should  be  the  care  that  the  relapse,  to  which  he  is  for  a  time 
daily  liable,  should  not  reach  to  a  great  height.  1  need  not  repeat  the  general 
precautions  which  are  set  down  at  page  70. 

Unwilling  to  leave  the  reader  in  a  dilemma  as  to  the  mode  of  applying  the 
bran  poultice  just  recommended  and  upon  the  efficacy  whereof  I  mainly  rely, 
[  have  taken  the  pains  to  sketch  a  bandage  proper  for  that  purpose,  with  its 
fewtenmgs,  the  ingenious  contrivance  of  some  Frenchman,  whose  naaie  I  L-o- 
!.*▼€!  to  have  been  Bourgelat. 


MODE  OF  BANDAGtMO. 


n 


It  will  be  seen,  that  unless  the  remedy  proposed  is  practically  applicaole, 
the  preparation  thereof  would  l)e  wholly  unprofitable;  therefore,  when  the 
poultice,  the  steaming,  or  the  blistering,  be  found  necessary,  we  should  en- 
deavour to  secure  it  in  the  best  possible  manner  ;  and  as  most  persons  are  out 
poor  horse  milliners,  I  have  undertaken  in  this  instance,  as  well  as  in  cases 
Df  Strangles,  Poll-evil,  and  Vives,  to  exhibit  the  best  means  of  retaining  the 
remedies  in  their  proper  places. 

The  cloth  to  be  employed  should  be  of  stout  but  supple  linen,  as  Russia 
duck:  or  hempen  sail-cloth;  or  in  failure  hereof,  a  fresh  sheep-skin,  or  a  piece 
of  Shamoy  leather  might  be  substituted. 

Some  recommend  steeping  the  cloth  in  a  solution  of  gummy  substances,  to 
render  it  water-tight ;  but  such  contrivances  only  add  to  its  unconquerable 
stiffness,  and  I  should  prefer  oiled  silk,  such  as  used  for  umbrellas,  if  readily 
procurable,  and  not  too  dear  for  the  pockets  of  those  more  immediately  con- 
cerned. 

When  spread  abroad,  the  cloth  will  be  of  an  irregular  octagon  shape,  at  each 
corner  whereof  it  is  to  be  strongly  sewed  on  a  piece  of  broad  tape  for  the  pur- 
pose of  fastening  to  the  girth,  or  round  the  neck,  or  to  a  breasting  of  broad 
web,  which  is  supported  by  another  piece,  that  passes  over  the  withers,  and 
which  two  should  be  previously  fastened  together  by  stitching  the  cross-pieco 
ends  upon  the  breasting.  The  two  extremes  of  the  bandage  will  be  the  fillet 
across  the  forehead  and  the  fastening  at  the  girth ;  therefore  measure  should  be 
previously  taken  of  the  whole  length  proper  for  the  individual  patient,  lest  the 
tie,  which  would  otherwise  be  necessary  at  the  ears,  might  discommode  tho 
animal,  and  occasion  skittishness ;  or  on  the  other  hand,  the  application  would 
not  be  kept  in  its  place  properly.  A  single  glance,  however,  at  the  cut  will 
instruct  a  tolerably  expert  workman,  or  work-woman,  how  to  manufacture 
such  a  bandage  as  would  answer  every  purpose. 


THE  COUGH 

Which  accompanies  this  disorder  will  frequently  remain  afler  the  other  symp- 
toms have  abated ;  in  some  cases  a  cough  is  the  only  symptom  of  catarrhal  in- 
flammation that  the  animal  suffers  under,  and  in  bioth  we  should  apply  our- 
irelves  to  reduce  the  inflammation  of  the  wind-pipe,  «fcc.  which  sceasions  the 


t,0  REMEDIES  WHEN  VARIED,  BENEHCTAL. 

covurh  ;  for  -f  not  cured  at  once,  it  baffles  all  our  efforts  for  a  long  while,  and 
ultimately  becomes  what  is  denominated  (from  the  length  of  time  it  has  last- 
ed) a  CHRONIC  COUGH.  But  no  absolute  necessity  exists  for  considering  these 
as  separate  or  distinct  diseases,  the  one  being  but  a  prolongation  or  fastening 
of  the  other  on  the  system,  as  described  at  page  85  below  :  therefore  should 
Dur  attention  to  the  first  attack  be  unremitted,  and  the  remedies  applied  in 
turn  to  each  variation  of  the  symptoms.  If  these  are  accompanied  by  the 
swellings  and  soreness  of  the  throat  and  glands,  just  spoken  of,  the  cough  will 
generally  cease,  when  these  symptoms  are  removed ;  but  if  not,  the  cough  must 
be  considered  as  a  simple  disease,  and  be  treated  accordingly.  By  the  way, 
seeing  that  after  all  our  care  and  anxious  examination,  we  can  but  imperfectly 
distinguish  between  some  cases  of  ill-cured  catarrh,  or  the  chronic  cough,  and 
the  incipient  cough,  or  a  fresh  cold,  the  practitioner  would  do  well,  in  cases  of 
doubt,  when  he  finds  one  of  those  remedies  fail  to  afford  the  expected  relief,  to 
try  another,  and  another,  for  example. 

When  the  cough  continues,  and  there  is  reason  to  apprehend,  from  tne 
frequent  and  violent  efforts  of  the  animal  to  expel  the  mucous  secretion,  that 
this  is  thick  or  viscid,  and  does  not  come  away,  though  the  animal  evidently 
sneezes  for  that  purpose, — the  lungs  must  be  relieved  by  softening  the  agglu- 
tination; otherwise  termed  "cutting  the  phlegm."  Venesection  always  ef- 
fects this  end ;  but,  when  blood-letting  is  not  rendered  otherwise  necessary, 
the  drenches  Nos.  1  and  2  will  afford  relief.  As  the  cough  always  becomes 
more  and  more  troublesome  as  the  discharge  lessens  of  itself,  or  ceabes  alto- 
gether, we  may  conclude  some  lurking  virus  that  has  fixed  upon  the  lungs  is 
the  immediate  cause  of  the  cough.  In  order  to  enable  the  lungs  to  throw  ofl 
this  cause  by  a  more  copious  discharge,  give  the 

Expectorant  Ball. — No.  1. 

Sulphur,  half  an  ounce. 
Asafoetida,  1  ounce. 
Liquorice  powder,  1  ounce. 
Venice  turpentine,  1  ounce. 

Mix  foi  four  doses,  and  give  one  on  each  of  four  succeeding  nights.  See  his 
exercise  be  moderate,  and  allow  him  the  cooling  regimen  before  referred  to 
(page  67),  as  proper  for  convalescent  horses  after  inflammatory  attacks. 

Expectorant  Ball. — No.  2. 

Powdered  squills,  2  drachms. 
Gum  ammoniacum,  4  drachms. 
Powdered  ipecacuanha,  4  drachms. 
Opium,  4  drachms. 
Ginger  and  allspice,  of  each  1  ounce. 
Balsam  of  sulphur,  4  ounces. 

Mix,  for  SIX  balls,  with  Castile  soap,  2  ounces,  beaten  up  with  mucilage ; 
treacle,  or  syrup :  to  be  given  once  or  twice  a  day. 

If  this  regimen  can  not  be  followed  by  reason  of  want  of  attendants,  his 
^jowels  at  least  should  be  kept  in  a  proper  open  state  by  mild  laxatives ;  or, 
if  costiveness  prevailed  when  the  cough  first  came  on,  simply  opening  the 
bowels  will  then  procure  ease,  if  it  do  not  effect  a  cure.  This  muy  be  at- 
tained by  giving,  for  three  or  four  days, 


UILT  ANU  RE^JIMEN.  '^1 

The  Laxative  Ball. 

Aloes,  one  and  a  half  drachms. 
Ipecacuanha,  one  and  a  half  drachms. 

Mu  N'*h  liquorice  powder  and  mucilage  for  one  dose. 

Ti.vse  rfiedicines,  and  every  modification  of  them,  which  the  experienced 
chemiw-t  ran  suggest,  it  is  desirable  should  be  tried  in  succession,  as  the  seat 
of  the  disorder  is  so  very  various  and  uncertain,  that  the  partial  good  which 
«»ne  may  effect,  will  frequently  be  aided  by  another.  To  this  end  the  follow 
Ing  ball  and  drenches  have  been  prescribed  and  used  with  success — 

Diuretic  Ball. 

Yellow  resin,  2  ounce.s. 

Turpentine,  4  ounces. 

Soap,  3  ounces. 

Salad  oil,  1  ounce. 

Oil  of  aniseed,  half  an  ounce. 

Powdered  ginger,  2  ounces. 

ICub  the  two  last  together  in  a  mortar,  with  a  little  linseed  powder.  Melt  the 
i^t  three  articles  over  a  slow  fire,  and  then  mix  in  the  powders.  Divide  the 
mass  into  eight  balls,  and  give  one  a  day  until  the  water  is  affected. 

Drench. — No.  1 

Vinegar,  8  ounces. 
Squills,  2  ounces. 
Treacle,  6  ounces. 

Bruise  the  squills  and  pour  on  the  vinegar  boiling  hot;  simmer  these  near  the 
fire  two  or  three  hours,  then  strain  off  and  add  the  treacle.  Divide  into  three 
or  four  parts,  and  give  a  portion  two  or  three  times  in  the  course  of  the  day. 

Drench.— No.  2. 

Bruised  garlic,  4  ounces. 
Vinegar,  12  ounces. 

Pour  on  the  vinegar  boiling  hot ;  let  it  simmer  four  or  five  hours,  strain  off  and 
add  six  ounces  of  honey.  Divide  into  three  parts  or  four,  and  give  in  the 
course  of  the  day  at  intervals. 

But  no  ultimate  cure  can  be  effected   unless  the  diet  and  regimen  is  pro- 

Serly  followed  up;  nor,  if  the  animal  be  pushed  in  his  work  whilst  the  disor- 
er  is  virulent;  and,  after  all  our  care,  if  the  cough  does  not  abate,  but  be- 
comes worse  by  reason  of  a  new  cold,  it  fixes  upon  the  lungs,  ami  the  animal 
drags  out  a  miserable  existence.  This  has  been  usually  treated  of  as  con- 
Buniption,  by  reason  of  its  resemblance  to  the  same  disorder  in  human  medi- 
cine, from  the  wasting  away,  or  consumption  of  the  animal  system,  which  ac- 
companies a  diseased  state  of  the  pulmonary  arteries.  Of  tifie  importance  of 
this  part  of  the  system  to  animal  life,  to  existence  and  health,  the  attentive 
reader  can  not  fail  to  be  sufficiently  aware  who  has  well  perused  that  part  of 
Ihe  second  chapter  of  this  little  manual,  in  which  the  functions  of  the  organa 
of  respiration  are  described  with  requisite  care — page  31  to  35.  The  hopp- 
lessncss  of  bringing  a!)()ut  n  cure,  after  the  ruin  h:is  proceeded  so  far  as  w*) 
9 


nhOKEN  WIND. 

nav  just  contemplated,  must  likewise  be  most  apparent  to  him  :  I  will  not 
thertfore,  pursue  flirther  in  detail  the  last  wastings  of  this  vitally  essential 
orghU  of  the  animal  system,  but  proceed  shortly  to  notice  some  other  efl»'cta 
of  au  ill-cured  cold  or  protracted  cough, 

BROKEN  WIND 

Is  already  so  minutely  described,  as  to  its  causes  and  symptoms,  in  the  second 
chapter,  that  I  apprehend  repetition  in  this  place  would  prove  worse  than  use- 
less. The  reader  will  therefore  turn  to  }»age  34,  and  the  recapitulation  of 
my  treatise  on  the  organs  of  respiration  which  imniediately  follows,  at  page 
35.  Generally  speaking,  broken  wind  is  brought  on  by  inflammation  of  the 
organs  of  respiration,  and  acquires  a  difftirent  name,  though  requiring  but 
little  variety  of  treatment,  according  to  the  part  which  may  be  the  more  im- 
mediate seat  of  disease  ;  for  it  must  be  clear,  that  although  this  may  lie  in  the 
uppermost  part  or  larynx,  in  the  lowermost  part  or  midriff,  or  more  centrally 
— the  communicable  nature  of  inflammation  is  such,  that  the  whole  must  |)ar- 
take  in  some  degree  of  each  and  every  partial  derangement.  And  this  de- 
gree will  be  proportioned  to  the  excitability  of  the  individual's  organs  of  res- 
piration that  may  be  the  subject  of  attack:  if  the  animal  contract  cold  i>r 
cough  in  the  vigour  of  age  and  health,  he  will  experience  its  effects  in  the 
most  frightful  shapes;  it  proceeds  to  encroach  on  and  obstruct  the  right  func- 
tions of  the  lungs  with  rapid  strides,  and  if  the  symptoms  do  not  abate,  he 
dies.  But,  being  partially  removed,  it  becomes  a  chronic  disorder*  to  the  en<^ 
of  his  days;  and,  agreeably  to  the  part  which  may  experience  the  attack,  has 
it  been  the  practice  to  denominate  chronic  cough  either  roaring — broken  wind 
— thick  in  the  wind — or  asthma.     Hereupon,  however,  the  doctors  disagree. 

How  this  difference  arises  may  be  worth  a  moment's  investigation  here,  al- 
though so  large  a  portion  of  the  second  chapter  has  been  already  devoted  to 
the  subject,  and  the  reader  must  absolutely  turn  back  to  it.  At  page  34,  the 
thickening  of  the  midriff,  in  consequence  of  inflammation  attacking  the  ad- 
jacent viscera,  was  minutely  described :  this  thickening  of  the  membrane 
also  extends  to  every  other  part  of  the  lungs,  wind-pipe,  &c.  whenever  cold 
or  inflammation  prevails;  and  in  the  event  of  its  continuance,  the  thickening 
of  the  membrane  remains  long  after  the  virulence  of  the  disorder  may  be  sub- 
dued. If  this  state  of  the  organs  of  res|)iration  extend  over  them  generally, 
the  patient  may  very  justly  be  said  to  be  "broken  winded;"  when  this  ex- 
tends to  the  thickening  of  the  pleura  only,  he  would  then  be  thick  winded, 
or  short  in  the  wind,  as  he  would  also  in  case  of  adhesions  of  the  midriff,  a^ 
described  in  page  34,  already  referred  tq.  Neither  affection,  however,  can 
fairly  be  set  down  for  broken  wind ;  though  both  those  membranes  being  af- 
fected might  properly  enough  be  considered  "a  broken  manner  of  drawing 
in  and  expelling  the  wind,"  for  the  inspirations  and  expirations  are  in  this 
case  extremely  irregular,  broken,  or  variable ;  whereas,  when  the  air-colls  are 
really  broken,  or  burst  into  each  other  through  great  exertion,  then  the  air 
escapes  with  diflBculty,  and  the  expirations  are  now  slower  than  the  ins}>ira- 
tions  (as  before  observed),  and  both  together  constitute  irregular  respiration, 
or  true  broken  wind. 

But  of  controversies  there  is  no  end.  J.  White  and  R.  Lawrence  were 
for  some  years  at  issue  on  these  points ;  White  having  taken  up  L^wfeqce 
rather  sharply,  and  somewhat  unjustly,  if  he  meant  to  impute  error  to  ll\0 

•  Chronic  disorders  are  those  which,  liaving  lasted  a  long  time,  become  almost  second  nature, 
and  plague  the  organs  of  respiration  more  than  any  other  viscus :  thus,  a  tickling  cough  niay 
«jck  bvan  animal  for  years,  but  it  becomes  worse  upqn  any  great  exertion,  or  on  c^t^iiiiiff 


CONTROVERSY  CONCERNING  AIR  CELLS.  83 

atter,  as  re^^ards  the  symptom  of  respiration  just  spoken  of,  for  each  writei 
«ras  right  in  his  separate  position:  as  they  disagree  as  to  what  constitutes 
broken  wind,  so  they  could  not  of  course  agree  as  to  the  symptoms.  See 
pages  150,  160,  of  White's  first  volume.  This  author  also  disorders  his  own 
positions  at  the  same  place,  in  two  other  instances,  which  I  should  not  have 
noticed,  but  for  his  tart  rebuke  of  R.  Lawrence  for  attributing  the  terra 
broken  wind  to  the  thickening  of  the  membranes.  In  this  view  of  the  case, 
it  will  be  seen,  I  certainly  can  not  agree  with  this  very  clear-headed  veterina- 
rian; but  I  do  not  therefore,  harshly  refute  a  gentleman  and  scholar  for  not 
agreeing  with  me  upon  a  simple  term  of  science:  it  was  this  unamiable  at- 
tachment to  trifles  tliat  so  long  impeded  the  progress  of  chemical  knowledge, 
until  the  plain-speaking  Davy,  Nicholson,  Park,  and  Paris,  came  into  voiiue, 
and  drove  Lavoisier  from  his  prostrate  coterie,— Dickson  was  put  to  silence, 
and  Fourcroy's  reveries  were  laid  in  the  dust  of  oblivion. 

White  says,  "  The  lungs  of  broken  winded  horses  that  I  have  examined  have 
generally  been  unusually  large,  with  numerous  air-bladders  on  the  surface."  p. 
IGO.  Yet,  in  the  next  page,  he  opens  a  broken  winded  subject,  and  says,  "  The 
lungs  were  lighter  [meaning  less]  than  usual,  and  without  the  air-bladders, 
contrary  to  the  state  Mr.  Lawrence  describes."  What  Lawrence  had  snid 
was  this:  "  The  most  common  appearance  of  the  lungs  in  broken  winde<i 
horses  is  a  general  thickening  of  their  substance,  by  which  their  elasticity  is 
in  a  great  measure  destroyed,  and  their  weight  (i.  e.  size)  specifically  increased. 
On  this  account  air  is  received  into  the  lungs  with  difficulty,  but  its  expulsion 
is  not  so  difficult.  Thus,  in  broken  winded  horses,  inspiration  is  very  slow, 
expiration  sudden  and  rapid,  as  n)ay  be  seen  by  the  flanks  returning  with  a 
jerk."  (p.  123,  octavo  edition.)  And  he  is  correct  as  to  these  two  motions 
accompanying  the  thickened  membrane  or  substance  of  the  Uings;  only  1 
should  have  termed  the  disorder  thick  wind,  and  not  broken  wind,  when  all 
would  have  coincided  with  White's  statement,  barring  his  own  self-contra- 
diction as  to  the  size  of  the  lungs,  which  Lawrence  had  mistaken  for  weight, 
and  which  had  met  with  the  counter  assertion  of  being  "  specifically  lighter." 
On  this  point  of  their  dispute,  however,  neither  the  one  nor  the  otiier  could 
possibly  Arnoir  aught  with  requisite  certainty;  and  I,  for  my  part,  am  inclined 
to  believe,  that  the  lungs  of  high-bred  horses  are  specifically  lighter  than  those 
of  the  cart  breed,  saving  that  the  whole  organs  of  respiration  are  much  less 
muscular  in  the  first  kind  than  in  those  of  the  latter,  the  skirt  or  borderof 
the  midrifi'  in  particular.  On  the  other  hand,  the  hearts  of  blood  horses  in- 
variably run  of  a  larger  size  than  those  of  the  common  English  horse.  Vide 
page  3^.  One  cause  of  broken  wind,  or  rather  that  mainly  predisposes  the 
anfmal  to  contract  this  disorder,  is  voracious  feeding,  which  distends  the  sto- 
mach inordinately,  and  for  a  while  gives  to  the  animal  a  short-lived  vigour 
and  healthy  appearance.  This  induces  its  proprietor  to  put  him  upon  his 
mettle,  and  try  the  extent  of  his  powers  at  progression ;  and  as  he  will  best 
perform  those  feats  upon  a  plentiful  feed,  the  action  of  the  midriff" and  lungs 
thereby  becomes  laboured,  and  the  proper  expansion  of  the  lungs  is  impeded. 
Heat  and  tension  are  the  immediate  consequence,  and  broken  wind  of  one 
or  the  other  species  is  the  remote  consequence.  Horses  that  eat  their  litter, 
and  what  other  hard  substances  they  can  come  near,  are  similarly  predisposed 
io  broken  wind;  namely,  by  the  great  distension  of  the  stomach,  and  inability 
af  inspiring  a  sufficient  quantity  of  air  to  fill  the  lungs,  whence  the  iiiert  cells, 
or  the  portion  not  distended,  fill  up,  contract,  and  l>ecom 3  useless,  or,  upon 
sudden  action  and  over  distension,  they  burst  at  once. 

Cure  there  is  none  for  broken  wind,  and  therefore  all  that  can  be  done  bv 
way  of  alleviating  its  symptoms  must  be  effected  by  management,  or  as  it  If 
more  generally  termed,  by 


»^i  REGIMEN  FOR  BROKEN  WIND. 

Regimen.  Of  course,  any  person  would  avoid  exposino^  the  animal  tofresb 
cold,  and  not  push  him  too  hard  on  a  full  stomach ;  nor  indeed,  give  away  a 
chance  of  increasing  the  malady  by  the  same  means  as  I  have  just  said  origi- 
nally brought  it  on.  lie  will,  on  the  contrary,  follow  an  opposite  course  of 
treatment,  and  as  much  as  [jossihie  regulate  his  feeding  and  exercise  upon 
moderate  princi{)les,  for  the  stomach  and  bowels  are  always  affected  by  broken 
v.'ind.  Hence  it  is,  that  flatulency  accompanies  broken  wind  of  every  kind,  so 
that  the  animal  in  his  endeavours  to  cough,  usually  breaks  wind  after  an  effoit 
or  two.  Much  medicine  is  not  requisite,  and,  in  slight  cases,  far  from  desira- 
ble; tonics,  bracing  air,  and  regular  hard  meat  feeding,  broken  or  sodden,  and 
fiven  in  small  quantities,  will  do  more  for  the  horse  than  physic  of  any  sort, 
'or  the  first,  Peruvian  bark,  or  cascarilla  in  small  doses,  may  be  given  occa- 
sionally adapting  the  quantity  to  the  bulk  of  the  animal. 

Tonic   Ball. 

Cascarilla,       \      i  ,o  2  drachms  of  each, 

(jentian  root,  5 

Oil  of  Carraways,  ten  drops;  with 
Mucilage  enough  to  form  the  ball.     If  irritation  of  the  bowels  is  indicated  by 
a  certain  protrusion  of  the  anus,  add  of  opium  10  to  12  grains. 

When  the  cough  is  particularly  troublesome,  or  the  animal  seems  to  laWai 
much  in  respiration,  give  the  following 

Ball. 

Dried  squills,  powdered,  1  drachm. 
Gum  ammoniacum,  3  drachms. 
Opium,  10  drachms; 
With  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball. 

If  there  is  reason  to  apprehend  the  horse  swallows  his  corn  without  grind- 
ing it,  as  commonly  happens,  bruised  or  sodden  oats  should  be  given,  and  the 
bowels  discharged  by  purgatives,  when  alteratives  may  not  be  deemed  equal  to 
the  urgency  of  the  case.  Those  prescribed  at  pages  86,  87,  are  applicable  in 
this  case  also ;  inasmuch  as  the  two  disorders  bear  very  near  resemblance  to 
each  other  in  this  respect.  Give  green  food,  succulent  roots,  and  bran-mashes, 
as  there  recommended.  Let  the  water  be  soft,  not  too  cold,  and  given  in 
small  quantities  at  a  time,  and  frequently. 

As  broken  wind  produces  disordered  bowels,  and  is  re-prod  need  by  it,  the 
connexion  or  sympathy  between  the  two,  thus  plainly  demonstrated,  should 
be  employed  in  the  alleviation  of  the  former  in  all  its  stages,  when  it  has  been 
of  long  standing.  The  means  of  attaining  this  object  has  been  shown;  and 
when  the  animal  under  treatment  is  equal  to  the  care  and  expense,  he  fre- 
quently recovers  so  much  of  his  former  powers  of  free  respiration,  that  his  cure 
will  seem  for  a  short  time  fully  effected.  These  appearances,  however,  aro 
completely  illusive ;  upon  the  least  extra  work  he  relapses  into  his  former  dif 
iiculties  of  continuing  it,  and  the  cough,  the  roaring,  wheezing,  or  labouring 
of  the  flanks  and  chest,  return  as  bad  as  ever.  If  the  work  be  very  hard,  as 
always  happens  when  the  horse  has  been  sold  deceptiously,  and  the  new  mas. 
ter  would  try  his  utmost  powers,  the  relapse  is  then  worse  than  before;  he 
hereupon  becomes  a  confirmed  roarer,  by  the  wind  and  lymph  being  driven 
inside  the  membrane  that  lines  the  wind-j>i|)e,  and  causes  inflammation  of  the 
very  Inie  blood-vessels  that  traverse  it.  Hence  the  number  of  lawsuits  that 
ure  instituted  to  ret;over  the  valuable  consideration  paid  for  broken  vindew 


HEREDITARY  ROARERS.  85 

hoTsos  that  are  returned  upon  the  hands  of  the  sellers  as  roarers,  that  never 
were  known  to  either  groom  or  stable-boy  for  roarers,  before  the  day  of  action 
or  trial.  Hence,  too,  let  us  charitably  suppose,  the  contradictory  evidence 
often  given,  and  the  flat,  downright  cross-swearing  that  usually  takes  place 
on  such  occasions.  For  the  horse  having  been  partially  made  up  for  the  pur- 
pose of  sale,  i.  e.  nursed,  patched  up,  and  to  all  appearance  "  right  in  all  his 
part;?,"  the  fact  of  his  ^oing  in  pain  comes  out  by  way  of  his  skin  at  first,  and 
the  new  f)urchaser  being  generally  desirous  of  trying  all  he  can  do,  the 
ruin  is  effected,  by  pushing  him  too  much,  of  driving  the  wind  inside  the 
membrane,  as  before  described. 

Hereditary  Roarers.  Early  in  the  present  century,  a  question  arose 
among  breeders,  whether  the  gift  or  the  curse  of  roaring  descended  from 
parents  to  their  i)rogeny.  The  decision  was  looked  for  with  unusual  anxiety 
among  the  breeders  of  farm-horses  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  where  a  famous 
well-built  horse  in  every  other  respect  was  much  sought  after,  even  subse- 
quently to  his  being  denounced  a  roarer  prepense.  Would  his  stock  take 
after  him  ?  was  a  problem  very  desirable  to  be  set  at  rest,  when  Mr.  Wilson, 
of  Bildestone,  late  Sir  T.  C.  Bunbury's,  propounded  the  question  to  Mr. 
Cline,  an  eminent  surgeon  and  anatomist  in  London.  In  reply,  Mr.  Cline 
said,  "  The  disorder  in  a  horse  which  constituted  a  roarer,  was  caused  by  a 
membranous  projection  in  a  part  of  the  wind-pipe,  and  was  a  consequence  of 
that  part  having  been  inflamed  from  a  cold,*  and  injudiciously  treated.  A 
roarer  was  not  therefore  a  diseased  horse,  for  his  lungs  and  every  other  part 
might  be  perfectly  sound  ;  but  when  a  horse  was  in  strong  action,  his  breath- 
ing became  proportionably  quickened,  and  the  air,  in  passing  rapidly  through 
the  wind  pipe  was  in  some  degree  interrupted  in  its  course,  and  thus  the 
roaring  noise  was  produced.  The  existence  of  this  in  a  stallion  could  not  be 
of  any  consequence.  It  could  not  be  propagated  any  more  than  a  broken 
bone,  or  any  other  accident."t 

Unfortunately,  however,  for  this  opinion,  and  not  exactly  in  accordance 
with  my  own,  several  of  that  horse's  get  became  roarers,  but  we  are  left  to 
guess  whether  hereditarily  or  acquired.  An  account  of  the  horse  in  question 
appeared  in  the  Annals  of  Sportitig  for  1823 ;  but  the  colouring  given  by  an 
evident  partisan  of  the  stallion- master  induces  one  to  lament  the  absence  of 
that  candour,  from  which  alone  useful  truths  are  to  be  drawn  ;  for,  we  are  de- 
terred from  indulging  in  pathological  investigation  where  the  grounds  of  in- 
quiry are  so  im])alpably  sandy  as  were  those  adduced  upon  the  occasion. 

CHRONIC  COUGH 

Is  already  defined  to  be  the  remains  of  an  ill-cured  cold,  which  may  or  may 
not  have  been  a  cough  originally.  It  bears  close  analogy  to  simple  broken 
wind  that  is  seated  in  the  wind-pipe  or  its  branches,  of  which  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  continuation,  or  the  natural  consequence  of  neglect,  with  more  in- 
veteracy. How  this  effect  would  so  accrue  was  described  at  page  80 ;  and 
the  analogy  is  still  further  corroborated  by  the  fact,  that  the  treatment  for 
cough  of  long  continuance  is  precisely  that  which  is  found  serviceable  for 
broken  wind,  the  situation  of  the  two  disorders  making  the  only  difference  in 
cither  respect.  Again,  the  symptoms  of  both  may,  by  long  and  careful  treat- 
ment, be  so  reduced  as  to  seem  cured,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period,  and  both 
will  retuin  in  the  shape  of  roaring,  upon  the  animal  being  put  to  sudden  hard 

•  Not  always  go,  Mr.  Cline. 

'  Our  liunian  anatoi  n\Si  is  very  nearly  right  as  to  an  accident  not  being  descendable ;  but  set* 
in.'  'hilt  roaring  did  descend  to  the  firsi  generation,  wp  must  infer  that  this  was  "anaccidenf  o' 
livi'.;,  "  «vid  iiot^a  rnmracted  one  which  might  possibly  go  no  farther, 
o  * 


S6  0CCAS10N.iL  AND  PLETHORIC  COUGtt 

work,  as  mentioned  in  the  last  pages.  The  corresponding  symptoms  of  both 
are  also  so  nearly  alike,  that  I  merely  comply  with  custom  while  I  recapitu- 
late these  for  the  use  of  readers  who  might  not  choose  to  consider  that  horse 
broken  winded,  which  to  all  appearance  is  only  affected  with  "an  old  cold  in 
the  wind-pipe,"  But,  let  the  first  term  appear  to  an  owner  ever  so  formida- 
ble in  sound,  the  latter  is  no  less  dangerous  in  effect,  and  both  are  alike  liable 
to  terminate  in  roaring. 

The  symptoms  which  indicate  chronic  cough  are  nevertheless  so  slight,  that 
it  is  too  often  considered  as  but  a  small  remains  of  the  more  alarming  catarrh, 
which  its  owner  vainly  imagines  will  go  off  in  time,  as  the  other  disagreeable 
symptoms  have  done.  In  this  hope  he  is  invariably  disappointed,  if  the  means 
of  reducing  it  be  deferred.  After  the  more  violent  symptoms  of  catarrh  have 
subsided,  and  the  cure  may  reasonably  be  considered  as  complete,  the  horse 
returns  to  his  usual  feeding,  and,  as  in  the  former  case,  eats  voraciously ;  he 
is  denied  water  oftener  than  twice  a  day,  perhaps  not  so  much ;  but,  when  at 
length  he  does  drink,  he  gulps  it  up  as  if  famished.  This  is  commonly  the 
cause,  and  the  first  indication  of  the  cough  which  follows  immediately  after, 
but  is  often  mistakenly  attributed  to  his  improving  too  fast  after  his  long  illness, 
and  it  is  considered  only  fair  that  "  he  should  be  allowed  to  recover  himself 
completely."  Precaution  is  thus  lulled  in  fancied  security,  and  unless  prompt 
relief  be  afforded  before  the  damp  season  of  autumn  returns,  the  symptom  in- 
creases to  obstinate  confirmation  ;  until  time  renders  cure  hopeless,  alleviation 
or  abatement  of  the  coughing  being  all  that  lies  within  the  power  of  medicine 
or  stable  management  to  effect  for  it — the  aid  of  the  former  being  then  of  little 
avail.  Very  few  small  proprietors  of  horses  use  timely  precautions  in  this  re- 
spect, and  the  disorder  goes  on  :  large  owners  having  more  experience,  adopt 
early  measures,  and  if  pursued  with  proper  vigour,  these  usually  prevail  in 
lowering  the  symptoms. 

An  occasional  cough  is  also  brought  on  by  high  feeding,  which,  as  it  arises 
from  the  rapid  production  of  fresh  blood,  is  termed  plethoric  cough,  by  way 
of  distinction.  Of  this  symptom  it  would  be  needless  to  tell  the  better  in- 
formed, perhaps,  at  an  interval  of  six  days,  that  we  have  but  to  take  away  the 
cause,  and  the  effect  ceases  of  course.  This,  however,  does  not  always  follow ; 
for  the  cough  sometimes  remains  after  the  gross  feeding  has  been  reduced  in 
quantity  and  quality.  In  this  case,  it  must  be  considered  as  chronic  cough, 
and  treated  as  such,  by  emptying  the  bowels,  &c.  as  above  directed. 

Remedy.  As  in  the  case  of  broken  wind  of  every  other  kind,  the  horse 
eats  every  substance  he  can  come  near,  chronic  cough  being  sometimes  pro- 
duced by  over  feeding,  as  well  as  always  producing  that  symptom.  There- 
fore, vyhen  a  horse  has  a  cough,  occasionally,  for  two  or  three  days,  his  appe- 
tite being  good,  we  had  best  conclude  he  is  too  full  and  must  be  emptied  by 
an  alterative  or  purgative,  according  to  the  emergency  of  the  case :  if  he  be 
of  gross  haoit,  or  has  failed  in  the  proper  evacuations ;  if  his  heels  swell  of  a 
morning,  or  his  coat  stare  like  hide-bound,  the  cough  will  vanish  before  the 
following 

Purgative  BalL 

Barbadoes  aloes,  8  drachms, 
Castile  soap,  2  drachms, 
Ginger,  1  drachm. 
With  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball. 

Failing  to  stale  properly,  the  patient's  heels  will  swell,  in  addition  to  the 
cough,  and  both  may  be  got  rid  of  by  a  diuretic  ball  or  two  at  farthest.     If 


KCMEDIES  FOR  BAD  HABIT.  COUGH,  PERIODICAL  <fe  CONSTITCTIONAL.  8* 

the  evacuation  by  the  skin  be  at  fault,  through  cold  or  otherwise,  accompani- 
ed by  cough,  the  perspiration  will  l)e  restored,  and  cough  depart,  by  the  exhi- 
bition of  Emetic  Tartar,  one  or  two  grains,  every  day  twice  in  powder,  until 
its  effects  are  perceptil)Ie  on  the  skin,  and  the  cough  then  diminishes.  This, 
however,  is  a  very  slovv  remedy,  though  sure,  and  is  sometimes  given  m  much 
larger  quantities.  The  preparation  is  very  simple  when  given  in  the  form 
ctf  a  ball,  being  made  up  of  liquorice  powder  and  mucilage  only,  of  a  sufficient 
consistence  to  retain  that  form.  If  much  heat  of  body  is  perceptible,  though 
the  pulse  may  not  indicate  inflammatory  disorder,  add  to  the  foregoing  ball, 
nitre,  4  or  5  drachms. 

But  whatever  course  is  pursued,  if  symptoms  of  a  bad  habit  of  body  are 
discoverable,  it  will  be  advisable  to  administer  the  foregoing  pargative  ball  once 
OT  twice  previous  to  adopting  any  other  means  of  cure.  If  those  symptoms 
of  a  bad  habit  of  body  do  not  appear,  then  the  purgative  should  be  of  a  milder 
nature  and  given  at  the  same  interval. 

Mild   Purgative. 

Aloes,  4  or  5  drachms, 
Castile  soap,  3  drachms, 
Calomel,  1  drachm, 
Ginger,  2  drachms, 
Oil  of  Carroways,  10  drops ; 
Mucilage  enough  to  form  the  ball  for  one  dose. 

Some  horses  are  more  delicate  than  others,  and  being  then  irritable  about 
the  throat  and  chest,  are  liable  to  contract  a  periodical  cough,  which  becomes 
chronic  without  due  care.  Such  animals  should  be  exposed  as  little  as  possi- 
ble to  any  violent  weather,  or  sudden  change  of  the  temperature  :  these  are 
the  kind  of  animals  that  will  benefit  greatly,  or  suffer  the  most,  by  a  summer 
run  at  grass,  according  to  the  heat,  the  dampness,  or  dryness  of  the  season, 
and  the  precautions  used  previously  to,  and  at  the  turning  out.  Neither  should 
such  tender  animals,  under  circumstances  of  chronic  cough,  which  generally 
affects  their  coats  also,  about  the  chest  in  particular,  be  treated  with  a  purga- 
tive, even  of  the  mildest  form  but  with  alteratives  instead. 

Alterative  Ball. 

4^°^^'  ]      12  drachms  each, 

Hard  soap,  )  ' 

Emetic  tartar,  1-2  drachm, 

Ginger,  1-2  oz. 

Oil  of  carraways,  1  drachm ; 

With  mucilage  enough  to  form  the  balls  into  six  doses.  Give  one  every  morn- 
ing until  a  loose  stool  is  produced,  which  may  happen  on  the  third  or  fourth 
morning  or  longer,  as  the  animal  may  be  more  or  less  relaxed. 

Even* with  this  moderate  employment  of  laxative  medicine,  the  kind  of  am 
mal  for  which  it  is  most  desirable  will  be  very  unfit  to  turn  out  to  grass  of  a 
•udden ;  as,  on  account  of  its  delicacy,  it  will  in  that  case  be  more  likely  to  ac- 
•juire  a  small  hectic  cough,  which  no  one  attends  to  because  of  its  triviality, 
until  time  renders  it  chronic,  with  all  its  attendant  consequences.  Roaring, 
broken  wind,  are  among  these  evils,  and  have  already  received  as  much  at- 
tention here  as  they  separately  require. 

Frequently  it  happens  that  a  horse  has  a  constitutional  cough,  or  ^ne  which 


gS  gyi'OMACH  AND  INTESTINEa 

comes  on  only  upon  high  feeding,  or  a  disposition  to  plethora  will  produce  the 
same  kin*  of  cough,  and,  in  either  case,  it  seems  but  an  effort  of  nature  to 
relieve  itself.  In  this  case,  the  rapid  repletion  of  blood  drives  it  into  the  smaller 
vessels  that  line  the  windpipe,  &c.  and  there  causes  the  titillation  which  after 
two  or  three  efforts  ends  in  cough,  and  so  on  repeatedly.  None  but  those 
which  are  in  some  slight  degree  or  other  already  afflicted  with  chronic  cough 
are  ever  so  attacked,  I  apprehend;  indeed  I  have  frequently  remarked  how 
excellent  a  test  of  "  bad  in  the  wind"  was  good  feed,  or  a  large  feed,  with 
work  upon  it.  In  this  case,  the  administering  of  nitre  and  resin  will  thin  the 
blood,  and  give  immediate  relief. 

Drench. 


4x  n^'         •      >  of  each  half  an  ounce, 
Y  ellow  resin,  ^  ' 

Oil  of  aniseed,  20  drops. 


The  oil  should  be  first  well  mixed  with  the  resin,  and  the  whole  given  in  a 
quart  of  water  gruel.  Recurrence  of  the  same  affection  may  be  prevented  in 
some  measure  by  giving  the  same  in  another  form,  which  is  in  general 
reckoned  more  convenient — namely,  as  a  cough  powder,  substituting  aniseeds, 
1  ounce,  for  the  oil,  and  pounding  the  whole  together;  mix  with  the  corn. 

INFLAMMATION  CF   THE   STOMACH  AND  INTESTINES. 

Whenever  one  of  these  organs  is  affected,  with  inflammation  particularly, 
the  other  soon  feels  the  effects  of  the  attack.  This  arises  from  the  proximity 
of  the  two;  or  the  continuity  of  the  digestive  faculty,  which  is  mostly  carried 
on  in  the  intestines,  as  the  reader  of  tolerable  recollection  well  knows  was  so 
described  in  Book  I.  page  44,  &c.  Corrosive  poisons,  indeed,  carry  on  their 
work  of  destruction  upon  the  internal  or  villous  coat  of  the  stomach  until  the 
ruin  is  complete;  but,  although  horrid  inflammation  accompanies  its  ravages, 
I  would  not  class  such  a  species  of  accident  under  any  other  head  than  "Poi- 
son :"  to  call  it  by  its  symptom  would  be  delusive.  Neither  is  the  inflamma- 
tion caused  by  worms,  proper  to  be  taken  into  consideration  here,  th«)Ugh  in 
this  case  both  organs  are  affected  at  the  same  time;  but  the  bolt  question  in- 
volves other  considerations,  besides  the  best  means  of  destroying  them,  of  pre- 
venting the  access  of  this  irritating  insect,  or  of  alleviating  the  effects  of  its 
})ite  and  adhesion  to  the  villous  coat,  alike  of  stomach  and  intestine. 

With  those  exceptions,  there  is  no  greater  difference  in  the  causes,  symp- 
toms, or  means  of  cure  of  inflammation  in  the  stomach  and  intestines,  than 
exists  between  those  of  the  great  and  the  small  gut.  Inflammatory  pain  in 
the  smaller  parts  of  the  alimentary  canal  will  ever  be  more  acute  than  those 
which  attack  the  larger  ones;  thus,  when  the  stomach  is  the  seat  of  disorder, 
the  pains  will  be  duller,  the  paroxysms  less  distinctly  marked,  and  the  pulso 
but  little  altered;  but,  when  by  continuance  it  reaches  the  small  gut  at  the 
lower  orifice  of  the  stomach,  then  will  the  pain  and  anxiety  of  the  animal  in- 
crease greatly,  and  the  symptoms  thereof,  visible  in  his  manner  (to  be  de- 
scribed shortly),  will  become  more  distinct,  rapid,  and  vehement  The  pulse 
nicreases  in  number,  in  sharpness  of  vibration,  and  irregularity.  Such  is  the 
tlifference  also  that  is  discernible  between  attacks  u{)on  the  colon  or  great  gut, 
and  on  the  smaller  guts.  But  all  this  refers  to  the  first  attack ;  for  after  a 
while,  if  the  means  adopted  are  insufficient  to  che(;k  its  career,  the  ruin  goes 
on  to  affect  the  wliolc  abdomen,  and  ttie  animal  dies  in  f  xcrucianng  tor- 
menc5. 


now  INCURRED,    INTESTINAL  ADHESION.  S9 

Causes. — Much  the  same  as  those  which  occasion  fever  in  all  orJinary 
cases;  that  is  to  say,  a  sudden  check  given  by  cold  to  the  action  of  tne  parts, 
while  these  may  be  in  a  state  of  excitement,  or  through  over  action,  hard 
work,  excessive  heat  of  the  weather,  the  operation  of  cordials,  &c.  By  this 
latter  means  stallions  and  brood  mares  are  sometimes  destroyed  prematurely, 
even  without  catching  any  cold,  or  this  part  of  the  system  receiving  any  check 
whatever;  in  these  cases,  excitement  has  been  carried  to  the  utmost  pitch  by 
high  feeding,  and  stimulating  the  male,  until  nature  gives  way,  or  rather.  J 
might  say,  catches  fire  almost,  and  if  not  speedily  arrested,  the  heat  soon  de- 
Btroys  the  functions  of  all  the  abdominal  organs  of  life. 

To  stage-horses,  inflanunatory  complaints  usually  prove  fatal,  from  the 
same  immediate  cause ;  the  animal  being  fed  high,  and  pressed  forward  to  the 
accomplishment  of  his  daily  task,  regardless  of  the  first  indication  of  this 
disease;  and  in  summer  time,  we  witness  numbers  of  such  dropping  down  in 
harness,  sometimes  whilst  going  along,  seldom  giving  warning  of  approaching 
dissolution.  But,  whatever  be  the  previous  state  of  the  animal's  bodily  health, 
he  can  rarely  stand  the  maltreatment  he  receives  from  his  driver  : — viz.  that 
of  being  driven  through  ponds  and  large  rivulets,  while  he  is  yet  perspiring 
greatly  through  fatigue  and  the  heat  of  the  weather.  Long  rests  in  currents 
of  air,  or  unsaddling  horses  under  similar  circumstances,  are  alike  productive 
of  inflammation  of  those  or  some  other  ))art  of  the  animal's  inside,  if  it  do  noi 
bring  on  fever  of  the  whole  system — as  before  observed,  p.  59.  The  kidneys 
or  the  liver  are  sometimes  alone  affected  by  this  species  of  culpable  neglect ; 
but  in  either  case  the  effects  are  not  immediately  perceptible,  and  the  disorder 
creeps  on  unheeded,  or  seizes  the  animal  violently,  so  that  it  dies  at  the  next 
going  out. 

Neglect  of  the  necessary  evacuations,  or  the  discontinuance  of  those  which 
have  been  customary,  even  though  injudicious,  will  occasion  an  accumulation 
of  dung  in  the  intestines  when  they  are  least  capable  of  bearing  it :  upon  this, 
pressing  the  horse  in  his  work  will  bring  on  inflammation,  as  it  will  sometimes 
afler  a  heavy  feed  and  water,  which  some  injudiciously  give  on  account  of  a 
hard  day's  work  lying  before  him.  The  same  happens  to  horses  that  are  in- 
ordinately fat,  when  hard  worked  ;  the  dung  that  is  then  eliminated  bears  with 
it  a  portion  of  the  slime  or  mucus  that  lines  the  intestines,  and  this  appearance 
has  obtained  for  this  species  of  inflammation  the  term  molten  grease.  1  post- 
pone, for  a  few  pages,  the  consideration  hereof,  in  compliance  with  custom  ra- 
ther than  in  obedience  to  propriety. 

Adhesion  of  the  gut  sometimes  takes  place,  so  as  to  cause  partial  obstruc- 
tion to  the  passage  of  aliment ;  at  others,  tubercles  are  formed  on  the  mesen- 
tery that  holds  the  bowels  in  position ;  and  in  either  case  the  secret  is  dis- 
closed by  a  staring  coat,  which  some  mistake  for  the  worms.  Both  those  af- 
fections are  the  effect  rather  than  the  first  cause  of  inflammation  of  the  part, 
and  may  be  distinguished  from  "  the  worms"  by  the  state  of  the  pulse,  by  the 
heat,  tension,  and  soreness  evinced  by  the  patient  on  passing  the  hand  over 
the  belly.  See  page  46,  book  I.  The  reader  will  also  perceive,  upon  turn- 
ing back  to  page  22 — 2i,  in  what  manner  this  adhesion  is  effected,  by  the  ex- 
naustion  of  the  moisture  that  is  designed  by  nature  to  lubricate  the  parts. 

Colic  of  long  continuance,  if  the  animal  is  worked  while  this  is  on  him,  is 
another  prolific  source  of  inflammation  of  the  intestines ;  as  is  the  drinking 
cold  water  copiously,  while  in  a  state  of  perspiration,  or  after  a  trying  jour 
ney,  which  is  always  attended  with  spasmodic  colic  of  the  stomach  and  bowelSj 
at  first,  and  of  inflammation  sooner  or  later,  according  to  the  temperature  of 
the  individual.  The  necessity  of  getting  rid  of  the  lesser  attack  before  it  ac 
quires  a  permanent  and  dangerous  aspect  must  be  obvious;  and  as  the  treat- 
ment prooer  for  either,  is  at  total  variance  with  the  other,  the  one  re9uiriiiis 


90  COLIC  DISTINGUISHED  FROM  INFLAMMATION. 

■R-oimrh  and  stinmlation,  the  other  a  cooling  and  reducing  treatment,  our  first 
duty  is  to  ascertain  precisely  the  exact  nature  of  the  attack;  for  a  mistake  on 
this  point  wo'ild,  ai.d  does  frequently,  })rove  fatal — ay,  in  human  as  weilasin 
horse  medicine.  Thei*efore  it  is,  that  i  have  judged  it  expetlient  to  set  down 
here  a  table  of  the  syn:ptonis  that  will  enable  the  practitioner  to  distinguish 
between  the  two  kinds  of  attack. 

For  this  mode  of  setting  before  the  eye  in  parallel  columns  the  discriminating 
symptoms  of  two  s\ich  app-irently  similar  disorders,  1  am  indebted  to  Mr. 
Ryding,  who  inserted  it  in  his  "Veterinary  Pathology,"  1801,  pages  86,  87; 
and  it  was  copied  by  Whito  into  his  "  Comf)en<lium,"  1803,  with  a  few  altera- 
tions, by  no  means  for  the  bctvC.-,  I  have  adhered  chiefly  to  Ryding,  with  but 
one  slight  alteration. 

SYMPTOMS. 

A  table  for  disting^nishing  belxcccn  1>l  Colic  or  Gripes,  and  Ivjlammation 
of  the  Bowels,  by  the  sT/mptoms  tl:ut  mark  the  character  of  each. 

Spasmodic  or  Flatulent  Colic.  Inflammation  nf  the  Bowels. 

1.  Pulse  natural,  though  sometimes  1.  Paioc  very  quic-k  and  small. 
a  little  lower. 

2.  The  horse  lies  down,  and  rolls  2.  He  lies  down  and  suddenly 
upon  his  back.  rises  up  again,  seldom  rolling   upon 

his  back. 

3.  The   legs    and    ears  generally  3.  Legs  anJ  ears  generally  cold, 
warm. 

4.  Attacks  suddenly,  is  never  pre-  4.  In  general,  attacks  gradually,  ia 
ceded,  and  seldom  accompanied  by  commonly  preceded,  and  always  ac- 
any  symptoms  of  fever.  companied  by  symptoms  of  fever. 

5.  There  are  frequently  short  in-  5.  No  intermissions  can  be  observ. 
lermissions.  ed. 

Whilst  marking  these  distinctions,  which  ought  to  be  kept  in  mind  while 
prescribing  for  disorders  so  nearly  ahke  at  first  view,  but  differing  so  widely 
in  effect,  the  reader  is  earnestly  requested  to  turn  to  the  Index,  and  there  find 
the  page  at  which  I  have  thought  proper  to  treat  pretty  much  at  large  of  "In- 
flammation of  the  Kidneys,"  "  Diseases  of  the  Urinary  Organs,"  &c.  He 
will  there  perceive  how  fatally  these  affections  have  been  mistaken  for 
*'  Colic;"  he  will  learn  that  this  unhappy  error  is  likely  to  happen  more  fre- 
quently than  would  at  the  first  glance  be  imagined;  and  he  will  observe  tiiat 
the  symptoms  correspond  in  many  respects  with  those  in  the  second  column 
above — therefore  require  an  equal  correspondent  course  of  treatment,  but  that 
the  deposite  of  the  stone  in  the  kidney  is  an  incurable  disorder  that  admits  of 
no  remedy.  Furthermore,  the  reader  will  observe,  that  the  whole  of  the  article 
alluded  to,  on  "Calculus,  or  Stone,"  requires  his  strict  attention:  and  also 
bear  in  mind  what  is  there  said  as  to  calculous  sul)stances  which  are  deposited 
m  tho  coecum  or  blind  gut,  producing  symptoms  so  much  like  spasmodic 
colic,  that  much  care  is  necessary  in  applying  the  appropriate  remedy  in  each 
case,  lest  he  hastens  the  patient's  end. 

Of  those  symptoms  the  state  of  the  pulse  is  the  surest  indication  of  the  ap 
proach  of  an  inflammatory  attack  of  the  bowels,  or  any  other  viscus;  and  the 
particular  })art  which  is  then  sullering  must  be  guthered  from  other  circum- 
stances, if  he  has  long  suffered  colic  without  relief,  doubtless  inflammation 
has  taken  place,  and  gangrene  is  likely  to  follow:  this  is  the  harbniger  of 
death.    Adhesion  of  the  gut  sometimes  baffles  the  best  treatment  for  c-olic 


CALCULUS  IN  TIIE  BOWELS.  91 

and  soon  devolves  into  inflammation.  In  either  case,  the  remedies  proper  for 
colic  must  be  abandoned,  and  others  more  adapted  to  the  change  of  circum- 
stances be  em|>loyed  instead. 

Whenever  the  cause  of  inflammation  of  the  bowels  may  fairly  be  ascrilv^d 
to  the  quantity  or  quality  of  their  contents — without  adding  thereto  by  any 
extraordinary  exertion,  its  approach  will  be  very  slow,  and  denoted  by  siujr- 
gishness  and  the  refusal  of  food  at  first.  As  they  are  mostly  working  cattTo 
that  are  thus  attacked,  the  evacuations  are  not  sufficiently  minded,  or  the  at- 
tendant neglects  to  niake  mention  how  these  have  discontinued  in  a  great  de 
gree,  or  changed  their  appearance — the  dung  being  then  hard  and  the  urine 
high  coloured  ;  hereupon  the  pulse  increases,  and  the  outrageous  symptoiiis 
described  in  the  second  colunni  of  the  table  of  symptoms  go  on  to  a  frightful 
degree,  endangering  the  lives  of  bystanders.  Even  in  this  stage,  the  progress 
of  the  disease  may  be  arrested  by  prompt  and  vigorous  measures,  adapted  to 
the  kind  of  animal  that  may  be  the  subject  of  attack,  and  the  circumstances 
under  which  the  present  alarming  symptoms  may  have  been  brought  on.  If 
a  heavy  lumbering  wagon-horse,  that  owes  his"  disease  to  alimentary  indul- 
gence, we  shall  find  no  higher  operation  necessary  than  emptying  the  over- 
charged canal  by  force  of  arms,  i.  e.  back-raking;  but  the  high-coura<Ted  staire- 
coach  horse,  which  falls  under  the  exercise  of  the  lash,  and  the  influence  ol'a 
vertical  sun,  has  seldom  aught  within  him  of  that  kind  to  part  with,  and  re- 
quires the  introduction  of  some  substance  or  liquid  that  shall  cherish  the 
afflicted  stomach  and  bowels,  and  alleviate  the  burning  heat  that,  ascending  tc 
the  head,  causes  his  delirium.  Presence  of  mind,  however,  or  the  adroitiiess 
which  much  practice  teaches,  is  frequen  y  wanting  for  the  first  mentioned 
remedy  ;  and  the  means  of  applying  the  second  is  so  seldom  at  hand,  that  the 
animals  are  too  often  left  to  their  fate  and  are  lost.  But  I  anticipate  the  reme- 
dies.    See  also  pages  62,  6S. 

Remedy. — From  the  rapid  progress  made  by  this  disorder,  when  left  to  it- 
self, and  its  usually  disastrous  termination,  the  duty  of  attending  to  the  pulse 
of  his  animals  as  before  insisted  upon  (at  page  62),  will  strike  every  intelligent 
horse  proprietor,  as  the  very  best  means  of  guarding  against  the  fatal  conse- 
quences of  inflammatory  attacks.  He  will  by  this  means  be  apprised  of  the 
earliest  approach  of  the  disease,  and  thus  enable  himself  to  meet  it  in  its  mild- 
est form :  he  will  compare  this  certain  indication  of  hea! — whether  fever  of 
the  whole  system,  or  inflammation  of  a  particular  part,  with  the  state  of  the 
patient's  urine,  which  will  then  be  high  coloured,  and  the  dunging  defective. 
The  rectum  will  be  dry,  hard,  and  hot;  the  belly,  on  passing  the  hand  over  it 
towards  the  sheath,  will  have  the  same  feel ;  the  animal  will  shrink  from  the 
touch,  his  eyes  appear  languid,  or  partly  shut;  as  the  disorder  proceeds  they 
assume  unusual  redness,  or  what  has  been  termed  bloodshot. 

Up  to  this  stage  of  the  disorder,  the  first  remedy  will  be  clystering  and  bleed- 
ing the  animal  freely,  if  he  be  not  very  aged  or  of  spare  habit,  immediately 
after  giving  the  following 

Laxative  Drench. 

Powdered  aloes,  2  drachms, 
Subcarbonate  of  potass,  2  drachma. 
Water  gruel,  1  pint, 
Castor  oil,  half  a  pint.     Mix. 

\f  ctlay  IS  to  be  apprehended  in  procuring  the  above  drench,  give  castor  al, 
one  pint,  or  in  default  hereof,  salad  oil,  two  jjints,  whilst  the  drench  i»  i>r»- 
{>anng. 


9<2  clyjstering.   neglected  costiveness. 

In  ordinary  cases,  a  voluntary  stool  will  be  produced  at  or  soon  after  bleed 
ing,  occasioned  by  relaxation  of  the  tenesmus  that  constitutes  the  disease.  If 
the  dung  comes  forth  in  small  quantity  and  small  hard  knobs,  the  anus  musl, 
be  cleared  by  the  hand,  according  to  the  directions  given  at  a  preceding  page, 
69.  And,  when  the  constipation  has  endured  for  a  long  time,  the  hardened 
dung  will  not  come  away  at  all  without  this  manual  operation  of  back-raking, 
which  must  be  performed  the  more  assiduously  as  the  difficulty  may  be  great- 
er and  the  dung  harder.  Let  a  warm  clyster  be  thrown  up  that  is  copious 
enough  to  fill  the  emptied  gut,  at  the  least. 

Clyster. 

Water  gruel,  from  four  to  six  quarts, 
Epsom  salts,  4  or  5  ounces, 

Inject  warm,  with  a  large  syringe,  or  ox-bladder  and  long  pipe :  perform  this 
operation  effectually. 

A  second  and  third  should  follow,  a  little  warmer  than  the  first,  and  after 
an  evacuation  has  taken  place,  the  next  clyster  may  be  made  without  salt,  and 
a  small  degree  thicker  than  at  first.  Its  effect  will  be  to  remain  and  nourish 
the  parts  nearly  in  the  same  manner  as  a  poultice  does  an  external  inflamed 
wound. 

Too  often,  however,  those  early  indications  are  entirely  neglected;  the  ani- 
mal is  harnessed  in  to  his  day's  work,  and  the  consequences  are  both  dreadful 
and  dangerous  to  behold.  If  he  be  a  stage-coach  horse,  or  destined  to  take  his 
turn  at  a  posting-house,  his  sluggishness  and  refusal  of  food  is  usually  attri- 
buted to  "a  little  overwork;"  and  the  much  abused  cordial  is  commonly  ad- 
ministered ;  which  brightens  him  up  for  the  renewal  of  his  daily  task,  and  ac- 
celerates his  fate,  unless  rescued  as  by  a  miracle  that  is  very  seldom  wrought. 
In  these  cases,  the  first  symptom  perceptible  to  the  driver  is  the  horse's  lean- 
ing against  its  next  horse ;  but,  upon  being  touched  up,  it  makes  fresh  exer- 
tions according  to  its  quantity  of  courage,  until  it  falls  down  with  closed  eyes, 
in  excruciating  torments,  lashes  out  behind,  and  beats  about  on  the  ground, 
seldom  having  the  strength  to  get  upon  its  legs  again.  Bundles  of  straw  should 
be  placed  for  the  afflicted  animal  to  roll  upon,  and  his  head  pressed  down  with 
the  hand  whilst  the  severest  paroxysms  expend  their  force.  When  at  length 
he  gets  up — which  may  be  considered  a  favourable  sign,  that  proves  his 
strength  is  not  wholly  subdued — he  may  be  supported  into  a  stable.  Mean- 
time, however,  an  examination  of  the  rectum  must  take  place,  and  the  manu- 
al operation  of  emptying  it  be  employed — if  need  be ;  that  is  to  say,  if  harden- 
ed dung  should  be  accumulated  there.  At  any  rate,  water  gruel  in  large 
quantities  must  be  prepared,  as  well  for  administering  by  way  of  clyster  as  of 
drench ;  in  both,  giving  it  now  without  the  addition  of  salt,  and  in  the  latter 
manner  nearly  cold.  By  these  means,  the  alarming  symptoms  will  diminish 
greatly;  but  if  there  is  still  reason  to  apprehend  that  obstruction  may  prevail 
in  the  larger  intestines,  this  must  be  got  rid  of  by  means  of  the  oily  laxative 
prescribed  at  page  91,  and  the  repetition  of  clysters  in  quantities,  and  admin- 
istered with  a  vigour  sufficient  to  reach  the  evil. 

Bleeding,  of  course,  would  be  adopted  to  the  amount  of  four,  five,  or  six 
quarts,  according  to  the  exigency  of  the  case  and  the  size  of  the  animal.  If 
the  blood  become  buffed,  as  it  is  called  by  some,  or  sizy  on  the  surface,  a 
second  blood-letting  is  necessary  to  complete  the  cure.  Low,  but  nourishing 
diet,  should  follow;  as  bran-mashes,  stiff  gruel,  and  afterwards  sodden  oats; 
the  return  to  hay  provender  being  made  gradually,  and  then  of  good  qu&Iity. 

In  very  bad  cases,  the  return  to  full  health  and  vigour  will  be  slow,  and  a 


MOLTEN  GREASE.    PHVSIOLOGY  OF.  t'3 

relapse  is  to  be  dreaded,  as  a  fresh  attack  would  prove  much  more  obstinate 
than  the  first.  The  dung,  by  its  quantity,  consistence,  regularity,  and  gene- 
ral appearance,  will  afford  the  best  means  of  judging  when  the  boweU  are 
completely  cleared  of  their  offensive  contents;  for  it  not  unfrequently  happens 
that  several  tolerable  stools  may  be  procured  by  the  help  of  medicine,  and  )e( 
some  lumps,  replete  with  danger,  remain  behind.  The  pulse,  that  great  c  i- 
terion  of  health  or  disease,  by  dint  of  low  living,  may  have  regained  its  natur  il 
state,  and  so  remain  steadily  for  a  tolerably  long  period  :  but  watching  the  dung 
for  a  day  or  two  will  corroborate  that  main  indication  of  health,  or  by  its  ir- 
regularity dispel  an  ill-founded  reliance  on  the  completeness  of  the  cure.  Yet 
will  the  administering  of  purgatives,  or  even  alteratives,  of  aloes  in  particular, 
be  found  full  of  danger,  as  tending  to  irritate  the  bowels  anew.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  all  stimulants  whatever,  whether  applied  externally  or  given  in 
the  form  of  cordials,  notwithstanding  the  animal  may  evince  signs  of  return- 
ing pain,  and  these  be  ascertained  by  the  corresponding  symptoms  of  low 
pulse,  warm  legs  and  ears,  to  arise  from  spasmodic  or  flatulent  colic  only. 
For  these  returning  pains  are  usually  occasioned  by  the  soft  kind  of  regimen 
just  recommended;  to  which  the  patient  may  have  been  subjected  during  thia 
illness  for  the  first  time  since  it  was  a  foal.  1  have  known  a  small  feed  of  corn 
or  two  effect  relief  from  lowness,  in  the  case  of  horses  which  had  been  long 
time  previously  used  to  hard  food :  if  these  be  devoured  voraciously,  this  will 
tend  to  prove  1st,  that  the  change  is  desirable,  and  2dly,  that  the  next  feed 
should  consist  of  broken  oats — or  a  new  disease  will  be  engendered.  Adopt  the 
tonic  system,  recommended  generally,  at  page  69. 

MOLTEN  GREASE 

Is  but  a  variety  of  inflammation  of  the  intestines  when  the  subject  of  attack 
happens  to  be  very  fat,  and  little  accustomed  to  exercise;  when  marked  by 
costiveness,  it  may  be  treated  as  such  ;  or,  if  attended  by  a  looseness,  may 
rather  be  considered  as  a  spasmodic  effort  of  nature  to  relieve  itself  of  an  un- 
natural load.  The  vulgar  name  given  to  this  aflf'ection  of  the  intestines  is 
farther  supported  by  the  popular  notion  that  the  fat,  or  grease,  which  the  in- 
dividual possessed  in  a  superlative  degree,  had  melted  (or  was  molten)  and 
passed  into  the  guts,  whence  it  was  expelled  with  the  faeces.  This,  however, 
is  physiologically  impossible,  notwithstanding  the  support  such  a  notion  has 
received  from  some  revered  authors ;  the  appearance  of  slimy  unctuous  matter 
along  with  the  dung,  more  particularly  when  this  is  much  hardened,  being  no 
other  than  the  mucous  secretion  described  at  pages  22,  23,  as  designed  by  na- 
ture to  defend  the  surface  of  the  intestines  from  the  injurious  action  of  hard 
substances  that  might  be  taken  into  the  stomach.  Indeed,  this  intention  of 
nature  in  providing  such  a  defence  is  demonstrable  in  the  fact,  that  the  harder 
the  knobs  ofdungmaybe  that  the  animal  presseth  forth,  the  greater  is  the 
quantity  of  this  greasy,  unctuous,  or  mucous  secretion  that  is  eliminated  along 
with  it,  and  which  gives  name  to  the  disorder.  Probably,  the  secretion  of  thia 
grease  may  then  proceed  with  more  celerity  ;  its  access  may  be  greater,  the 
more  it  is  thus  required  by  nature  to  defend  the  alimentary  passage.  This 
supposition  is  drawn  from  the  fact  just  stated;  but,  whether  the  well-founded 
conjecture  be  too  hastily  hazarded,  is  for  the  more  minute  inquirer  to  conclude 
upon,  or  investigate  farther,  as  may  seem  good  to  him. 

At  any  rate,  the  doctrine  of  effusion,  or  the  passing  of  those  secretions, 
whether  mucous  or  aqueous,  from  one  part  of  the  system  to  another,  as  nature 
or  accident  may  require  the  supply,  is  tolerably  evident  from  another  circunv 
ftauce  that  is  often  recurring  in  cases  of  molten  grease.  [The  subject  is  more 
fully  treated  of  at  the  page  just  referred  to.]  The  perspiration  t»f  the  two  8« 
10 


04  TREATMENT  OF  MOLTEN  GREASE.  COLIC. 

cretions  in  succession,  here  referred  to,  is  pretty  well  recognised,  and  is  easily 
provcable,  in  the  manner  there  set  down  ;  the  unctuous,  mucous,  or  greasy  se- 
cretion (call  it  which  we  Hke)  of  the  external  surfaces  following  that  of  the 
more  liquid,  or  watery  kind,  after  any  great  exertion.  Horses  that  contract 
molten  grease  are  ever  those  which  have  been  highly  fed,  without  exercise  suf- 
ficient to  excite  visible  perspiration  thereby  ;  and  the  feverish  heat  of  the  body 
occasioned  by  high  living  and  indolence,  in  time  exhausts  the  whole  supplv 
of  the  aqueous  secretion.  So  much  is  this  the  case,  that  the  animal's  dis 
charge  of  urine  becomes  less  and  less  as  its  seclusion  is  continued,  until  the 
decided  access  of  fever  takes  place,  and  we  notice  its  colour  is  higher  and  highei 
as  its  quantity  decreases.  [Look  again  at  sec.  55,  page  52.]  As  before  ex- 
l)lained,  the  secretion  of  mucous  matter  takes  place  within  the  guts,  &c.,  or 
that  surface  which  is  next  to  the  food  ;  on  the  other  sidt^,  and  every  other  part 
of  the  animal  system,  the  watery  secretion  destined  to  lubricate  the  parts,  t| 
keep  them  supple  and  to  prevent  adhesion,  takes  place.  On  that  side  (which 
is  popularly  considered  the  outer  surface!)  good  quantities  of  fat  accrue,  all 
along  the  whole  length  of  the  intestines,  which  is  usually  scraped  from  slain 
beasts,  and  preserved  as  tallow.  From  this  source  is  derived  that  access  of 
grease,  which,  as  I  have  said,  is  greatest  as  the  inflammatory  symptoms  may 
be  higher.  When  this  has  long  been  the  case,  and  stools  are  at  length  pro- 
cured, a  long  thin  wormlike  portion  of  this  fat  comes  away  with  the  dung; 
which  would  be  of  itself  a  sufiiciently  alarming  appearance,  though  wanting 
animation,  but  for  the  well  known,  but  inexplicable,  doctrine  of  effusion,  or 
communication  through  the  gut :  this  appearance,  then,  of  a  long  tenacious 
fatty  portion  of  thin  membrane,  which  usually  accompanies  molten  grease, 
should  be  considered  as  little  more  than  denoting  the  crisis  of  the  disorder. 

Let  the  system  be  reduced  according  as  the  state  of  the  pulse  may  dictate 
—for  which  consult  again  page  62;  as  to  bleeding,  and  page  68,  69,  as  to  treating 
him  for  "  costiveness"  simply.  If  heat  and  irritation  be  perceivable  to  the 
touch  and  sight  about  the  anus,  without  high  pulse,  the  first  symptom  may 
be  reduced  by  administering 

The  Sedative  Clyster. 

Camphor,  4  drachms, 

Spirits  of  wine,  3  or  4  drops, 
to  promote  the  solution,  and  add 

Sweet  oil,  2 ounces. 
Mix  well,  and  then  add  thin  warm  water  gruel,  2  or  3  quarts. 

As  before  intimated,  molten  grease  is  rather  an  effect  than  a  cause  of  dis- 
ease, and  partakes  of  colic  in  one  of  its  forms  and  of  inflammation  in  the 
other;  the  symptoms  that  enable  us  to  distinguish  when  the  one  or  the  other 
prevails  being  precisely  those  set  down  at  page  90,  Allowing  somewhnt  for 
the  feverish  symptoms  that  always  prevail  with  such  fat  and  bloated  animals 
as  are  subject  to  this  disorder,  the  practitioner  can  not  commit  himself  to  the 
guidance  of  a  better  test  than  that  just  referred  to,  nor  more  safely  ado|)t  a 
treatment  that  is  more  likely  to  reinstate  his  patient  in  health.  For  the  treat- 
ment which  is  proper  in  case  of  spasmoilic  colic  affecting  fat  animals,  thp 
feader  is  referred  to  the  next  head  of  information. 

THE  COLIC,  GRIPES,  or  FRET. 

This  disorder  has  been  frequently  referred  to,  under  the  preceding  head  of 
Inflammaiion  of  the  Intestines,  to  which  it  bears  great  aflinity  m  some  of  it« 


COLIC— DEFIXmON  AND  REPRODUCTION  OF.  95 

point? — as  already  stated,  the  cause  of  both  being  nearly  (he  same  in  mnst 
cases,  and  lontr  continued  colic  always  ending  in  inflammation,  if  not  effec- 
tually checked  in  time.  Much  of  the  difference  that  exists  between  the  two 
kinds  of  attack  depends  on  the  previous  state  of  the  animal  attacked  :  if  it  be 
a  high  fed  and  hard-worked  animal  whose  digestive  organs  receive  a  sudden 
check,  he  contracts  inflan»mation  in  ihe  first  instance;  but  one  that  is  lower 
kc|)t,  and  therefore  not  so  irritable  in  any  part  of  its  system,  is  soon  troubled 
with  spasmodic  affection  of  the  intestines,  which  receives  the  name  of  gri])esj 
or  fret  in  diflTerent  counties,  as  it  does  that  of  flatulent  colic  in  most  of  the 
books  that  treat  of  animal  medicine.  Colic,  however,  is  the  general  name 
given  by  most  stable  [)eople  to  every  pain  of  the  inside  (of  man  and  horse) 
that  occasions  writhing,  or  other  demonstrations  of  that  pain,  which  few  can 
discriminate  in  their  own  persons ;  much  less  in  their  horses.  To  this  un- 
discriminating  manner  of  naming  disorders  that  require  such  very  dilii^ren*. 
treatment  at  our  hands,  is  to  be  attributed  the  loss  of  many  lives  annually, 
Into  this  anomalous  manner  of  treating  those  disorders  it  is  painful  to  notice 
one  of  the  most  scientific  veterinary  writers  of  our  time  has  fallen.  We  do 
not  find  in  Mr.  Richard  Lawrence's'"  Complete  Farrier"  any  reference  what- 
ever to  inflammation  of  the  intestines:  though  under  the  head  of  "  Colic  or 
Gripes,"  he  proceeds  to  describe  the  symptoms  of  inflammation  in  such  a 
manner  as  might  mislead  ignorant  or  half-taught  persons  to  treat  both  alike, 
and  thus  destroy  their  horses. 

A  violent  cold,  or  a  slight  one,  will  also  determine  the  disorder  one  way  or 
the  other,  when  the  individual's  system  may  be  of  no  decisive  character  at  the 
time  of  contracting  it.  That  a  low  state  of  the  animal  system  is  favourable 
to  engendering  spasms  of  the  intestines,  is  inferred  from  the  circumstance,  that 
subsequently  to  a  horse  afflicted  with  inflammation  undergoing  the  copious 
evacuations  recommended  in  the  preceding  pa^es  for  the  cure  of  that  disorder, 
he  is  frequently  visited  with  spasmodic  affections  that  require  sedatives  and 
tonics  to  restore  the  patient  to  complete  health. 

Causes.  Next  to  drinking  cold  water,  and  catching  cold  by  exposure  to 
air  or  water  whilst  heated,  the  eating  of  bad,  ill-got,  or  rank  hay,  is  a  prolific 
source  of  spasmodic  cholic.  If  it  lie  in  the  intestines  chilly  and  comfortless, 
and  thus  predispose  the  animal  to  acquire  cold,  the  cause  of  epidemical  colic 
is  plainly  attributable  to  such  bad  hay;  for  it  then  prevails  usually  over  certain 
districts,  and  mostly  among  country  cattle.  Pushing  a  horse  in  his  work 
when  large  lumps  of  undigested  matters  distend  parts  of  the  gut,  will  bring 
on  spasms,  torpor,  and  inflammation  in  succession.  Horses  that  gormandize 
much,  being  worked  hard,  and  the  stomach  becoming  empty,  occasions  the 
fret,  and  inordinate  action  of  the  intestines  expels  the  mucous  secretion  that 
is  designed  for  their  defence.  This  constitutes  molten  grease,  of  which  I 
have  treated  largely  just  above,  and  am  decidedly  of  opinion  that  the  expulsion 
of  oflTensive  matters  in  all  cases  where  the  animal  evinceth  but  small  sensa- 
tions of  pain,  is  but  an  effort  of  nature  to  relieve  itself,  and  ought  rather  to  be 
assisted  than  abated  by  hot  or  "cordial  medicines." 

Strong  astringent  purgatives,  oft  repeated,  or  neglect  during  the  operation, 
ire  frequently  succeeded  by  flatulent  colic,  that  soon  becomes  inflammatory 
if  the  internal  commotion  be  not  judiciously  arrested  by  sedatives.  Cordial 
^alls  and  drenches,  as  they  impart  a  short-lived  vigour,  so  when  their  stimu- 
lating effects  die  away,  they  leave  beliind  a  debility  that  is  more  excessive  as 
those  factitious  effects  have  been  most  intense ;  in  this  respect,  the  cause  and 
its  consequences  assimilate  closely  with  those  which  succeed  the  disease  of  in- 
flammation, and  the  debility  which  follows  the  cure  thereof,  with  spasmodic 
colic.  Diaj.^nte,  and  other  provocatives,  that  are  given  to  stallions  in  the 
season,  leave  behind  them  the  same  species  of  debilitating  effects  aftei  rover- 


96  SYMPTOMS  OF  COUC.    DISTINCTIONS. 

«ig,  and  would  devolve  into  colic  first,  and  infiammation  afterwards,  but  that 
those  horses'  evacuations  are  well  looked  after,  and  the  system  of  stimulants  is 
Kept  up  by  repetition.  This  treatment,  however,  can  not  always  succeed,  so 
we  frequently  find  that  stalHonsdie  suddenly  of  inflammation  in  the  intestines, 
in  the  spermatic  cords,  or  other  parts  of  generation.  Cases  of  death,  in  acttLS 
coitit,  from  the  same  causes,  are  upon  record.  I  mentioned  this  before,  at 
page  18. 

All  horses  that  have  been  pampered  in  the  above  manner,  or  oy  being  kei)t 
in  close  stables,  or  having  their  water  chilled,  when  they  come  to  be  subjected 
to  common  usage,  are  most  likely  to  suffer  by  colic  in  its  worst  forms.  Horses 
that  are  made  up  for  sale  by  dealers  and  cunning  breeders,  in  order  to  give 
their  coats  a  sleek  appearance,  upon  passing  into  the  hands  of  new  owners, 
commonly  undergo  attacks,  more  or  less  acute,  of  spasmodic  colic,  if  they  do 
not  at  once  fall  ill  of  inflammation  of  bowels,  kidneys,  or  bladder.  With  ani- 
mals so  circumstanced,  mere  flatulency  or  looseness  may  be  considered  a  fa- 
vourable termination  of  the  making-up  system  before  alluded  to. 

Symjitom.s.  These,  as  contra-distinguished  from  those  which  denote  in- 
flammation of  the  intestines,  will  be  found  in  the  table  of  comparative  symp- 
toms at  i)age  90.  In  addition  thereto,  other  symptoms,  that  mark  the  degree 
of  spasmodic  attack,  require  equal  discrimination,  seeing  that  treatment  which 
may  be  highly  proper  in  the  more  virulent  attacks,  would  be  injurious  if  em- 
ployed upon  every  slight  occasion.  Neither  is  it  every  horse  which  shows 
signs  of  pain  in  the  inside  that  has  the  colic,  even  though  the  symptoms  set 
down  in  the  second  column  of  the  "  table,"  at  page  90,  do  not  appear;  for,  he 
may  be  afflicted  with  pain  in  the  kidneys,  or  inflammation  of  the  bladder, 
which  the  attendant  should  ascertain  before  giving  the  stimulants  that  may  be 
very  proper  in  most  stages  of  colic,  but  would  accelerate  the  diseases  incident 
to  those  "  urinary  organs."  The  careful  reader  should  therefore  turn  to  the 
subjects  "Kidneys,"  and  "Bladder,"  before  he  proceeds  to  treat  the  animal 
simply  for  colic  pains. 

In  its  mildest  state,  flatulent  colic  first  appears  in  the  form  of  violent  purg- 
ing, which  is  in  fact  no  positive  disease,  as  before  observed,  but  an  effort  of 
nature  to  rid  itself  of  a  collection  of  offensive  matter,  either  indigestible,  cold, 
or  irritating.  Of  what  precise  kind  this  may  be  at  any  time  is  ascertainable 
upon  the  view,  and  requires  only  to  be  assisted  in  coming  oft',  provided  but 
little  pain  is  evinced  by  the  animal.  If  he  be  a  crib-biter,  pieces  of  extraneous 
matter  are  usually  found  among  the  dung,  as  bits  of  wall,  of  wood,  litter,  &c.; 
if  an  aged  horse,  or  one  that  has  been  kept  on  bad  hay,  his  food  comes  off  un- 
digested ;  if  a  very  fat  horse,  the  mucous  secretion  comes  away  as  described 
under  "molten  grease,"  just  above — and  all  these  require  at  most  some  of  the 
milder  purgatives  that  are  least  likely  to  irritate  the  bowels. 

Whenever  the  ears  become  cold,  after  gripes  have  continued  some  hours,  it  is 
a  certain  indication  that  inflammation  has  taken  place  of  some  one  or  more  or- 
gans, mostly  cf  the  intestines.  This  is  sometimes  discovered  when  too  late,  to 
attend  a  rupture  of  the  distended  bowels  through  the  peritonaeum  (Vide  Book  I. 
page  46),  when  the  protruded  gut  mortifies  (as  is  found  after  death)  in  conse- 
quence of  strangulation.  After  this,  the  pain  seems  to  subside,  and  the  ani- 
mal dies  quietly.  The  ruin  that  has  taken  place  is  ordy  told  on  dissection. 
Yet  do  most  ignorant  persons  pronounce  horses  still  alive  to  have  a  "twist  in 
the  guts,"  and  stranger  still,  they  prescribe  a  remedy  for  it,  although  it  is  in- 
curable. The  ears  act  also  as  a  good  barometer,  when  inflammation  of  the 
kidneys  may  be  apprehended,  or  inllammation  of  the  bladder  is  more  than  sus- 
:>ected,  ou  account  of  the  difficulty  evinced  by  the  patient  in  passing  it.-,  urine. 
!f  the  water  come  off  high-coloured,  it  i.s  a  sure  sign  of  inflammation,  which  \i 
.•"urther  corroborated  by  cold  ears ;  if  of  its  natural  colour,  the  ears  wiJJ  be 


MANNER  OF  TIIE  PATIENT.  9^ 

warm,  and  t!\e  difliculty  in  staling  is  occasioned  by  the  hard  distended  gut 
pressing  upon  the  ureters  and  neck  of  the  bladder:  procuring  a  good  stool  or 
two,  or  a  clyster,  then  restores  the  functions  of  the  bladder. 

The  earliest  symptom  observable  in  his  manner,  is  when  the  horse  luok« 
round  at  his  flanks  occasionally,  whisking  his  tail  at  intervals ;  he  looks  at 
the  attendant,  if  there  be  any  breed  in  him,  seeming  to  implore  help,  lie 
stamps  with  his  hind  feet  alternately  on  the  ground,  sometimes  striking  at  his 
belly.  As  the  pain  increases,  these  symptoms  are  oftener  repeated,  and  with 
more  vehemence;  he  gathers  his  legs  under  him,  as  if  preparing  to  lie  down; 
which  he  at  length  eflects,  rolling  about  in  the  stall  and  getting  up  again  re- 
peatedly. It  may  here  be  remarked,  that  this  roUing  on  the  back  is  well  cal- 
culated for  affording  temporary  ease  to  the  bowels  ;  but  should  inflammation 
have  already  attacked  these,  or  at  the  kidneys,  this  rolling  on  his  back  would 
but  increase  the  pain  of  the  animal,  and  his  jumping  up  instantly  upon  his 
legs,  as  if  the  spur  or  whip  had  been  applied,  goes  to  prove  the  existence  of 
inflammation  at  one  or  the  other  viscus. 

Cure.  Too  much  care  can  not  be  exercised  in  ascertaining  the  precise  na- 
ture and  amount  of  the  disease;  for,  in  error  in  this  respect  resides  extreme 
danger  of  life,  which  is  too  often  sacrificed  to  precipitancy,  to  ignorarice,  and 
presumption.  As  soon  as  a  horse  is  pronounced  "ill  of  the  colic,"  the  atten- 
dants, without  investigation,  proceed  to  give  "something  to  do  him  good;" 
which  is  ever  of  the  stimulating  class  of  domestic  remedies.  Warm  ale,  with 
ginger,  peppermint  water,  gin  and  water,  whiskey  and  pepper,  are  the  com- 
mon popular  remedies  usually  applied  in  this  case;  and,  provided  the  disorder 
be  really  flatulent  colic,  relief  from  the  pain  must  follow  the  exhibition  of  either 
one  or  the  other.  Frequently,  however,  it  happens,  that  the  doing  good  is 
carried  too  far,  and  inflammation  is  thus  superinduced,  if  it  do  not  already 
prevail.  By  such  persons  every  internal  pain  is  pronounced  "  tJie  colic  ;"  and 
they  all  conclude  that  what  has  removed  it  once  will  remove  it  again,  without 
being  certain  that  it  is  the  same  disorder — as  they  do,  that  whatever  is  good 
in  small  quantities  must  needs  be  more  so  in  larger  ones.  But  I  have  already 
observed,  that  the  removal  of  umbilical  affections,  whether  flatulent  or  inflam- 
matory, by  rough,  harsh,  or  protracted  means,  scarcely  ever  fails  to  produce 
the  other  concouiitant  disease,  and  the  inflammatory  symptoms  no  sooner  sub- 
side, than  the  jaded  vessels  contract  spasmodic  affections,  as  do  also  the  con- 
tinuance of  flatulency,  and  some  of  the  means  of  curing  it  superinduce  inflam- 
matory symptoms. 

In  whatever  shape  the  horse  is  attacked  with  those  disorders,  the  first  and 
most  obvious  duty  is  the  employment  of  clysters,  to  be  repeated  at  short  in- 
tervals, with  this  single  variation  ;  viz.  in  cases  of  relaxation,  where  the  ani- 
mal is  already  purged,  the  clyster  is  to  consist  of  simple  water-gruel  only;  but 
when  the  patient's  bowels  are  overloaded  with  hardened  dung,  the  addition 
of  salts,  as  prescribed  at  page  92,  will  be  found  most  effectual.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  Epsom  salts  (for  no  time  must  be  lost),  a  handful  of  common  culi- 
nary salt  may  be  employed,  in  the  quantity  of  four  or  five  ounces.  Back- 
raking,  too,  should  be  assiduously  applied,  when  the  body  is  in  this  state,  as 
recommended  in  the  case  of  inflammation  at  p.  91,  with  the  laxative 
drench  prescribed  at  the  same  page,  or  the  simple  salad  or  castor  oil  in  default 
thereof 

In  oidinary  cases,  when  the  attack  is  not  of  the  most  violent  kind  of  either 
description  of  colic,  that  is  to  say,  when  neither  purging  nor  constip:*tioc 
j^revail  extremely,  let  the  following  be  given. 

10* 


9^  TREATMENT. 

Colic  Drench.— l^o.  L 

Epsom  Salts,  4  or  5  ounces, 
Castile  soap,  sliced,  2  ounces. 
Dissolve  tnese  in  a  pint  of  warm  ale,  and  add 

Oil  of  juniper,  2  drachms, 
Venice  turpentine,  2  ounces. 

Mix  well  together,  and  give  it  warm  ;  repeating  the  same  in  four  or  five  h  jurs^ 
and  if  the  symptoms  do  not  visibly  abate,  repeat  once  more.  Tincture  of 
opium  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  turpentine  to  the  amountof  4  drachms; 
but  the  drench  is  thereby  rendered  exceedingly  nauseous,  and  should  be  given 
deliberately.  Opium  is,  moreover,  least  proper  when  a  tendency  to  costive- 
ness  is  discovered  to  exist. 

Colic  Drench. — No.  2. 

Tincture  of  opium,  2  drachms, 
Oil  of  juniper,  2  drachms. 
Spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  1  ounce, 
Tincture  of  benzoin,  4  drachms, 
Aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia,  3  drachms. 

Mix  together,  and  preserve  the  same  in  a  bottle,  and  give  in  a  pint  of  warm 
peppermint  water.     Repeat  in  three  or  four  hours. 

When  the  case  is  not  very  alarming,  a  neater  manner  of  giving  opium,  in 
the  form  of  a  ball,  is  reconmiended  : — 

Sedative  Ball. 

Asafoetida,  4  drachms. 
Opium,  4  drachms. 

Make  into  four  balls  with  liquorice  powder  and  syrup,  and  give  one  every 
two  hours.  The  balls  may  be  given  along  with  the  oily  laxative  at  page  91; 
immediately  preceding  it,  or  before  the  laxative  has  operated.  These  balls 
are  very  serviceable  to  travellers  on  their  journeys,  and  may  be  given  to  horses 
that  are  liable  to  contract  spasmodic  colic,  which  is  the  case  with  heavy,  fleshy 
draught  cattle,  with  post  horses  and  the  like. 

Colic  is  not  often  fatal,  unless  it  terminate  in  inflammation;  whilst  it 
should  be  kept  in  mind,  that  colic  always  ends  in  inflammation  if  not  removed 
in  time.  A  day,  or  at  most  two,  may  pass  away  without  danger  and  without 
relief,  in  ordinary  attacks  of  spasmodic  colic  j  and  where  a  looseness  takes 
place,  a  short  time  longer  of  neglectful  carelessness  might  not  terminate  the 
life  of  the  animal;  but,  when  inflammation  commences,  a  shaking  or  undu- 
lation of  the  tail  is  observable,  with  evident  shivering  of  the  whole  frame. 
The  danger  is  then  great ;  especially  when  each  fit  of  shivering  is  not  suc- 
ceeded by  perspiration. 

If  the  costiveness  is  not  well  removed  when  those  symptoms,  with  cold  cars 
and  legs,  come  on,  let  the  belly  be  fomented  with  warm  water  by  means 
of  woolen  cloths  steeped  therein.  A  horse  rug  may  be  used  to  advantage 
Tn  this  way  by  two  men,  one  standing  on  each  side  the  hor'.s  and  foment- 
ing the  belly  by  bringing  it  nearly  together  across  the  back  and  supplying 
ivith  warm  water.  After  half  an  hour's  application,  or  more,  let  the  coat 
be  well  rubbed  with  dry  cloths,  and  the  animal  wrapped  in  bo<ly  clothing 


FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  LIVER.    INFLAMED  LTVER.  OJ 

The  clystering,  and  other  remedies  recommended  in  cases  of  inflammation, 
should  then  be  employed  with  assiduity.  Lastly,  employ  the  tonic  system 
recommended,  generally,  in  all  inflammatory  cases,  at  page  69. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  LIVER. 

L    INFLAMMATION.      2.    THE    YELLOWS,    OR  JAUNDICE. 

When  we  consider  the  vast  active  functions  the  liver  has  to  perform,  in 
cleansing  the  blood  which  takes  its  passage  through  it,  and  the  secretion  of 
bile,  that  becomes  more  obnoxious  as  this  organ  is  more  diseased,  we  ought  to 
feel  surprise  that  so  large  an  animal  as  the  horse  has  so  few  ailments  spring- 
ing out  of  that  source,  rather  than  lament  the  frequent  existence  of  this  one. 
For,  the  two  names  set  down  at  the  head  of  this  article,  agreeable  to  the  gene- 
ral practice,  have  only  one  origin,  viz.  inflammation;  but  diflfering  as  to  the 
amount  of  heat,  and  situation  of  the  evil,  which  is  scarcely  distmguishablo 
until  after  death.  The  symptoms  of  both  are  the  same,  and  the  first  attack 
ever  becomes  the  most  lasting,  if  the  remedies  be  delayed,  or  wholly  neglected. 

Having  been  led  to  enter  somewhat  at  large  into  the  causes  and  remedies 
for  certain  affections  of  the  liver,  while  describing  its  structure  and  functions 
in  the  first  book,  p.  49,  I  shall  find  less  occasion  to  add  much  more  at  this 
place.     The  reader  will  of  course  turn  to  that  page. 

Catise  of  inflamed  liver. — Inflammation  of  the  liver  does  not  very  often 
take  place  as  a  primary  aflfection,  but  more  frequently  participates  in  the  dis- 
ease of  some  of  the  adjacent  organs,  as  the  stomach,  bowels,  &,c.  and  accord- 
ing to  the  acuteness  of  the  inflammation,  an  increased  or  diminished  secretion 
of  bile  is  the  immediate  consequence.  The  blood,  in  passing  through  the 
liver,  acquires  a  portion  of  this  extra  heat,  which  reproduceth  more  at  its  next 
passage  through  it,  more  at  the  next,  and  so  on,  until  the  inflammation  of  the 
whole  liver  is  completely  eflfected.  Increase  of  the  bile  or  gall  proceeds  in  the 
same  ratio,  until  the  gall  duc^,  that  communicates  with  the  small  gut,  is  closed 
by  the  uncommon  heat  of  the  inflammation,  or  by  the  thickening  of  the  gall, 
or  by  both  operations  united,  no  matter  which.  At  any  rate,  the  bile  which 
ought  to  be  conveyed  away  by  stool,  is  returned  into  the  system,  and  occasions 
yellow  skin — whence  the  vulgar  name.  When  this  occurs,  I  apprehend  the 
inflammation  lessens,  but  the  communication  with  the  bowels  does  not  always 
return  to  a  healthy  state,  though  I  believe  it  to  be  partially  the  case.  Indeed 
constipation  in  the  first  instance  often  obstructs  the  passage  of  bile  into  the 
bowels,  and  thus  increases  the  evil.  Over-feeding  has  the  same  effect,  and 
both  produce  slight  temporary  yellowness,  which  goes  off  upon  the  removal 
of  the  cause;  generally  followed  by  diarrhoea.  The  feverish  symptoms  also 
which  accompany  the  commencement,  also  pass  off,  leaving  a  low,  irregular 
pulse,  until  the  bowels  resume  their  wonted  course,  either  naturally,  or  by  the 
aid  of  medicine. 

Sijmpto7ns  of  inflammation  before  yellowness  comes  on. — As  this  last  and 
surest  indication  of  diseased  liver  only  appears  when  the  evil  is  a  confirmed 
one,  and  is  extremely  difficult  of  cure,  particularly  in  old  animals,  we  should 
assiduously  set  about  ascertaining  its  commencement,  so  that  the  remedy  may 
be  promptly  employed,  and  a  further  procrastinated  mischief  be  timely  pre- 
vented. And  the  more  so,  seeing  that  what  constitutes  a  remedy  in  lit  earliest 
stages  is  no  longer  so  after  a  time  has  been  spent  in  delay. 

Whenever  inflammation,  or  extraordinary  action  of  the  kidneys,  or  of  the 
diaphragm,  has  lasted  some  time,  in  ever  so  small  a  degree,  in  that  degree  wiU 
heat  or  inflammation  attend  the  hver.  It  enlarges  upon  the  accession  of  this 
heat,  visibly  so  when  this  has  continued  a  while,  but  may  be  previously  ascer 


100  TREATMEfrt  IN  LIVER  COMPLAIN!  S. 

tained  by  the  feel.  As  will  be  seen,*  the  liver  extends  much  faither  back 
ihan  the  last  rib,  and  a  little  beyond  the  false  one.  Here  a  considerable  pro- 
tuberance appears  when  the  liver  is  enlarged,  and  disease  may  be  ascertained 
that  is  attended  by  the  presence  of  pain  only.  Old  horses,  which  have  been 
well  bred,  retain  chronic  affections  of  the  liver  to  a  very  great  age  ;  and  this 
is  frequently  the  main  disease  under  which  they  suffer  for  many  of  the  last 
years  of  their  Uves:  great  numbers  of  such  animals  die  with  a  liver  of  so  small 
a  size,  that  nought  but  its  situation  could  assure  us  it  ever  had  any  functions 
to  perform.  Horses  so  visited  with  a  trifling  undetected  affection  of  the  liver 
lose  their  courage,  and  gradually  sink  into  lethargy  the  longer  it  lasts :  we 
often  hear  such  animals  accused  of  being  "  used  up,  done  for,  or  'tis  all  up 
with  him,"  and  yet  driven  about  to  the  last  moment  of  a  painful  existence. 

When  the  attack  is  rapid,  and  acute  inflammation,  arising  from  the  causes 
just  set  down  (page  99),  the  pulse  is  the  sure  indication  of  the  ruin  that  is 
going  on,  by  its  irregularity,  quickness,  and  uncertain  vibration.  See  page 
62.  One  lobe  only  suffers  in  this  case,  and  then  the  animal  turns  its  head 
round  sharply  to  that  side  from  time  to  time.  Constipation  always  accom- 
panies acute  inflammation  of  the  liver. 

Remedy. — Acute  inflammation,  which  comes  on  with  dangerous  strides, 
when  the  subject  of  attack  is  of  vigorous  habits,  must  be  met  by  a  bleeding 
proportioned  to  the  state  of  its  pulse,  and  that  without  delay.  For,  it  speedily 
communicates  to  the  intestines,  and  death  ensues ;  or,  being  suffered  to  ex- 
pend its  virulence  (provided  the  animal  possesses  strength  sufficient)  by  stool, 
the  bleeding  will  then  be  unnecessary;  or  being  persisted  in,  will  confirm  the 
slighter  affection  just  spoken  of  probably  to  the  end  of  his  days.  A  purgative 
ball  should  accompany  the  bleeding,  as  in  all  other  cases  is  prescribed  gene- 
rally at  page  63;  but,  if  the  animal  produce  a  stool  voluntarily,  the  disorder 
has  taken  a  turn,  and  neither  the  operation  nor  the  physic  is  required. 

After  bleeding,  let  the  sides  be  rubbed  with  the  blistering  ointment  (vide 
page  76),  and  apply  a  rowel  to  the  chest.  These  latter,  however,  are  doubt- 
fully eligible,  though  always  employed  by  the  regular  collegians.  The  pa- 
tient will  require  the  same  treatment,  as  to  diet  and  regimen,  as  for  inflamme- 
tion  of  the  organs  of  respiration  and  general  fever,  before  treated  of  at  page 
60,  in  the  course  of  which  his  pulse  and  faeces  should  be  watched,  and  a  re- 
lapse provided  against.  Calomel  is  that  medicament  which  more  immediately 
acts  upon  the  liver,  and  unless  the  horse  scours,  should  be  administered  in 
the  form  of 

Alterative  Balls. — No.  1. 

Aloes,  9  drachms, 
Calomel,  1  drachm. 
Hard  soap,  half  an  ounce. 

Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient,  and  divide  into  three  balls ;  to  be  given  on  three 
successive  nights,  unless  a  thin  stool  comes  off  with  the  second  ball.  But  in 
case  of  scouring,  give 

*  In  the  plate  of  skeleton,  at  the  parallel  lines  H,  30,  is  placed  the  kidney  of  the  near  side; 
wiiilst  the  otf-side  kidney  in  the  same  subject  would  be  intersected  by  the  line  29.  With  this 
latter,  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver  lies  in  contact,  and  when  an  enlargement  of  it  takes  place,  il 
may  here  be  seen  and  lelt:  when  the  access  of  inflammation  and  tension  render  it  painful  only^ 
Ihe  doctor  should  press  the  points  of  his  fingers  (of  the  left  hand)  gently  behind  tlie  last  or  false 
r'l  several  times,  whereby  he  will  ascertain  whether  any  and  what  degree  of  pain  the  patieni 
endures.    If  seated  high  up  on  the  liver,  he  will  not,  of  course,  flinch  at  the  first  slight  touch 

*.*  To  prevent  error,  I  would  here  mention,  'hat  in  the  picture  of  a  skeleton  now  re<ierrefl 
to.  it  is  the  left  lobe  of  the  liver  that  is  there  represented,  and  this  was  reduced  in  size,  in  ordei 
to  sJiow  a  cleaur  profile  of  the  stomach. 


JAUNDICE.  10] 

No.  2. 


Vof< 


Oil  of  turpentine, 

Hard  Soap,  ^  of  each  1  ounce. 

Ginger,  powdered. 


Mix  with  flour  and  mucilage  to  form  three  balls;  and  give  one  on  each  of 
Ihree  successive  nights. 

THE  JAUNDICE,  OR  YELLOWS. 

Cause. — Inflammation  of  the  liver,  or  any  other  obstruction  of  this  organ, 
which,  preventing  the  escape  of  the  bile  into  the  duodoenum,  or  smallest  gut, 
through  the  gall  duct,  by  reason  of  this  duct  being  inflamed,  or  choked  up  with 
the  thickened  bile,  whereby  it  is  sent  again  into  circulation,  and  thus  pervades 
ihe  whole  system.  When  the  inflammation  is  very  great,  the  disorder  quick- 
ly carries  off  the  patient;  the  inference  therefore  is,  that  poor  animals  alone 
acquire  the  yellowness  which  gives  name  to  this  disorder,  though  it  must  be 
allowed  that  the  same  effect  may  be  produced  by  over-feeding  and  constipa- 
tion, by  swallowing  hard  substances,  or  otherwise  offending  the  said  gut,  or 
the  pylorus  orifice  of  the  stomach,  as  described  at  })ages  44,  45.  Its  situatitin 
may  also  be  seen  depicted  in  the  plate  of  a  skeleton  at  the  intersecticn  of  K 
26.  At  that  place  1  did  not  choose  to  speak  of  negatives,  and  therefore  omit- 
ted to  notice  the  fact,  that  the  bile  or  gall  secreted  in  the  liver  of  this  animal 
proceeds  at  once,  as  soon  as  it  is  formed,  into  the  gut,  without  being  detained 
in  a  sac,  or  gall  bladder,  as  is  the  case  with  all  other  animals,  except  deer ;  so 
that,  upon  any  revulsion  or  hindrance  to  its  free  entry  to  the  bowels,  the  gall 
must  at  once  return  to  the  numerous  cavities  that  pervade  the  whole  liver,  and 
its  re-absorption  by  the  blood  is  no  longer  problematical. 

Symploms. — A  dusky  yellowness  of  the  eyes,  bars  of  the  mouth,  and  tongue. 
The  dung  scanty  and  pale,  generally  hard,  and  covered  with  slime;  but  in 
some  few  cases  the  horse  scours;  that  is,  whenslight  inflammation  of  the  bow- 
els also  attacks  an  ill-conditioned  horse.  The  pulse  is  that  of  low  fever,  and 
the  same  kind  of  drooping  inactivity,  with  loss  of  appetite,  noticed  under  that 
head  at  page  64 ;  differing  from  it  only  in  respect  to  the  seat  of  disorder,  the 
low  fever  being  general,  or  of  the  whole  system,  jaundice  of  the  circulation 
only.  Sometimes,  however,  yellowness  comes  on  without  the  other  symptoms, 
after  an  inflammatory  fever;  an  occurrence  that  can  not  fail  to  be  foreknown. 
Genuine  jaundice  may  further  be  discriminated  by  the  yellow  lips,  yellow 
saliva,  and  dark  urine.  From  this  latter  appearance  we  may  draw  these  curi- 
ous inferences — viz.  that  the  colouring  of  the  bile  which  has  ceased  to  impart 
Its  property  to  the  dung,  having  gone  with  the  blood  to  the  kidneys,  there 
leaves  its  darkest  or  more  earthly  particles — the  lighter  or  brighter  ascending  to 
the  heart,  and  passing  through  the  vascular  system,  there  imparts  its  yellow- 
ness. By  this  providency  of  nature  we  see  how  it  is  that  malevolent  particles 
in  the  blood  are  cleansed  at  the  kidneys,  and  pass  off  by  urine.  Thus  it  \% 
that  grease  and  other  tumours  are  cured  by  judiciously  stimulating  the  kid- 
neys. The  urine  voided,  as  above  described,  which  is  ever  done  with  evident 
pain  and  difliculty,  leaves  on  the  ground  an  appearance  rf  blood. 

Cure. — Young  horses  and  fat  ones,  are  easily  cured:  they  have  indulged 
too  freely  in  good  living,  on  hard  meat,  and  require  no  more  treatment  than  a 
good  physicking.  Give  the  purgative  ball  (page  63),  or  the  alterative  l^all, 
No.  1,  prescribed  in  page  100  Give  bran  mashes,  green  food,  and  succuU  ata, 
accordmg  to  the  season.  Bleeding  is  seldom  necessary,  or  proper,  whicl  ?h» 
•tate  of  the  pulse  will  show. 


t02  /inflammation  of  the  kidneys. 

The  Liver  is  also  frequently  affected  with  tumours  on  its  fine  surface,  as 
^\^l\  as  with  ulcers  or  schirrus,  which  are  all  the  effects  of  an  evil  state  of  the 
blood,  of  over  action,  and  probably  of  accidents  from  external  injuries,  com- 
municated by  the  kidneys. 

We  can  easily  conceive  that  the  thin  parts  of  this  large  viscus  may  be  dis- 
eased, and  even  inflamed,  without  causing  derangement  of  the  biliary  function, 
further  than  increasing  its  action,  and  by  thinning  the  blood  over  much,  it 
obtains  more  bile.  The  animal  then  waxeth  thin,  though  devouring  his  food 
as  usual  for  a  while;  and  we  may  ascertain  when  this  evil  has  begun  by  the 
state  of  his  dung,  principally  as  to  colour,  which  will  then  be  of  a  much  deep- 
er hue.  As  pale  dung  is  a  symptom  of  suppressed  bile,  so  is  deep  colour  an 
indication  of  a  superabundance,  that  is  caused  by  over  action,  which  is  itself 
occasioned  by  the  heat  of  the  liver,  from  some  cause  or  other.  One  of  these 
may  be  "inflammation  of  the  kidneys,"  or  it  may  be  occasioned  by  ulcer,  and 
we  set  about  ascertaining  which,  according  to  the  instructions  set  down  at 
page  100:  and  in  the  latter  case  give  the  alterative  balls,  the  same  as  for  in- 
flamed liver,  at  page  100,  101  according  to  the  circumstances  there  discriminat- 
ed ;  but  it  never  happens  that  a  scouring  is  of  a  dark  colour,  and  No.  2  would  in 
this  case  seldom  be  required,  a  strong  purgative  never,  though  the  boweJ", 
should  be  kept  moderately  open.  When  there  is  reason  to  apprehend  that 
the  adhesion  of  the  ulcer  to  the  intestines  has  taken  place,  as  described  at  page 
50,  the  animal  should  not  be  worked  hard,  though  moderate  exercise  is  de- 
sirable, and  so  is  change  of  physic,  as  in  all  cases  that  require  alteratives. 
The  following  balls  may  take  place  of  the  preceding,  particularly  when  the 
coat  is  staring. 

Alterative  Balls. 

Emetic  tartar,  3  drachms, 
Aloes,  9  drachms, 
Hard  soap,  1  ounce, 
Ginger,  1  scruple. 

Mix,  and  divide  into  three  balls,  one  to  be  given  on  successive  nights,  unless 
two  have  operated. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  KIDNEYS. 

This  being  one  of  those  diseases  which  bears  resemblance  to  another,  and 
as  the  mistaking  and  treating  the  one  for  the  other  generally  proves  fatal,  re- 
ference should  be  had  to  what  is  said  under  the  head  "  Inflammation  of  the  neck 
of  the  bladder."  Such  a  mistake  of  the  disorder  in  the  present  instance  is  very 
likely  to  be  made  by  the  common  observer,  inasmuch  as  the  kidneys,  as  soon 
as  they  become  inflamed,  secrete  much  more  urine  than  in  a  state  of  health, 
and  any  one  noticing  this,  and  subsequently  its  defalcation,  as  the  disease  goes 
on,  may  easily  imagine  the  bladder  itself  is  aflfccted  at  the  neck.  It  is  worthy 
wf  remark,  that  mares  are  more  liable  to  allections  of  the  kidneys  than  horses, 
particularly  brood  mares:  while,  on  the  contrary,  they  are  less  liable  than  the 
male  to  inflammation  of  the  neck  of  the  bladder,  in  consequence  of  its  short- 
ness, its  straightness,  too,  aflfords  easy  proof  of  the  real  seat  of  the  disorder, — 
'.hat  essential  prelude  to  effecting  a  cure.     See  j>agc  53- 

Causes. — I'oo  constant  use  of  the  diuretic  powders  anil  balls,  commonly 
brings  on  inflammation  of  the  kidneys,  by  the  irritati<)n  and  over-action  of  the 
glands  which  are  thereby  occasioned.     When  one  kidney  only  is  aflectcd 


SYMPTOMS:  BLOODY  URINE  103 

though  in  a  mild  degree,  if  suffered  to  continue,  it  soon  communicates  to  the 
other,  and  sometimes  proceeds  with  such  rapid  strides  as  to  affect  the  intes 
tmes,  when  mortification  and  death  ensue;  but  we  have  no  means  of  ascei 
taining  when  this  last  incurable  mischief  has  taken  place  until  after  the  animal 
is  dead — nor  would  the  knowledge  be  made  available  for  any  present  purpose; 
though  finely  instructive  as  to  future  cases;  then  it  is  the  kidneys  present  an 
enlarged  and  rotten  appearance  and  feel,  their  texture  yielding  to  the  slight- 
est impression  of  the  finger-nails,  which  shows  in  what  degree  and  how  long 
they  have  been  affected. 

A  hard  blow  across  the  loins  will  injure  the  kidney  on  the  side  so  struck, 
and,  as  is  said  before,  soon  affect  the  other  also.  Sudden  transition  from  an 
open  airy  situation  to  a  stable  that  is  close  and  hot;  violent  riding  or  driving, 
or  an  ill-cured  affection  of  the  bovi^els,  whether  inflammatory  or  spasmodic, 
will  affect  the  kidneys  in  more  or  less  degree.  Those  causes  all  together  com- 
bine to  aflfect  these  parts  more  frequently  than  is  generally  supposed,  the  rea- 
son for  which  misconceit  is  nevertheless  most  apparent  to  me:  it  is  owing  to 
the  neglect  of  a'l  the  milder  symptoms;  some  persons  imagining  that  unless 
bloody  urine  be  produced,  the  defective  staling  is  caused  by  something  less  re- 
mote than  the  kidneys,  though  in  all  obstructions  of  the  liver,  as  we  have  seen 
above  (page  101),  the  quantity  of  blood  these  send  to  the  kidneys  leaves  some 
of  its  colouring  pro[)erty  to  the  water.  This  class  of  unreflecting  people  gene- 
rally fix  upon  the  bladder  as  the  seat  of  disorders  that  so  alfect  the  quantity  of 
water.  They  almost  invariably  give  stimulating  medicines,  that  do  but  in- 
crease the  disorder  and  confirm  the  ruin  it  is  their  duty  to  prevent. 

Symptoms. — The  most  evident  of  these  has  been  just  now  alluded  to,  and 
was  formerly  treated  as  a  distinct  disease,  under  the  coarse  title  of  "Bloody 
Urine:"  it  is,  however,  consiilered  as  happening  more  frequently  to  horned 
cattle  than  horses,  and  to  the  female  rather  than  the  male. 

When  this  symptom  appears,  it  is  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  symp- 
tom, viz.  great  tension  and  soreness  of  the  part ;  which  may  be  ascertained  by 
passing  your  hand  along  the  small  of  the  back,  over  the  kidneys,  when  the 
animal  shrinks  from  the  touch.  No  doubt  can  then  exist  that  this  bloody  urino 
indicates  genuine  inflammation  of  the  kidneys;  and  of  course  that  we  should 
treat  it  as  such,  and  nothing  else — nor  by  any  other  name.  If  the  pain  and 
tension  cannot  thus  be  ascertained,  then  "  bloody  urine"  is  caused  by  obstruc- 
tion in  the  liver.  Another  symptom  that  may  be  relied  upon  is  a  stiflfness  of 
the  hind  leg  on  that  side  which  may  be  attacked  first;  afterwards,  when  both 
kidneys  are  affected,  the  animal  becomes  stiff'  of  both  legs.  This  symptom 
does  not  occur  in  "inflammation  of  the  bladder,"  and  is  a  good  distinctive 
mark  to  go  by,  when  we  may  be  labouring  under  doubt  in  some  other  point 
of  resemblance  between  the  two  diseases.  In  all  stages  of  this  disorder,  the 
horse  stands  as  if  he  wanted  to  stale ;  straddling,  and  making  the  most  exer- 
tion when  he  voids  the  least  urine  (then  generally  bloody),  which  shows  the 
destructive  tendency  of  these  efforts  on  the  gland  itself.  The  consequences 
are,  that  the  kidneys  waste  away,  and  the  disease  communicates  to  the  blad- 
der, until  the  final  ruin — mortification,  ensues.  The  practitioner,  in  this 
case,  will  not  fail  to  look  at  what  I  have  thought  proper  to  say  respectinj^ 
•'  stone  and  other  calculus,"  a  few  pages  farther  onward. 

"  Suppression  of  urine"  is  also  a  sure  indication  of  the  genuine  inflamma 
tion  of  the  kidneys;  that  is  to  say,  the  capacity  of  secreting  it  is  nearly  ex- 
tinct, or  it  is  performed  with  exceeding  great  difficulty,  pain,  and  danger. 
Whereas,  in  affections  of  the  bladder,  the  secretory  function  is  not  lost  by  the 
kidneys  (or  suppressed);  but,  when  the  urine  has  been  sent  into  the  bladder 
ihis  latter  has  not  the  power  to  expel  its  contents.  How  this  happens,  »w 
fwge  53,  &c. 


f04  PHYSrC  AND  REGIMEN. 

But  the  TTKi^t  prolific  source  of  diseased  affections  of  the  kidaeys,  ami  the 
least  perceptible  of  any  are  ill-cured  pains  of  the  intestines  and  of  the  liver. 
These  leave  behind  them  certain  morhid  effects  that  are  not  immediately  felt 
nor  easily  discoverable,  but  nevertheless  work  their  ruin  imperceptibly;  for,  as 
previously  observed,  when  the  kidneys  lose  their  function  of  secreting  urine, 
they  enlarge,  and  after  death  scarcely  bear  the  pressure  of  a  finger  point. 

Cure. — Seeing  that  strong  diuretics  are  reckoned  with  trutli,  among  the 
causes  of  diseased  kidneys,  no  man  in  his  senses  would  think  of  administering 
any  such,  after  he  has  ascertained  that  this  organ  is  disordered  in  any  way 
whatever.  Such,  however,  is  too  often  the  practice  of  unskilful  persons,  who, 
after  noticing  the  defective  quantity  of  urine  produced,  think  of  restoring  the 
animals  capacity  for  producing  more  by  medicines  that  stimulate  the  parts, 
which  already  'abour  under  a  disease  of  too  much  stimulation.  "As  in  all 
other  cases  of  inflammation  or  fever  [how  often  have  I  not  repeated  the  same 
words!]  when  the  pulse  is  high,  let  the  animal  be  bled  according  to  the  amount 
of  attack."  See  general  observations  at  the  head  of  this  chapter,  pages  59  to 
63.  Give  warm  clysters  frequently  as  there  prescribed ;  an(l  with  a  similar 
view  give  him  a  loose  stall,  if  the  paroxysms  are  so  acute  as  to  cause  him  to 
lie  down  am^  get  up  again.  Immediately  after  bleeding,  give  castor  oil  18 
ounces,  provided  the  animal  has  not  dunged  during  the  last  twenty -four  hours, 
as  commonly  happens;  less  may  suffice  in  general ;  but  a  horse  that  has  been 
much  addicted  to  diuretics,  though  his  bowels  may  be  in  a  tolerable  state,  will 
not  suffer  aught  from  a  small  proportion  of  aloes: 

Mild  Purgative  Ball. 

Aloes,  4  drachms, 
Castile  soap,  4  drachms, 
Mix,  with  mucilage  enough  for  one  ball. 

Should  the  symptoms  abate  nothing  in  consequence  of  this  treatment,  the 
bleeding  must  be  repeated  and  the  purgative  too.  Rub  over  his  loins  with  a 
stimulant 

Embrocation. 

Spirits  of  wine,  2  ounces, 
Soap,  2  ounces, 
Camphor,  1  ounce. 

Mix  and  apply  it  with  the  palm  of  the  hand  to  the  loins;  cover  the  animal 
up  well,  and  be  careful  how  it  is  subsequently  exposed  to  the  air.  The  mus- 
tard embrocation  is  equally  efficacious:  bein^  rubbed  on  soft  sheep-skin,  covei 
the  loins  therewith.  Give  the  cooling  decoction  in  large  quantities,  as  at  page 
70 ;  and  if  the  animal  is  disposed  to  eat  the  sodden  seeds,  it  may  be  permitted 
to  indulge :  they  are  little  nutritious  when  the  saccharine  has  been  drawn  out 
by  the  hot  water. 

'  The  food  should  consist  of  bran  mashes,  green  food,  and  the  cooling  regi- 
men  already  recommended  in  all  cases  of  inflammation  at  pages  61,  69,  to 
which  the  reader  is  respectfully  referred  for  some  general  directions  for  his  rule 
and  conduct,  equally  applicable  in  all  such  cases. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  BLADDER. 

These  are  really  much  fewer  than  are  commonly  ascribed  to  it,  the  bladder 
bring  but  the  vehicle  or  outlet  for  several  evils  that  take  their  rise  higher  up ; 


INFLAMiVATION  OF  THE  BLADDER.  Kfy 

1^11(1  among  thfse  I  have  already  denounced  the  alarming  appearance  of  "bloody 
urine"  as  a  disorder  of  the  kidneys  and  Hver,  page  103.  Neither  is  the  "  sup- 
pression of  urine,"  nor  its  obverse  "diabetes,"  ascribable  to  the  bladder,  but  to 
the  kidneys;  for  if  these  secrete  none  or  imperfectly,  little  or  none  can  be  sent 
into  or  escape  out  of  th#  bladder ;  but  retention  of  urine  may  be  a  fault  of  the 
bladder,  or  collapsion  of  its  neck  ;  and  the  means  of  procuring  its  escape  was 
before  recommended  at  page  53,  &c. 

Inflammation  OF  THE  bi.addfr,  and  consequent  "  incontinence  of  urine," 
are  the  same  disorder  ;  the  latter  being  the  irritating  effects  of  the  inflamma- 
tion otdy,  and  this  I  shall  consider  separately,  referring  those  other  lipordera 
that  are  commonly  ascribed  to  the  bladder,  to  consideration  under  the  h<-ad 
of  "Diseases  of  the  urinary  organs,  generally," 

Cause.  Heat  and  inflammation  of  the  kidneys  communicate  this  effect  to 
the  ureters  and  bladder.  It  may  be  inllanied  also  by  the  irritation  of  stones 
or  gravel  concreted  within  it;  or  the  excessive  labour  imposed  upon  it  by  the 
great  access  of  diabetes,  after  these  have  ceased. 

Symptoms.  Frequent  desire  to  stale,  the  bladder  contracting  upon  every 
drop  of  water,  almost,  that  finds  its  way  into  it.  A  quick,  sharp  pulse,  and 
small,  accompanies,  if  it  has  not  preceded  inflammation  of  the  bladder;  yet 
bleeding  would  not  be  proper  in  this  case,  as  it  is  the  poorness  of  the  blood 
which  brought  on  the  diabetes  th:it  caused  the  inflammation.  When,  how- 
ever, this  symptom  has  not  preceded  inflannnation,  the  pulse  will  be  more  full, 
and  bleeding  to  an  amount  proj)ortionecl  to  the  state  of  the  pulse  (see  page  G2), 
would  then  be  necessary. 

Remedy. — A  slightly  purgative  ball  sliould  of  course  follow  the  bleeding, 
but  employ  neither  in  the  extreme.  Give  the  cooling  decoction  recommended 
in  general  fever,  at  page  70 ;  administer  clysters  of  the  same,  two  or  three 
times  in  the  day.  Should  great  heat  of  the'  bladder  continue,  notwithstand- 
ing these  remedies,  give  the  fever  powder,  No  %  at  [)age  65,  and  afterwards 
No.  2,  made  into  a  ball,  daily. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  URINARY  ORGANS,  GENERALLY. 

Besides  the  foregoing  main  diseases  of  the  kidneys  and  bladder,  there  are 
several  other  conjoint  affeclions  of  the  same  organs,  or  parts  dependent  there- 
on, which  require  notice,  and  deniaml  attention,  while  we  examine  the  dis- 
tinctions that  ought  to  be  drawn  between  the  one  set  and  the  other.  Mistakes 
as  to  the  actual  seat  of  disorders  are  more  dangerous  than  the  unskilful  ad- 
ministering of  medicines,  for  these  might  do  good  by  accident,  the  former 
never  can  he  applied  properly  :  the  l)etter  the  "receipt"  may  be,  the  worse  for 
the  horse.  Few  of  these  lesser  disi>ases  are  original,  but  arise  from  some  de- 
fect or  ill-cured  disorder  in  the  other  parts  of  the  animal's  system.  They  may 
be  considered  under  the  heads — 1.  Diabetes,  or  excessive  discharge  of  urine. 
2.  Bloody  urine.  3.  Calculi,  or  stone.  4.  Strangury.  5.  Suppression  of  urine. 
I  am  aware  that  the  ingenuity  of  some  doctors  has  subdivided  these,  and 
added  to  the  number  of  diseases  incident  to  the  kidneys,  ureters,  and  bladder; 
but,  omitting  those  which  attach  to  the  organs  of  generation  in  breeding  ani- 
mals, and  also  those  seated  higher  up — the  communication  of  acute  pains  to 
the  more  vital  parts,  by  means  of  the  emulgent  and  vena  cava,  to  the  heart 
itself  This  last,  however,  is  so  innnediately  the  precursor  of  dissolution,  that 
no  other  benefit  can  arise  from  the  doctor's  skill  in  this  respect,  than  bidding 
him  to  cease  his  eflbrts,  to  forbear  to  torture  the  expiring  patient,  and  to  pro- 
serve  his  medicines  for  a  b'ss  fttrlorn  pur[iose  :  the  pulse,  by  its  extreme  Ian 
guor,  tells  when  hope  itself  must  resign  its  place. 


>|^  DIABETEI^. 

DIABETES,  OR  EXCESSIVE  STALING. 

The  cause  of  animals  discharging  great  quantities  of  urine  can  not  in  e'vcry 
case  be  traced  to  its  right  source  ;  but  one  thing  always  hafjpens,  namely,  irri- 
tability of  the  bladder,  by  reason  of  the  absence  of  the  mucous  secretion  that 
is  to  protect  it  against  the  saline  efiects  of  the  urine  :  see  page  53.  A  defect 
in  the  mucous  secretion  of  the  whole  system  succeeds  the  disorder  termed  mol- 
ten grease,  and  the  irritation  just  s[)oken  of  soon  communicates  to  the  kidneys, 
which  are  thus  compelled  to  secrete  urine  to  the  utmost  extent  of  their  power, 
and  to  send  it  forward  to  the  bladder.  To  an  impoverished  state  of  the  blood, 
arising  mostly  from  the  use  of  strong  medicines — for  the  cure  of  inflammatory 
diseases  leaves  more  of  lymph  than  of  serum  in  the  vital  fluid,  with  an  accel- 
erated tendency  to  increase  that  baleful  difllerence — may  be  ascribed  the  chief 
cause  of  this  obstinate  disease.  Bad  dry  provender,  with  ill-usage,  and  the 
denial  of  green  food,  in  season,  have  a  similarly  evil  etTect  on  the  blood. 

Symptoms. — Of  course,  the  most  obvious  is  the  discharge  whence  the  dis- 
order derives  its  name,  being  frequent  and  in  very  large  quantities.  At  first, 
the  water  is  colourless,  but  occasionally  comes  ofl["  like  jmddle.  Constant 
craving  after  water,  a  staring  coat,  evident  weakness,  and  weak  quickened 
pulse,  succeed  each  other,  and  increase  as  the  disorder  is  suffered  to  proceed 
unchecked. 

Cure. — Change  in  the  animal's  diet,  whatever  they  may  have  been.  If  the 
horse  be  labouring  under  the  remains  of  some  ill-cured  disorder,  attend  to  that 
first,  and  by  removing  it,  the  excessive  staling,  which  in  that  case  is  but  an 
effect  thereof,  will  also  cease.  Give  vetches,  grass,  sodden  oats,  water  in  small 
quantities  and  often.  If  the  pulse  be  higher  than  ordinary,  give  the  fever 
powders,  page  65;  and  when  the  number  of  strokes  per  minute  is  reduced, 
let  the  oats  be  given  dry,  and  resort  to  bracing  medicines.  In  slight  attacks, 
as  well  as  for  the  less  robust  animals,  the  various  preparations  of  bark  will  be 
found  suflBciently  tonic. 

Tonic  Ball.—^o.  I. 

SSil'L,       I    ofeach2J,.achms. 

Powdered  caraways,  half  drachm, 
with  treacle  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one  dose.     Give  morning  and 
evening. 

In  the  more  formidable  cases,  where  greater  strength  or  more  tedious  symp- 
toms require  to  be  combated,  give  the 

Tonic  Ball.— No.  2. 

Venice  turpentine,  1  scruple, 

Giiger^*'^^^^^^  I  of  each  1  drachm. 
Mix,  with  liquorice  powder  sufficient  for  one  dose,  arid  give  twice  a  day  for 
two  or  three  days.  After  this,  a  return  to  the  use  of  No.  1,  would  be  desira- 
ble, until  the  disorder  is  subdued.  Should  costjveness  ensue,  give  a  clyster, 
which  will  also  relieve  the  irritation  of  the  parts ;  castor  oil,  one  pint,  must 
also  be  administered,  if  the  costiveness  appear  obstinate. 

Above  all  things,  the  horse-owner  should  avoid  the  use  of  such  excessively 
Ignorant  prescriptions  as  are  recommended,  in  this  disorder  most  particularly, 
by  every  village  quack  :  they  are  mostly  the  horses  of  hard-working  peoplp 


BLOODY  URINE    CALCULUS.  107 

that  are  attacked  with  this  disorder,  and  those  people  more  than  any  other  lie 
open  to  this  kind  of  advice. 

Incontinence  of  urine  is  cf  the  same  nature  as  the  last-mentione<l,  only 
differing  in  the  discharge  being  involuntary,  and  the  amount,  or  quantity  pro- 
duced. The  disposition  to  stale  frequently,  or  the  urine  coming  away  with 
scarcely  an  efTort,  proves  that  great  irritability  of  the  bladder  is  the  proximate 
cause,  and  we  may  infer  that  the  quantity  would  be  greater  if  the  animal  had 
more  in  his  system.  For  this  feature  of  the  diabetes  attacks  only  old  worn 
up  horses,  in  whom  the  quantity  of  blood  is  small,  and  its  course  slow.  Dia- 
betes of  the  younger  animals  sometimes  terminates  in  this  mode  of  producing 
water  by  driblets  and  in  small  quantities,  but  to  which  the  moderns  have  given 
a  distinct  term,  though  both  are  the  same  disease ;  a  small  degree  of  in- 
flammation prevails  when  the  animal  is  greatly  affected  with  incontinence. 
See  page  lOG. 

The  treatment  should  be  the  same,  nearly,  as  directed  at  page  106.  Give 
occasionally  the  tonic  ball.  No.  2,  page  70,  for  two  or  three  days.  A  run  at 
grass  for  a  week,  and  generous  feeding  afterwards,  generally  complete  the  cure, 
no  other  obstacle  intervening. 

BLOODY  URINE, 

I  have  already  said,  is  but  one  feature  among  many  other  symptoms  of  ni- 
flamed  kidneys;  and  the  only  reason  why  I  deem  it  worthy  of  separate  notice 
is,  that  real  "inflammation  of  the  kidneys"  is  not  always  present  when  bloody 
urine  appears,  especially  when  no  other  symptom  thereof  accompanies  this 
single  demonstr:iiion  of  disorder.  Its  causes  may  be  traced  to  excessive  la- 
bour, as  drawing  in  a  cart  or  wagon,  whilst  a  slight  cold  of  the  kidneys  may 
obstruct  their  proper  action :  the  office  of  separating  the  blood  from  the  water 
is  in  this  event  performed  with  much  difficulty,  and  of  course  imperfectly ; 
and  small  portions  of  the  former,  instead  of  ascending  towards  the  heart,  de- 
scend to  the  bladder  with  the  urine,  while  the  animal  is  straining  every  nerve 
and  vein. 

Rest  and  a  cooling  diet  are  the  best  remedies  for  this  apparent  affliction. 
Should  tenderness  of  the  kidneys  be  evinced  upon  the  touch,  or  other  symp- 
toms of  augmented  pain  appear,  give  the  tonic  ball,  No.  2,  page  70,  occasion- 
ally employing  ISo.  I  instead  :  the  alteration  will  be  found  beneficial.  If  these 
symptoms  increase  (which  I  shoukl  not  apprehend),  then  of  course  the  attack 
must  be  met  with  strong  appropriate  remedies.  But  I  have  never  known  one 
case  of  bloody  urine  out  of  several  score,  where  the  appearance  thereof  ceases 
with  the  day  of  rest,  and  comes  on  again  with  hard  labour,  that  did  ever  ter- 
minate in  genuine  inflammation  of  the  kidneys :  it  will  return  at  intervals 
(upon  hard  work)  during  the  animal's  whole  life  probably,  without  any  fur- 
ther ailment  attending  it. 

CALCULUS;  OR  STONE  IN  THE  COECUM,  KIDNEYS, 
URETER,  AND  BLADDER. 

When  we  consider  for  a  moment  the  vast  circulation  that  passes  the  (livef 
nnd)  kidneys,  there  to  undergo  separation,  as  before  fully  described  in  the  first 
book ;  and  recollect,  that  hard  extraneous  substances  pass  through  these  or- 
gans, and  find  their  way  even  into  the  blood,  our  astonishment  ought  to  ceaso 
it  discovering  earthy  particles,  often  hardened  into  stone,  in  some  one  or  other 
of  those  parts. 

Cause. — The  first  particle  that  is  deposited  or  left  belimd  is  no  doubt  very 
Ir-viaF,  as  the  bisect!  m  of  many  such  stones  most  amply  proves.    Want  of 


108  CAUSES  OF  CONCRETIONS. 

vigour  at  the  time  of  its  access,  and  the  consequent  inability  to  expel  the  mtru 
bioii,  appear  to  be  the  immecUate  cause  of  this  otherwise  inscrutable  disorder 
Subsequently,  other  congenial  materials  reach  the  original  evil,  mostly  in  the 
liquid  form,  and  thus  add  to  its  size,  increase  the  number  of  striata,  and  height- 
en the  danger.  The  water  that  is  drank  by  quadrupeds  is  abundantly  impreg- 
nated with  fit  materials  for  generating  calculi :  soft  river  water,  and  that  of 
turbid  pools,  convey  the  softer  or  earthy  particles  into  the  animal's  system, 
whilst  that  drawn  from  sj)rings  contains  the  elements  for  forming  stone,  as 
perfect  as  any  geologists  find  in  the  strata  of  our  earth.  The  softer  kind  of 
these  concretions  are  found  in  the  blind  gut,  or  coccum  ;  the  harder,  or  stony 
kind,  in  the  other  viscera  above  named. 

Heat  is  the  power  that  separates  these  elements,  and  hardens  each  addition- 
al lamina  that  has  accrued,  or  grown  over  the  preceding,  from  time  to  time, 
as  the  animal  may  have  been  ex[)osed  to  drink  so  impregnated.  This  is  visi- 
ble on  the  section  of  those  stones  which  have  been  found  in  horses  and  other 
animals,  and  preserved  by  the  curious,  and  cut  in  two  by  the  lapidary.  Every 
such  concretion  so  found,  of  whatever  nature  it  may  bo,  exhibits  in  the  centre 
the  nucleus  or  commencement  of  the  evil,  which  proves  itself  to  have  l»een 
either  originally  stone,  or  some  soft  substance,  as  a  bit  of  chaff  hardened  by 
the  heat;  but  much  oftener  it  presents  a  perfect  pebble,  that  must  have  l)cen 
Dome  along  by  force  of  the  current,  and  in  the  cleansing  function  of  the  kid- 
neys got  detained  and  deposited  there.  If  not  entangled,  as  it  were,  in  the 
cellular  membrane  of  this  gland,  such  a  pebble  will  detach  itself  occasionally 
and  descend  through  one  of  the  ureters  into  the  bladder.  For  full  informa- 
tion as  to  the  structure  and  functions  of  these  several  viscera,  the  reader  is 
again  referred  to  the  second  chapter  of  book  the  first,  which  treats  alone  of 
such  matters ;  as  regards  the  coecum,  at  page  46 ;  the  kidneys  at  page  51  ;  the 
bladder  at  page  53. 

One  original  cause  of  such  concretions  has  been  ascertained  beyond  contra- 
diction, and  as  the  information  may  prevent  its  recurrence  among  a  numerous 
olass  of  horse  proprietors,  1  quote  my  authority  much  at  large,  by  way  of  pre 
ventive  advice,  seeing  that  a  cure  is  at  present  beyond  the  reach  of  art ;  reme- 
dies worse  than  useless.  Let  us  hope,  notwithstanding,  that  the  mite  which 
.s  here  contributed  may  not  be  thrown  away,  but  incite  some  future  close  ob- 
server of  nature  and  her  ways  to  add  hereto  the  result  of  his  own  inquiries, 
ar.d  so  increase  the  sphere  of  his  utility  in  one  respect,  since  imperious  cir- 
cumstances have  contracted  it  in  another  and  more  obvious  line  of  his  profes- 
sion— the  desire  of  gain. 

Millers'  horses  are  most  liable  to  contract  this  disorder,  and  for  obvious  rea- 
sons; being  large  heavy  animals  for  the  most  part,  their  ownersopulent  if  not 
rich,  and  grain  and  pulse  ever  at  hand,  dry  food  is  invariably  given  to  them 
with  a  liberal  hand.  To  render  these  substances  more  agreeable,  to  hasten 
digestion,  and  thus  produce  a  fine  coat  with  a  well-filled  carcass,  their  corn  is 
passed  through  the  mill,  the  beans  also  are  usually  broken;  and,  thus  pamper- 
ed, they  eagerly  devour  the  ready  feed,  and  with  it  whatever  extraneous  sub- 
stances it  may  have  acquired  in  the  process  of  grinding.  These  are  not  few 
in  quantity,  it  seems;  for  such  articles  arc  invariably  ground  between  stones 
-xf  a  soft  nature,  that  easily  part  with  their  rough  surface,  and  these  stony 
particles  all  find  their  way  into  the  stomach  and  intestines;  some,  here  and 
there,  pass  on  through  the  circulation,  by  means  that  are  neither  uncertain 
nor  inscrutable  in  the  minds  of  those  who  have  studied  such  subjects,  and  will 
refresh  their  memory  by  turning  to  what  1  have  said  thereon  in  the  second 
chapter  of  the  first  liooli. 

Dr.  Withers,  of  Newbury,  Berks,  having  many  years  before  given  to  Dr. 
Hunter  a  large  intestinal  stone,  which  proved  fatal  to  the  horse  whenceit  had 


CASES  OF  STONE  IN  BLADDER.  109 

bef;n  taken,  communicates  to  the  Medical  Society  of  Crane  Court,  London,  a 
similar  circumstance  which  had  come  under  his  observation — both  being  cases 
of  millers'  horses.  He  then  describes  "the  case  of  a  very  valuable  horse  be 
longing  to  Mr.  Andrews,  another  miller,  which  lay  ill  of  the  colic,"  as  the 
owner  supposed.  *'  I  told  him  (says  Dr.  Withers)  that  if  he  would  examine 
the  intestines  after  death,  he  would  most  probably  find  a  large  stone,  which 
was  the  cause  of  the  horse's  illness."  This,  the  miller,  of  course,  neglected 
to  do;  but  his  dogs  made  the  discovery  for  him:  it  was  a  large  round  stone, 
broken,  from  which  circumstance  1  infer  that  it  had  been  at  first  a  soft  or  earthy 
concretion,  and  proceeded  from  the  cojcum.  Four  such  instances  all  together 
were  remembered  at  the  same  mill,  besides  many  others  elsewhere ;  but,  with 
'characteristic  negligence,  the  millers  in  no  case  thought  proper  to  furnish  the 
i.octor  with  the  when  and  the  where  found,  nor  does  the  doctor  say  why. 

The  symptoms  of  calculous  deposite  throughout  apparently  resemble  colic 
to  the  view  of  common  observers,  as  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Andrews'  horse,  just 
quoted;  the  animal  looking  at  his  flanks,  straddling  when  a  kidney  is  affected, 
as  if  he  would  stale,  which  he  does  with  great  difficulty,  and  sometimes  a  little 
bloody.  This  last  appearance  also  occurs  when  the  bladder  has  been  affected 
for  any  length  of  time,  so  that  the  anguish  of  acute  pain  had  communicated  to 
the  kidneys  by  means  of  the  ureters,  in  which  manner  alone  blood  could  pos- 
sibly have  been  produced  in  the  celebrated  case  cited  by  two  contemporary 
waters  from  M,  La  Fosse,  the  elder.  When  stone  resides  in  a  kidney,  it  may 
be  ascertained  by  pressure  of  the  hand  thereon  :  1  will  not  exactly  say  you  can 
feel  the  stone,  for  it  lodgeth  underneath,  but  the  greater  tension  and  enlarge- 
ment of  one  kidney  beyond  the  other,  leaves  that  notion  on  the  mind;  besides 
which,  the  animal  will  shrink,  or  rather  start,  a  little  quicker  that  in  case  of 
"inflammation  of  the  kidneys" — the  symptoms  whereof,  asset  down  in  a  pre- 
ceding page  (103),  the  reader  should  consult  in  order  to  shape  his  practice  ac- 
cordingly. 

Calculous,  or  earthy  deposits  of  substances  in  the  coecum  may  be  ascertain- 
ed and  distinguished  from  simple  colic  or  gripes,  by  passing  the  hand  along 
the  lower  part  of  the  belly,  as  described  in  the  first  book,  at  page  46.  While 
such  an  obstruction  remains  deposited  near  the  blind  part  of  that  gut,  no  im- 
mediate danger  or  inconvenience  is  to  be  apprehended;  but  when  the  lump, 
by  any  means  whatever,  moves  to  the  orifice,  and  obstructs  its  only  passage, 
the  most  distressing  consequences  ensue.  One  of  the  causes  hereof  is  the  ex- 
hibition of  hot,  S'trong,  or  drastic  medicines,  which  are  usually  given  in  cases 
of  genuine  spasmodic  colic ;  and  as  the  symptoms  that  attend  both  are  alike 
almost  throughout,  with  the  exception  just  made,  no  mistake  is  more  general, 
Drobably,  than  people  treating  this  disorder  as  they  would  colic,  which  course 
endangers  Ufe. 

The  ureters,  it  will  be  seen,  are  but  of  small  capacity,  and  in  its  descent 
troni  the  kidney,  whence  it  has  been  detached,  the  stone  sometimes  meets  with 
an  insurmountable  obstacle ;  the  irritation  it  thus  occasions  communicates  to 
the  adjacent  parts  ;  entire  suppression  of  the  urinary  secretion  is  the  immediate 
consequence,  and  mortification  of  the  intestines  and  death  ensues,  without  the 
possibility  of  relief.  Indeed  the  remedies  that  seem  most  proper  do  but  ac- 
celerate the  catastrophe.* 

Much  i)crs[)irati()n  attends  the  first  hours  of  the  suppression,  and  it  affords 
evident  relief;  but  painful  efforts  to  void  urme,  which  comes  off  in  very  small 
quantity,  and  ultimately  ceases  altogether;  and  then  cold  ears,  cold  legs, 
tremor  and  an  alarming  irregularity  of  pulse,   preceue  but  a  short  time  the 

*  I  say  seem,  for  none  can  say  precisel>  what  is  tiiking  place.    He  whose  judgment  tcina» 
htra  neaf«'3C  the  real  cause  of  pain  being  most  likely  to  apply  the  proper  recieay. 
11» 


tid  ABSCESS  AND  TUMOURS. 

dissolution  of  the  functions  of  animal  life.  This  is  the  most  dangerous  species 
of  disorder,  arising  from  calculous  deposit,  that  I  know  of 

In  the  kidney,  however,  little  danger  to  life  is  to  be  apprehended  from  the 
(Btonc,  unless  the  animal  is  put  to  severe  work,  so  as  to  produce  the  symptom 
of  bloody  urine  before  described.  They  are  mostly  fat  horses  that  die  with 
stone  in  the  kidney ;  in  fact,  all  that  I  have  ever  seen  or  heard  of,  and  these 
have  been  numerous ;  for  I  have  long  made  a  point  of  inquiring  after  such 
cases  of  calculus,  where  they  seldom  escape  notice,  viz.  the  horse-slaughterers' 
yards,  of  which  it  is  proverbially  and  truly  said,  that  not  a  hair  enters  but  is 
turned  to  profit.  The  probability  is,  that  when  the  stone  detaches  itself  and 
descends  into  the  ureter,  the  fat  which  partly  enveloped  it  and  the  residue  of 
the  kidney  had  been  withdrawn,  through  disease  or  poor  living,  and  the  mem- 
brane which  supported  both  had  divided.  I  once  thought  Ihad  made  some  ob- 
servations on  this  part  of  my  subject  which  would  be  worthy  of  public  perusal ; 
but  these  are  not  sufficiently  mature  to  find  place  in  this  little  volume,  devoted 
as  its  pages  are  to  matter  of  fact,  and  fair  deductions  therefrom,  and  wholly 
exclusive  of  theoretic  speculation.  Nevertheless,  in  aid  of  what  others  may 
think  fit  to  say  in  any  other  place  (out  of  a  spirit  of  controversy),  I  would  just 
add,  that  only  one  kidney  is  affected  at  a  time,  or  one  ureter ;  that  the  calculi 
found  in  either  of  these  are  invariably  of  the  hardest  kind,  whilst  those  of  the 
bladder  are  softer,  and  those  of  the  intestines  softer  still,  or  Htlle  more  than 
concrete  earth.  Lastly,  that  none  of  those  horses  which  I  have  found  troubled 
with  either  kind  of  calculous  disorders  suffered  under  a  second  at  one  and  the 
same  time. 


CHAPTER  II. 
EXTERNAL  DISORDERS. 

Abscess  and  Tumours. 

Swelling,  with  inflammation  of  the  solids,  the  glands,  or  simply  pustules 
on  the  skin,  are  all  tumours,  have  been  divided  into  eight  classes,  and  accord 
in^  to  their  situation,  are  termed  superficial,  or  deep  seated  abscess.  Super- 
ficial are  those  which  appear  on  the  skin,  as  farcy,  &c. — Deep  seated  are  those 
which  more  generally  are  hidden  amongst  the  muscles,  ligaments,  &c.  as  poll- 
evil,  fistula,  &c. — A  few  general  observations  on  the  remote  causes  thereof 
seem  necessary  to  a  right  understanding  of  each  particular  complaint. 

All  those  disorders  in  common,  together  with  several  others,  1  have  no  hesi- 
tation in  attributing  their  remote  cause  to  constitutional  defectiveness  at  least, 
or  incapacity  in  the  function  of  circulation,  better  known  by  the  homely  ex- 
pression, "a  bad  state  of  the  humours,"  as  before  insisted  upon,  principally  at 
pages  53—61.  Both  series  are  referable  to  the  same  predisposing  cause.  That 
epecies  of  inflammation  of  the  whole  system  which  we  have  agreed  to  term 
fever,  frequently  terminates  by  concentrating  its  latent  humours,  and  deposit 
ing  the  same  critically  in  some  fleshy  part  of  the  carcass  or  limbs,  producing 
rnattei  (or  pus,)  which,  with  heat,  constitutes  the  disease.  Whether  abscess 
or  tumour  supervene,  both  have  immediate  connexion  with  blood-vessels  of  no 
small^ consideration,  though  the  disorder  may  have  commenced  with  the  finer 
(capillaries),  as  insisted  upon  at  the  pages  above  referred  to;  and  hath 


TUMOURS,  DEFINED.  HI 

been  repeatedly  proved.  First,  as  recrards  tumours,  these  being  probed,  the 
patients  have  bled  to  death,  with  arterial  blood.  And  secondly,  in  every  case 
of  abscess,  in  proportion  as  tiiey  increase  in  size,  so  does  the  patient's  strength 
invariably  diminish.  When  nature  makes  an  opening  to  the  surface,  after 
iong-protracted  illness,  the  patient  is  usually  so  exhausted,  and  the  parts  ad 
jacent  rendered  so  unfit  to  re-unite,  that  the  strength  of  the  constitution  ap- 
pears to  run  off  at  the  orifice :  life  is  seldom  preserved,  health  never  com- 
pletely restored. 

Tumours  sometimes  appear  of  tolerably  large  size,  that  become  imJolent, 
without  feeling,  and  are  moveable  under  the  skin.  These  are  caused  by  the 
same  evil  state  of  the  blood,  or  its  vessels,  and  the  inflammation  or  irritation 
having  ceased  at  some  time  or  other,  the  enlargement  remains,  though  the 
connexion  with  the  system  of  animal  life  has  long  ceased.  Although  very 
unsightly,  the  animal  feels  little  inconvenience  from  those  protuberances:  they 
receive  the  name  of  wen,  and  might  be  taken  off  by  dividing  the  skin,  and 
pressing  out  the  wen  :  it  is  then  to  be  drawn  forth  with  the  forceps,  and  the 
healing  of  the  wound  is  effected  by  strapping  down  the  skin  with  adhesive 
plaster ;  the  cure  is  thus  said  to  be  effected  by  the  first  intention.  The  usual 
precautions  of  taking  away  the  hair,  and  afterwards  keeping  the  patient's  h^ad 
up  for  a  few  days,  would  of  course  be  adopted. 

The  genuine  tumour  is  soft  and  tender,  and  is  contained  in  a  membranous 
case,  or  ccestus,  that  has  been  likened  to  the  finger  of  a  glove,  or  to  many  of 
them,  when  it  acquires  the  distinctive  name  of  fistula.  The  case,  or  ccestus, 
having  been  formed  by  the  disorder,  and  matured  by  heat,  acquires  strength 
the  longer  it  is  suffered  to  continue  unopposed,  seeking  its  way  inwards,  until 
the  knife  alone  can  afford  relief.  At  the  shoulder  the  fibrous  and  membranous 
construction  is  exceedingly  strong.  Look  at  page  11.  Generally  speaking, 
all  swellings  of  a  circumscribed  nature  are  tumours. 

Some  objections  which  have  been  raised  against  the  view  I  have  taken  of 
the  origin  of  this  whole  series  of  diseases  must  not  go  quite  unnoticed  here, 
though  I  dislike  controversy  as  much  as  any  writer  who  has  gone  before  me 
on  either  side  the  question.  At  the  very  commencement  of  this  book  (page 
59),  and  without  adverting  to  either  set,  or  indeed  thinking  at  all  of  the  con- 
troversy, I  assigned  a  reason  why  the  apparently  triumphant  proof  of  Mr. 
White,  at  page  29,  is  no  proof  at  all,  but  the  contrary,  as  to  the  thickness  or 
viscidity  of  the  blood  increasing  with  the  continuance  of  inflammatory  fever. 
Every  writer  on  this  subject  allows  that  the  swelling  and  discharge  of  matter 
that  frequently  occurs  after  a  fever,  or  inflammation  of  the  whole  system,  de- 
notes the  crisis  or  termination  of  that  disorder ;  and  insists  that  it  must  bo 
considered  as  but  an  effort  of  nature  to  throw  off  something  that  is  offensive 
to  the  well-being  of  the  animal.  The  same  happens  often  after  "inflamma- 
tion of  the  liver"  has  been  reduced  ;  but  this  kind  of  occurrence,  though  it  adds 
nothing  material  by  way  of  argument,  leads  us  directly  to  the  point  at  issue. 
General  inflammation  (fever)j  it  is  allowed  on  all  hands,  begets  something  of- 
fensive, and  so  does  partial  or  local  inflammation  of  any  organ  through  which 
the  blood  passes,  particularly  of  the  liver  and  kidneys,  through  which  the 
whole  mass  gets  filtered,  as  it  were :  and  nature's  efforts  to  get  rid  of  this  of- 
fence against  her  rules  are  evinced  in  swelling  of  the  external  parts,  in  the  in- 
flammation thereof,  and  subsequent  escape  of  the  offensive  something,  where 
by  a  cure  is  effected. 

All  this  is  agreed  upon  by  those  who  deny  the  necessary  pre-existence  of  a 
general  ill  state  of  health,  as  well  as  by  those  who  already  know,  or  have  yet 
to  learn,  that  the  liver,  that  acknowledged  cleanser,  permits  much  grosser  ma 
terials  to  pass  through  it  than  those  offensive  matters,  or  gross  humours,  which 
we  contend  reside  in  the  blood,  and  constitute  disorder  of  one  kind  or  other  cv 


tl3  KIND  OF  HORSE  MOST  LIABLE  TO  TUMOURS. 

the  surface,  or  at  least  predispose  the  animal  to  acquire  such,  according  as  cif> 
cumstances  may  cleteriniae  one  way  or  the  other.  Seeing  that  such  gross  sub- 
stances as  bits  of  straw,  chalf,  &x*.,  have  issued  from  a  vein  on  blood-letting, 
it  is  too  much  to  concede  the  ultimate  point  that  the  feculent  humours,  which 
constitute  tumours,  farcy,  &c.  may  not  in  like  manner  escape  into  the  circula- 
tion, and  be  detained  at  that  particular  part  which  is  rendered  by  some  acci- 
dent less  capable  of  continuing  the  harmful  matter  in  a  6uid  state?  A  blow,  a 
gall,  a  ligature,  or  bruise,  are  known  to  occasion  this  disability  and  bring  on 
disease  in  one  of  its  varied  shapes.  So  does  "  a  cold"  produce  fever  in  some 
animals  sooner  than  in  others;  according  as  the  circulation  may  be  more  lan- 
guid, or  more  predisposed  to  inflammation,  or  otherwise  unfitted  for  its  pur- 
poses; whilst  some  again  acquire  inflammation  without  any  such  accidents  or 
cold,  the  fever  being  lighted  up  occasionally  by  warm  stabling  alone,  though 
the  air  they  breathe  may  be  perfectly  innoxious. 

How  it  is  that  those  external  diseases,  enumerated  at  the  head  of  this  chap- 
ter, are  generated,  1  shall  not  here  re[)eat :  the  reader  may  consult  the  {)rinci- 
ples  upon  which  my  0[)inions  are  founded  in  the  twenty-ninth  section  of  book 
the  first,  page  .30:  to  which  1  will  here  merely  add,  that  the  tumours  we  per- 
ceive on  the  body  that  are  not  of  a  nature  to  break  and  discharge  their  con- 
tents— as  farcy,  grease,  &c. — are  usually,  if  not  always,  accompanied  by  cor- 
responding tumours  on  some  vital  organ,  as  the  lungs,  liver,  &c.  But  single 
tumours,  containing  matter,  as  the  whole  tribe  of  fistula,  &c.  are  designed  to 
counteract  and  carry  off  obstructions  and  all  baleful  affections  incident  to  the 
organs  just  mentioned,  and  of  all  others:  an  owner  ought  therefore  to  deem 
himself  fortunate,  when  some  inscrutable  long  illness  of  the  inside  terminates 
in  this  manner.  The  appearance  of  these  latter  on  the  surface  may  be  taken 
as  a  good  assurance  that  none  then  exist  internally;  nor,  indeed,  any  other 
disorder  whatever,  the  natural  stn-ngth  of  the  animal  system  enabling  it  thus 
to  cleanse  itself  Again,  we  may  remark  in  general,  that  as  it  is  the  better 
bred  animals  that  are  most  lialile  to  affe(;tions  of  these  organs,  so  is  it  the 
"country-bred  cattle,"  without  any  breeding  in  them,  that  mostly  suffer  those 
external  attacks.  To  the  reflection  of  every  man  of  experience  I  refer  this 
material  point  of  ilissonance  between  the  two  varieties  of  hi)rse,  which  serves 
to  prove  that  those  having  great  lumps  of  nuiscle  at  the  parts  liable  to  such  at- 
tacks are  most  disposed  to  contract  local  inflammation,  and  that  puffing  up 
of  gland  or  lymphatic  which  we  call  tumour  of  various  kinils.  Local  inflam- 
nration  alone,  however,  could  not  effect  the  evil,  without  some  corresponding 
a  use ;  else,  how  comes  it  to  pass  that  none  but  aged  horses,  that  are  heavy 
in  the  hand  and  low  in  blood,  contract  fistula  or  abscess;  young  and  lively 
horses,  and  those  with  some  breeding  in  them,  never?  Once  more, — if  the 
disorder  reside  not  in  the  blood,  how  does  it  come  to  pass,  that  a  horse  having 
contracted  one  species  of  tumour,  he  is  never  known  to  undergo  an  attack  of 
any  other  species — and  there  are  a  dozen  at  the  least?  For  example,  give  a 
horse  the  poll-evil,  and  see  how  little  he  will  be  disposed  to  contract  the 
glanders. 

Fleshy  horses,  those  of  the  cart  breed  and  of  indolent  habit  of  body,  aro 
lT>ost  liable  to  contract  poll-evil,  fistula,  &c.;  indeed  i  might  say,  the  ready  dis- 

Kosition  thereto  is  confined  to  that  breed,  though  either  could  be  inflicted  upon 
igher  bred  cattle,  which  might  not  be  so  |)redisposed  by  a  bad  habit  of  l)ody 
<»r  by  the  gross  humours  before  noticed.  When  the  animals  arc  young,  and 
feed  ravenously,  the  strangles  carry  off  those  humours;  when  youth  leaves 
them  and  more  doltish  habits  comes  on,  these  humours  appear  in  some  other 
varied  shapes:  besides  those  diseases  just  nanied,  the  farcy,  grease,  &c.  all 
come  on  from  the  same  indolent  habit  of  body.  They  are  always  ravenous 
fatejts,  gross  feeders,  and  consequently  lethargic  in  their  movements,  that  ac- 


DISEASE  OF  IHE  HABIT.  lid 

quir**  pollevil ;  for  they  demand  harsh  treatment  to  keep  them  at  their  work 
which  frequently  devolves  into  ill-usage,  unless  the  drivers  possess  the  pa 
tience  of  Job, 

Hence  the  duty  of  attending  to  the  health  of  such  horses,  as  much  as  may 
be  consistent  with  the  avocations  of  the  owner;  of  avoiding  the  infliction  that 
is  often  the  immediate  cause  of  either  species  of  ailment ;  and,  these  being 
discovered  of  applying  the  necessary  remedies  for  their  instant  dispersion — 
if  the  symptoms  are  mild,  and  thus  promise  success,  a  low  regimen  follows  of 
course.  But  delay  too  often  confirms  the  disease ;  it  approaches  towa? ds  ma- 
turity, and  will  not  be  repressed  :  then  does  the  duty  of  "  bringing  it  forward" 
to  suppuration  present  itself  as  the  only  means  of  obtaining  a  radical  cure;  and 
1  may  add,  that  this  is  always  the  safest,  the  best,  and  the  most  certain  means, 
when  the  disease  yields  not  to  the  first  efforts  at  dispersion.  In  ordinary  cases 
of  saddle  gall,  the  swelling  and  heat  will  bend  before  an  assiduous  and  early 
application  of  the  repellent  lotion;  not  so  easily,  however  in  case  of  "fistula 
in  the  withers,"  which  lies  deeper  and  is  more  obstinate.  Least  of  all  will  con- 
firmed poll-evil  give  way  before  the  strongest  repellents ;  or,  if  the  resolution 
be  apparently  effected,  the  least  external  injury,  or  none  whatever,  will  sub- 
sequently reproduce  the  disorder  with  more  than  its  original  virulence.  Per- 
haps, in  no  part  of  the  farrier's  art  has  he  the  opportunity  of  evincing  his 
judgment  more,  than  in  choosing  the  precise  period  when  he  will  quit  all  at- 
tempts at  suppressing  the  abscess  or  tumour,  and  set  about  bringing  it  forward 
to  suppuration  and  a  radical  cure;  when  he  will  also  quit  the  low  regimen 
which  was  proper  in  the  first  attempt,  and  adopt  a  more  generous  diet,  that  is 
better  adapted  to  the  painful  discharge  his  patient  will  now  be  compelled  to 
undergo,  either  by  dint  of  medicinal  applications  or  the  knife. 

Abscess  in  the  more  fleshy  parts  of  the  body,  or  under  the  belly,  are  far  less 
dangerous  or  troublesome  situations  than  on  the  parts  just  named ;  they  also 
prove  to  be  symptomatic  of  the  actual  state  of  the  blood,  of  which  they  then 
form  the  crisis  or  point  of  cure,  and  therefore  the  repression  of  such  (as  re- 
commended in  other  cases)  should  not  be  attempted,  neither  should  the  animal 
system  be  lowered,  but  the  contrary.  If,  however,  the  tumour  appears  near  a 
joint  or  just  above  it,  as  the  hock,  so  as  to  impede  its  action,  in  which  case  it 
would  soon  assume  an  ulcerous  appearance,  by  reason  of  the  movement  of 
the  muscles  of  the  limb  in  going,  repression  should  then  be  resorted  to  with 
assiduity  and  skill.  Artificial  inflammation,  excited  upon  the  skin  and  cellu- 
lar membrane,  near  the  part,  by  means  of  blistering,  or  rowelling  higher  up, 
has  the  good  effect  of  drawing  oflfthe  heat  and  tension  from  the  more  import- 
ant joint,  nor  does  the  animal  by  this  application  undergo  so  much  pain  as  he 
would  were  the  tendon  affected,  whereby  the  limb  would  become  irremediably 
stiff  and  useless. 

CRITICAL  ABSCESS 

Is  that  swelling  or  tumour  which  is  occasionally  thrown  out  on  the  body  oi 
hmbs  from  no  apparent  accident,  but  what  may  be  traced  to  that  derange- 
ment of  the  system  we  call  fever,  and  is  sometimes  attendant  upci  protracted 
inflammation  of  the  liver,  when  the  disease  appears  on  the  fascia  of  the  mus- 
cles of  the  belly,  on  the  jowl,  or  other  glandular  parts. 

The  cause  and  the  effect  thus  become  manifest  together;  and  when  great 
tenderness  is  evinced  upon  touching  the  parts  in  ordinary  cases,  nothing  mora 
is  required  ^han  to  make  an  opening  in  the  lowest  edge  of  the  swelling,  and 
expressing  the  contents;  the  cure  is  effected  by  means  of  the  common  "di- 
gestive ointment,"  which  is  prescribed  under  the  article  "  Poll-evil,"  farther 
down.     But  the  proper  time  at  whif^h  the  opening  is  to  be  thus  made  requires 


11^  FORM  OF  BANDAGES 

close  observation.  In  genera!,  this  may  be  ascertained  by  a  change  in  the 
animal's  manner :  he  will  eat  more  heartily  as  the  matter  increases :  which 
proves  that  the  disease  of  his  habit  has  accumulated  at  this  precise  spot.  He 
should  not  be  allowed  long  to  remain  in  this  state,  lest  the  offensive  matter 
should  penetrate  inwardly  or  laterally.  If  the  disease  is  thus  distinctly  known 
to  proceed  from  the  remains  of  ill-cured  fever  or  inflammation,  poultices  should 
be  applied  to  bring  it  forward  to  the  surface,  and  the  animal  receive  increased 
feeds  of  dry  oats,  of  beans,  or  sodden  oats,  according  to  his  former  habits,  in 
order  to  encourage  the  access  of  matter  ;  for  nature,  exhausted  by  the  violence 
or  the  continuance  of  the  disorder,  is  incapable  of  expelling  this  last  remains 
of  the  enemy,  and  stands  in  need  of  support.  Should  the  horse  have  been 
lately  laid  up  with  fever,  or  for  some  time  past  shown  languor  in  his  gait,  and 
heaviness  about  the  eyes,  or  it  may  be  concluded  from  his  recent  hard  labour 
and  hard  mode  of  living,  that  he  has  been  long  ailing  inwardly:  in  this  case 
the  abscess  being  evidently  a  critical  symptom  of  the  general  evil  state  of  his 
blood,  nature  must  be  assisted  in  getting  rid  of  the  offensive  matter ;  and  for 
that  purpose  bring  the  tumour  to  a  head  by  means  of  a  poultice.  The  head 
is  most  commonly  the  seat  of  swelled  glands. 

Drawing  Poultice. 

White  bread,  the  crum  of  a  41b.  loaf. 
Onions  chopped,  2  lb. 

Boil  the  onions  in  water,  and  pour  the  whole  on  the  bread:  mix  to  a  tolerable 
consistency,  and  whilst  blood-warm  apply  copiously  to  the  parts  in  a  cloth. 
Support  the  application  by  means  of  a  bandage  of  stout  linen  cloth,  with  liga- 
tures tying  over  the  forehead  and  across  the  poll  thrice,  as  described  in 
the  annexed  sketch.  Some  persons  have  recommended  the  use  of  a  so- 
lution of  gum  to  render  the  cloth  impervious  to  liquids.     See  page  79. 


CRITICAL  ABSCESS    AND  THE  DEEt-SEATED.    POIX-E\TL  115 

Should  circumstances  require  a  more  extended  application,  or  that  the  patient 
yestlessness  might  rub  off  the  bandage,  let  a  more  extended  bandage  be  em- 
ployed.    For  such  a  one,  and  as  to  further  particulars,  the  reader  may  consult 
page  79,  where  a  bandage  for  sore  throat  is  depicted. 

By  those  means  the  swelling  will  come  to  a  head,  and  give  signs  of  being 
about  to  burst,  but  which  1  have  reason  to  believe  seldom  happens  sponta- 
neously by  reason  of  the  thickness  of  the  skin.  Apply  the  knife,  or  bistoury, 
as  directed  much  at  large  in  the  case  of  poll-evil ;  give  a  mild  laxative  the  same 
day,  and  lower  his  diet.  When  it  so  happens  that  the  opening  has  been  made 
too  soon,  before  it  has  accumulated  sufficiently,  the  orifice  may  be  ke[)t  open 
by  means  of  a  seton  passing  through  it  to  the  lowest  or  most  de|)ending  side, 
arid  the  running  continued  for  several  days,  until  it  assume  a  healthy  a[)pear- 
ance  and  the  swelhng  subsides.  This  plan  must  be  always  adopted  with  the 
slow  or  sordid  tumour,  which  will  not  come  forward,  though  heated  with  the 
onion  poultice,  and  even  with  a  blister :  then  let  the  seton  be  applied,  chang- 
ing it  daily  and  soaking  the  tape  in  the  irritating  mixture,  as  in  case  of  poll- 
evil,  page  119.  That  other  critical  abscess,  called  strangles,  comes  under  a 
distinct  head,  farther  down. 

Deep-seated  abscess,  under  the  fascia  of  the  muscles  of  the  belly,  is  scarcely 
ever  curable,  being  seldom  discovered  to  the  eye  uj)til  too  late  to  render  assist- 
ance in  bringing  it  to  the  surface  by  means  of  strong  drawing  poultices,  as  in 
case  of  obstinate  poll -evil.  On  passing  the  hand  over  the  part,  the  animal 
may  be  observed  to  flinch  from  the  touch ;  but  this  cyraptom  is  seldom  at- 
tended to,  and  it  makes  its  way  inwards,  bursts  in  the  ravity  of  the  abdomen, 
and  kills  the  patient. 

POLL-EVIL. 

Causes. — Next  to  a  diseased  habit  of  body,  as  just  al)ove  noticed,  which 
predisposes  a  certain  description  of  horses  to  contract  turajurs  in  various  parts 
of  the  body,  the  poll-evil  is  frequently  occasioned  by  a  blow,  or  gall,  of  a  very 
trivial  nature,  if  it  do  not  come  on  without  this  kind  of  excitement.  The 
action  of  the  head  is  very  great  with  some  horses,  arising  probably  from  an 
itching  in  the  upper  part  of  the  cervical  ligament,  where  it  is  attached  to  the 
vertebrae  of  the  neck  ;  and  this  causing  irritation,  we  need  not  hesitate  long 
in  accounting  for  the  inflammation  that  affects  the  muscle  which  interposes 
between  it  and  the  poll-bone,  in  a  cavity  that  is  greater  with  some  breeds  of 
horses  than  others.  This  variance  in  conformation  is  exemplified  in  the 
whole  length  portrait  of  a  skeleton  which  is  prefixed  to  chapter  i.  wherein  the 
cavity  that  should  form  the  seat  of  this  disease  is  scarcely  perceptible;  whilst 
the  small  figure,  inserted  at  section  16  of  that  chapter,  to  illustrate  the  uses  of 
the  cervical  ligament,  has  this  cavity  of  the  usual  extent.  Of  course,  this 
latter  would  be  still  more  predisposed  to  contract  poll-evil  than  the  former, 
which  was  a  peculiarly  formed  horse  in  another  respect  also  ;  and  it  is  more 
than  probable,  that,  if  the  two  were  to  fall  into  an  equally  bad  habit  of  body, 
whilst  the  latter  might  acquire  poll  evil  thereby,  the  constitution  of  the  former 
might  throw  off  any  offensive  matters  that  might  accrue  by  some  other  means.* 
The  reader  will  do  well  to  turn  back  to  the  section  referred  to  (p.  20),  as  well 
as  to  the  skeleton  [at  A  5J. 

The  wheelers,  in  a  set  uf  horses^  v^ill  frequently  throw  back  the  head  m 

*  These  might  appear  iii  shape  of  grease  and  farcy ;  but  it  has  been  generally  obsei  7ed  tnai 
a  flisposition  to  farcy  abates,  if  it  do  not  subside  entirely,  upon  the  appearance  of  poH-evil. 
Again,  horses  that  are  most  liable  to  contidct  the  grease,  are  precisely  of  the  same  dispositioo 
US  ilicKe  which  are  afflicted  with  tumours,  Sir.,  viz.  of  indolent  habit,  heavy  in  the  hand,  and 
bJow  of  blood,  flesb^'  and  dull; 


116  cau.:e.s  or  ^oll-evil  cure  by  dispersion. 

warm  weather,  or  after  lirit^k  work,  at  feeling  the  reins  that  run  through  theif 
head-harness  to  the  leaders :  this  action  is  performed,  as  the  reader  will  have 
iearnl,  by  the  action  of  the  cervicular  ligament,  the  upper  end  whereof  termi- 
nates where  the  ear-band  rests,  and  perhaps  pinches  the  part.  Horses  that 
are  given  to  shy  are  likely  to  contract  poll-evil  when  hanging  back,  and  throw- 
ing up  the  head  with  a  jerk. 

But  the  most  prolific  cause  of  poll-evil  I  am  inclined  to  attribute  to  the  low 
stable  door-way,  whereby  the  animal  gets  many  a  trivial  hit  at  going  in  and 
coming  out;  next  in  point  of  frequency  is  that  brutal  mode  of  attacking  res- 
tive horses  about  the  head  with  the  butt  end  of  the  whip.  Education  of  the 
lower  classes  has  effected  the  abatement  of  this  as  well  as  many  other  unfeel- 
ing practices.  Ofttimes,  the  edges  of  the  ear-band,  being  sharp,  create  a 
painful  itching,  then  soreness  and  irritation  about  the  part,  as  does  also  the 
showy  tip,  or  "cutting  at  a  fly,"  practised  by  our  flashy  four-in-hand  men, 
who  may  have  discovered  that  touching  up  the  animal  in  such  a  vulnerable 
part  is  "sure  to  make  him  go  along."  Stage-coach  horses,  however,  do  not 
now  acquire  poll-evil,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  like  what  they  did  formerly;  for 
the  great  expedition  these  vehicles  are  constrained  to,  compels  the  proprietors 
to  use  better  bred  cattle  than  their  predecessors — those  that  are  less  indolent,  not 
so  heavy  in  the  hand,  nor  sluggish,  consequently  not  so  liable  to  contract  dis- 
eases incident  to  a  bad  habit  of  body,  or  vitiated  state  of  the  blood,  like  poll- 
evil  and  its  nauseous  train  of  co-existent  evils,  that  we  shall  proceed  to  take 
into  consideration  one  after  another. 

Symptoms. — At  first  the  animal  appears  restless,  throwing  his  head  back 
and  returning  it  to  the  former  position,  as  if  the  efforts  had  oc(^sioned  pain. 
Soon  after,  it  droops  the  head,  holding  it  now  on  one  side,  now  on  the  other ; 
appears  dull  about  the  eyes,  and  becomes  sluggish  in  its  movements.  In  this 
state  it  continues  a  longer  or  shorter  time  (even  weeks)  as  the  violence  may 
have  been  greater  or  less  that  brought  about  the  evil ;  the  time  depending  alsc 
in  some  measure  on  the  height  of  the  pulse :  a  languid  system  making  of 
course  the  slowest  advances  towards  bringing  the  abscess  to  maturity.  Thif 
uneasiness  of  manner  is  accompanied  by  heat,  swelling,  and  shortly  by  ten- 
sion of  the  part,  and  increase  in  the  pulsation.  As  it  goes  on,  a  disposition 
to  flinch  from  the  touch  is  evinced  whenever  the  part  is  approached  with  the 
hand  ;  if  the  evil  be  deep-seated,  the  swelling  is  wide,  but  not  so  high  ;  but 
when  nearer  the  surface,  it  presents  a  point,  is  circumscribed  within  a  well- 
marked  circle,  and  ultimately  tells  how  necessary  it  is  that  the  contents  should 
escape,  by  a  throbbing  which  may  be  felt  at  this  point.  Again,  to  ascertain 
that  the  matter  is  near  the  surface,  apply  two  fingers  alternately  on  the  sides 
of  the  tumour,  and  the  matter  will  recede  from  side  to  side.     Let  it  out. 

Cure. — At  first,  this  may  be  attempted,  in  the  earliest  stages  of  the  disor- 
der, by  repression  or  dispersion,  provided  the  disorder  be  not  deep-seated  near 
the  bone ;  which  will  be  the  case  if  it  has  been  brought  on  by  violent  means, 
or  it  be  a  second  attack,  when  endeavours  to  repress  it  would  be  vain  indeed. 
On  the  contrary,  if  we  can  trace  the  cause  to  a  hurt  of  no  long  standing,  or  of 
trivial  import,  and  we  know  the  horse  was  in  good  health  before  the  swelling 
took  place,  then  oui  duty  is  to  carry  off  the  evil  through  the  animal  system,  by 
means  of  active  physic.  Foment  the  part  well  with  bran  and  water,  warm  { 
rub  it  dry  with  cloths,  and  apply  the 

Embrocation. 

Spirits  of  wine,  half  a  pint, 

Camphor,  2  drachms, 

Goulard's  extract  of  lead,  1  drachm 


POLL-EVIL>  RADICAL  CURE  BY  SUPPURATION.  lyj 

Mix,  and  apply  the  same  two  or  three  times  a  day,  gently  rubbing  the  part  ls 
much  as  the  animal  can  bear.     Give  also  at  the  same  time  the 

Alterative  Ball. 

Aloes,  4  drachms, 
Castile  soap,  2  drachms, 
Calomel,  half  a  drachm. 

Mix  with  mucilage,  and  give  one  every  third  day,  provided  the  embrocation  ia 
applied  so  long. 

During  these  applications,  a  cooling  regimen  should  be  observed,  the  feeds 
being  reduced  to  half  the  usual  quantity  of  oats,  and  ultimately  discontinued 
altogether.  There  will  be  no  propriety  in  clothing  up  the  patient,  nor  need 
he  be  exposed  to  the  cold  air,  if  it  prevails.  When  the  disorder  has  been 
brought  on  by  simple  compression  of  the  ear-band,  and  is  recent,  I  have  never 
known  the  foregoing  treatment  to  fail ;  and  in  cases  of  vigorous  constitutions, 
the  swelling,  heat,  and  tension  have  been  reduced  so  quickly  (i.  e.  in  four  or 
five  days)  as  to  leave  certain  careless  observers  in  doubt  whetner  the  animal 
had  really  laboured  under  a  genuine  attack  of  poll-evil. 

Remove  the  halter,  and  if  the  animal  be  put  to  work,  contrive  to  keep  back 
the  ear-band.  A  good  and  valuable  embrocation  will  be  found  in  simple  vine- 
gar three  or  four  times  a  day,  or  the  sediment  of  very  stale  beer.  Old  verjuice 
answers  the  same  end  ;  and  all  this  kind  of  embrocation  must  be  laid  on  warm, 
by  means  of  cloths  soaked  and  applied  repeatedly. 

♦+*  The  same  treatment  and  observations  will  apply  to  all  the  other  species 
of  abscess  in  its  milder  state,  fistula,  warbles,  quittor ;  but  of  these  1  shall 
speak  more  particularly  under  their  respective  heads  of  information. 

Second  method  of  cure. — Very  few  cases  present  themselves  to  recollection 
of  even  recent  poll-evil,  that  would  admit  of  being  completely  dispersed,  and 
a  radical  cure  effected,  by  any  means  whatever;  and  it  is  due  to  candour  to 
acknowledge,  that  some  of  the  most  stubborn  attacks  were  found  to  bave  re- 
lapsed after  a  v^hile,  which  proved  that  the  cure  so  effected  to  all  appearance 
was  not  radically  good,  but  had  leit  a  violent  predisposition  to  renew  its  rava- 
ges afresh.  Probably,  the  time  of  inflicting  the  injury  had  not  been  accurate- 
ly marked,  nor  its  degree  ingenuously  reported  to  the  owners  in  those  cases 
of  relapse. 

However  this  be,  when  the  disorder  is  found  to  baffle  the  endeavours  em- 
ployed to  disperse  it,  the  whole  course  of  proceedings  must  be  changed,  as  be- 
fore hinted  in  the  concluding  sentence  of  my  general  observations  on  this  to- 
pic. Instead  of  putting  back  the  swelling  by  those  means,  let  us  pursue  a 
direct  contrary  course,  in  order  to  bring  it  forward  :  the  mode  of  feeding  must 
oe  changed  along  with  the  medicines  that  now  become  proper  to  procure  sup- 
puration, or  a  discharge  of  the  offensive  matter;  a  full  habit  being  mainly 
conducive  thereto,  and  proving  how  closely  connected  is  this  disease  with  a 
gross  habit  of  body,  which  in  all  fleshy  animals  superinduces  a  diseased  habit, 
vulgarly  but  accurately  termed  "full  of  humours."  After  having  found  use- 
less your  efforts  to  disperse  the  tumour,  or.  mayhap,  finding  at  the  first  view 
of  it,  or  by  the  first  touch,  certain  symptoms  that  prove  it  ought  never  to  be 
dispersed,  the  practitioner  will  of  course  seriously  set  about  permitting,  or 
forcing,  the  offensive  matter  to  escape.  Every  hour's  delay  in  putting  this^ 
resolve  into  practice  serves  but  to  render  the  ultimate  cure  still  more  difllcub 
ond  hazardous;  for  the  evil  is  all  this  while  extending  its  baleful  effects  in- 
wards and  sidewise,  and  forming  around  H.  in  every  direction,  the  fistulous 
!'.ase  or  csestus  before  spoken  of,  wh'ch  is  a  film,  ur  skin-like  substance  formi^d 
12 


118 


BANDAGE  FOR  POLL-EVIL 


of  the  cellular  membrane,  thickened  by  the  disorder.  (See  Book  I.  Sect.  27. 
page  28.)  In  this  event,  the  tumour  has  become  decidedly  fistulous,  and  is  to 
be  treated  as  such,  when  the  great  length  of  <,ime  it  may  have  been  suifered 
to  make  head,  and  its  now  extended  surface^  warrant  that  conclusion.  The 
knife  is  almost  the  only  remedy,  notwithstanding  the  superficial  tumour  will 
in  some  cases  break  and  discharge  matter  of  itself;  this,  however,  never  hap- 
pens with  the  deep-seated  abscess,  which  lies  close  to  the  bone,  and  destroys 
not  only  it,  but  the  muscular  substance  of  the  poll,  and  the  end  of  the  cervica. 
ligament  also.  In  these  series  of  abscess  or  fistulous  tumour,  nothing  but  the 
knife  can  ever  reach  the  disorder,  and  it  must  be  employed  fearlessly,  but  with 
a  commensurate  share  of  skill,  after  the  skin  has  been  prepared  with  fomen- 
ta\ioiis,  &c.  Let  the  parts  be  softened  and  drawn  with  poultice  of  oatmeal, 
put  on  lukewarm,  twice  a  day ;  and  if  the  effect  be  not  visible  to  the  eye  and 
touch,  as  before  described,  increase  the  powers  of  the  poultice  by  the  addition 
of  onion  chopped  and  mixed  with  the  poultice  whilst  warm.  Or,  a  mere 
change  may  be  adopted,  and  a  bread  poultice  applied  instead ;  for,  notwith- 
standing oatmeal  is  stronger,  yet  1  have  occasionally  found  the  milder  have 
more  effect  when  the  former  had  not  succeeded  entirely  according  to  my  wish. 
The  poultice  should  be  provided  in  sufficient  quantity  to  cover  the  whole 
swelling  two  inches  thick  at  least,  having  a  small  quantity  of  sweet  oil,  hog's 
lard,  or  oil  of  turpentine  mixed  therewith.  Fix  it  on  by  means  of  a  contri- 
vance that  is  sufficiently  explained  by  the  annexed  cut,  in  which  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  girth  is  to  have  a  web  breasting,  to  which  the  lateral  corners  of 
the  cloth  are  to  be  attached  by  broad  tapes,  as  was  explained  in  another  simi- 
lar case  at  pages  79  and  114. 


I  have  here  represented  the  bandage  rather  longer  than  requisite,  under  the 
presumption  that  it  may  occasionally  be  applied  to  other  affections  farther  back ; 
a  prolongation  of  the  bandage  may  be  affixed  at  either  end,  either  plain  or 
plaited,  according  to  the  amount  of  the  swelling. 

When  the  symptoms  above  stated  inform  our  senses  that  the  matter  ought 
to  be  so  "let  out,"  an  opening  is  to  be  made  the  whole  length  of  the  abscess,  a 
little  below  its  centre;  taking  especial  care  that  the  knife  do  not  pass  cross- 
wise, lest  the  attachment  of  the  cervicular  ligament  to  the  first  (vertebrae)  bone 
should  be  severed  ;  in  which  case  the  animal  would  droop  its  head  ever  after 


TIIE  SETON,  HOW  APPLIED.  H;) 

as  may  be  learnt  by  consulting  its  construction  at  p.  20,  of  Book  I.  On  the 
escape  of  the  matter,  after  ascertaining  by  a  probe  whether  it  runs  in  pipe?,  ot 
sinuse?,  this  way  and  that,  or  with  small  bits  of  diseased  fibre  or  niembra.ie 
stretching  across  the  cavity,  so  as  nearly  to  divide  it  into  unequal  parts — let 
each  be  just  touched  with  tlie  knife  or  scalpel.  There  is  no  propriety  in  t!ie 
old  practice  of  squeezing  out  all  the  offensive  matter  from  this  kind  of  abscess, 
although  it  be  very  proper  in  that  deep-seated  sort  where  no  pipes,  nor  the 
small  cavities  just  spoken  of,  are  to  be  ft>lt  or  seen,  for  the  following  reasons  : 
the  first  mentioned  kind  have  the  case  or  coestus  before  described,  which  von 
tains  the  matter,  and  if  laid  open  before  the  evil  be  sufficiently  ripe,  it  doe 
not  come  away  freely.  This,  however,  the  operation  efTectg  in  two  or  three 
days,  if  kept  running  by  means  of  a  seton,  or  other  contrivance  placed  at  the 
orifice;  but  the  application  of  tow,  or  any  other  su'nstance,  that  obstructs  the 
escape  of  this  mattei,  is  ever  to  be  avoided.  On  the  contrary,  when  the  ab- 
scess is  verv  deep,  reaching  to  the  bone,  which  may  be  felt,  an<l  presenting 
but  one  largo  cavity,  then  the  matter  should  be  expelled  by  pressing  gently  on 
two  sides  of  it  at  once.  Let  the  lips  of  the  opening  be  dressed  the  first  lime, 
and  as  long  as  it  may  be  found  necessary  to  keep  open  the  wound,  with  any 
ointment  hereafter  mentioned,  on  which  has  been  strewed  sulphate  of  copper, 
powdered.  Should  the  lips  adhere  together,  or  appear  much  diseased,  wash 
with  muriate  of  ammonia,  taking  care  it  does  not  run  upon  the  sound  parts, 
nor  into  the  cavity.  In  either  case,  wash  off  the  dead  parts  with  warm  water, 
before  each  new  dressing  is  laid,  sponge  it  well  and  dry,  after  inserting  the 
prcbe  on  every  side  into  the  fistulous  sinuses,  and  continue  this  mode  of  treat- 
ment until  the  parts  assume  a  healthy  appearance. 

The  seton  should  never  be  neglected  in  bad  cases  of  either  description,  but 
be  introduced  at  the  lowest  or  most  depending  side  of  the  abscess,  after  being 
wetted  with  the  following 

Irritating  Mixture. 

Spirits  of  wine,  2  ounces. 
Corrosive  sublimate,  1  scruple ; 

Mix  and  saturate  the  tape  therewith  daily.  This  will  keep  open  the  orifice 
until  the  offensive  matter  has  run  off,  and  is  succeeded  by  the  more  heahhy 
issue  of  a  thicker  consistency,  and  nearly  white.  On  this  appearance  the 
st;ton  is  to  be  withdrawn,  and  the  parts  dressed  with  the  digestive  ointment, 
the  animal  physicked  once  or  twice  with  a  moderate  purging  ball  of  six  or 
seven  drachms  of  aloes,  and  the  cure  will  complete  itself  with  the  usual  dress- 
ings, viz. 

Diffestive  Ointment. — No.  1. 


Yellow  wax, 

Rosin,  ^   of  each  1  pound. 

Burgundy  Pitch, 

Turpentine  (common)  4  ounces. 

Linseed  oil,  20  ounces. 


(   of( 


Dissolve  over  a  slow  fire,  and  spread  upon  leather  or  stout  linen  cloth,  sufli 
ciently  large  to  come  over  the  undiseased  region  of  the  evil,  after  the  wound 
has  been  well  cleansed.  Fresh  dressings  hereof  should  go  on  daily,  but  in  no 
case  until  the  matter  assume  a  healthy  appearance,  which  it  never  can  be 
brought  to,  unless  the  whole  recess  has  been  reached  with  the  knife  of  by  th« 


laO  SCALDING  IVnXTURES— PRECAUTIONS  IN  USING. 

operation  of  the  "  scalding  mixture"  of  the  old  school  of  farriery.  This  reme- 
dy, so  applied,  thongh  at  variance  with  our  modern  notions  of  pathology,  has 
been  adopted  by  the  collegians  of  St.  Pancras,  and  with  good  reason,  for  it 
never  fails  to  effect  a  cure,  by  effectually  cleansing  away  the  diseased  parts. 
Three  several  mixtures  are  adopted  in  different  parts  of  the  country — the 
Hertfordshire  and  midland  county  farriers  employing  No.  1.;  No.  2  is  thai 
recommended  by  Gibson ;  and  No.  3  is  Ryding's. 

Scalding  Mixture. — No.  I. 

Tar,  ) 

Mutton  suet,  >  of  each  2  ounces. 

Rosin,  ) 

Bees  wax,  1  ounce. — Melt  slowly,  and  mix  in 

Spirits  of  turpetine,  2  ounces. 
Verdigris  6  drachms. 

Mix  and  pour  into  the  orifice  hot,  and  close  it  with  stitches.  The  next  two 
have  the  recommendation  of  being  more  scientific,  and  are  withal  better  adipt- 
ed  for  penetrating  into  the  sinuses. 

Scalding  Mixture. — ^No.  2. 

Corrosive  sublimate,      1 

Verdigris,  >  of  each  2  drachms. 

Blue  Vitriol,  ) 

Green  copperas,  half  an  ounce. 

Honey,  or  Egyptiacum,  2  ounces. 

Oil  of  turpentine,      )    ^       ,   o 

rxi.  •      •i'^  '      >  of  each  8  ounces. 

1  ram  oil,  y 

Rectified  spirit  of  wine,  four  ounces. 

Mix,  and  apply  as  before  directed.  The  difficulty  of  retaining  this  last  in  its 
proper  place,  is  its  only  defect ;  but  Gibson  appears  to  have  prescribed  a  quan- 
tity sufficient  to  allow  for  spilling  a  good  portion.  Since  writing  the  above, 
however,  I  have  inserted  the  sketch  of  bandaging  for  poll-evil  remedies  at  page 
118,  to  which  the  reader  will  refer,  when  requisite,  and  introduce  such  modifi- 
cations as  the  nature  of  the  applications  may  demand  to  prevent  the  loss  of 
any  part. 

Scalding  Mixture. — No.  3. 

Oil  of  turpentine,  2  ounces. 

Verdigris,  1  ounce, 

Ointment  of  yellow  resin,  6  ounces. 

Mix  and  apply  as  above.  In  using  any  of  those  hot  mixtures,  a  y)irce  of  tow 
should  be  so  placed  as  to  surround  the  orifice  and  prevent  its  running  over  the 
•iound  parts — which  would  be  injured  thereby,  as  would  the  operators  fingers, 
&c.  if  he  neglect  the  proper  precautions.  These  he  should  not  fail  to  take  as 
regards  the  acrimonious  discharge  from  the  abscess,  as  absorption  thereof 
might  take  place  at  the  root  of  his  nails;  so,  if  the  discharge  be  allowed  to  rest 
upon  the  sound  parts  of  the  horse,  it  will  be  found  to  corrode  and  produce 
ulcers. 

Frequently  it  happens — and  I  believe  the  old  farriers  always  "repeated  the 
dose,"  that  a  second  application  of  the  "  scalding  mixture  becomes  necessary, 


CONNEXION  OF  POLL-EVIL  AND  FARCY.  121 

for  tHoir  cases  were  always  very  bad  ones.  In  this  event,  opportunity  is  af- 
fordfd  of  employing  both  prescriptions  in  succession;  but  whichsoever  is  first 
adopted,  let  it  remain  undisturbed  from  sixty  to  seventy  hours,  if  the  stitching 
do  not  sooner  burst.  Sponge  out  the  parts  with  warm  water;  cleanse  away 
the  adjacent  filth,  and  either  repeat  the  same  or  proceed  at  <mce  to  the  cure — 
a  determination  the  doctor  will  come  to,  according  as  the  rottenness  may  have 
sloughed  off,  and  the  inside  of  the  abscess  may  present  a  healthy  appearance, 
or  otiierwise.  If  it  be  quite  clean,  the  adhesion  of  the  parts  will  follow  with 
very  little  further  care  than  applying  the  digestive  ointment  according  to  the 
receipt  in  page  119,— or  the  following 

Digestive  Ointment. — No.  2. 

Common  turpentine,  4  ounces. 

The  yolks  of  two  eggs. — Mix  these  well,  and 

add 
Myrrh,  in  powder,  4  drachms, 
Mastich,  2  drachms. 
Tincture  of  myrrh  sufficient  to  bring  the  whole  to  a  proper 

consistence. 

Should  the  cure  of  the  wound  proceed  too  fast,  the  over  luxuriant  granula- 
tions of  new  or  proud  flesh  must  be  touched  with  caustic. 


But  notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  above,  it  sometimes  happens  that 
a  totally  different  course  becomes  necessary,  when  abscess  in  the  poll  is  con- 
nected with  another  disease  arising  from  the  same  vitiated  state  of  the  animal's 
system,  and  the  remedy  for  one  of  these  will  cure  the  other.  Farcy  is  the  cor- 
respondent disease  to  which  I  allude,  or  rather  I  should  say  a  tendency  to 
farcy,  visible  in  certain  scanty  lumps  or  tumours  on  the  body  and  legs:  these 
will  run  off  sometimes  by  means  of  a  copious  discharge  at  the  poll.  More 
frequently,  however,  the  farcy  is  of  too  inveterate  a  description,  and  proves 
that  the  whole  mass  of  the  animal's  system  requires  correction,  and  that  it 
must  be  treated  with  medicines  proper  for  the  farcy,  as  well  as  the  local  affec- 
tion of  the  poll. 

Peo[)le  in  general  like  to  be  borne  out  in  their  most  novel  opinions  by  those 
of  longer  standing  in  society,  and  1  confess  myself  one  of  those  sort  of  people 
as  regards  the  doctrine  of  a  vitiated  or  a  corrupted  state  of  the  animal's  system, 
which  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  correct  by  medicine  before  the  cure  of  some 
disorders  can  be  effected.  1  strongly  touched  upon  this  to[)ic  in  the  first  book, 
and  at  page  59,  to  which  probably  the  inquiring  reader  will  turn,  and  become 
convinced  with  me  that  poll-evil  may  be  no  other  than  the  critical  abscess  of 
farcy;  which  farcy  is  a  disease  of  the  system,  and  is  correspondent  with  glan- 
ders, as  poll-evil  is  with  quittor,  &c.  The  writer  1  shall  quote  as  agreeing 
with  me,  mainly,  in  this  view  of  the  subject,  is  Richard  Lawrence.  He  says, 
"  the  poll-evil  is  sometimes  connected  with  a  disposition  in  the  hal)it  of  body 
to  farcy ;  this  may  he  known  by  the  animal  appearing  universally  [i.  e.  gene- 
rally] unhealthy  in  his  coat,  the  tightness  of  his  skin,  and  also  by  small  lumps 
or  swellings  in  different  parts  of  his  body,  and  particularly  on  the  insides  of 
his  legs.  When  it  is  ascertained,  therefore,  that  the  {)oJI-evil  arises  chiefly 
''rom  a  disposition  to  farcy,  the  mere  operation  of  opening  ttie  anscess,  and 
using  the  dressings  usually  recommended,  will  not  prove  sufficient,  without 
the  aid  of  medicine  given  internallj' ;  liecause  the  al»cess,  riot  being  then  a 
■      IS* 


1^  SYMPTOMS  OF  PlSTtllA :  CURE. 

local  aflection  arising  simply  from  partial  injury,  it  will  be  necessary  lo  correct 
the  general  habit  of  body,  before  a  cure  can  be  effected.  The  medicines  besl 
adapted  for  this  purpose  will  of  course  be  found  under  the  head  of  "Farcy," 
a  few  pages  farther  down. 

FISTULA  IN  THE  WITHERS. 

Cause. — Although  closely  resembling  poll-evil  in  so  many  respects  as  to 
seem  the  self-same  disorder  arising  from  precisely  the  same  causes,  but  differ- 
ing in  situation  only,  I  must  here  premise  that  some  other  distinctions  are 
proper  to  be  taken,  which  it  will  be  necessary  to  keep  in  mind.  We  have 
seen,  a  few  pages  higher  up,  that  poll-evil  may  be  produced  without  external 
violence ;  this  never  happens  with  fistula  in  the  withers,  which  is  always 
brought  on  by  external  injury — namely,  the  galling  of  the  saddle:  in  the  first  • 
case  the  tumour  frequently  turns  out  a  simple  abscess,  in  the  present  case 
never,  but  becomes  fistulous  at  its  very  earhest  stages.  This  arises  from  the 
quantity  of  the  membrane  which  is  found  in  the  shoulder  and  whole  forehand 
of  the  horse,  in  the  cellular  structure  whereof  the  offensive  matter  finds  an  easy 
receptacle,  and  spreads  its  ravages  from  side  to  side;  and  accumulating  in 
quantity,  by  its  own  specific  gravity,  finds  its  way,  eventually,  amongst  the 
muscles,  and  forms  sinuses.  How  this  operation  of  nature  is  performed,  the 
reader  is  instructed  in  the  first  book,  at  sections  26,  27.  I  have  also  descant- 
ed somewhat  at  large,  in  the  general  introductory  observations  on  this  whole 
series  of  disorders,  as  to  the  distinctions  proper  to  be  kept  in  mind  between  one 
kind  of  tumour  and  another,  how  they  are  formed,  and  what  description  of 
horses  are  mostly  liable  to  this  or  that  species  of  the  disorder.  At  page  119 
will  this  information  be  found,  and  which  the  reader  would  do  well  to  consult 
once  more  before  he  sets  about  treating  his  horse  for  fistula  in  the  withers 
The  symptoms  are  most  obvious  to  the  touch,  as  in  all  inflammatory  tumours, 
the  animal  shrinking  when  the  hand  is  passed  over  the  shoulder  from  the 
mane  downwards.  But  the  ill-formed  saddle,  or  one  that  fits  the  particular 
animal  like  nothing,  or  one  that  is  so  badly  girthed  on,  that  the  poor  beast  may 
be  perceived  going  in  great  pain,  shall  be  set  down  as  the  symptom  of  all  symp- 
toms, that  the  animal  is  destined  to  contract  this  particular  disorder  of  the 
parts  so  injured.  Sometimes  he  tumbles  down,  or  seems  to  trip  frequently, 
which  should  admonish  its  inconsiderate  rider  or  driver,  that  his  carelessness 
is  very  likely  to  cost  him  a  broken  neck. 

Cure. — As  soon  as  the  journey  can  be  brought  to  a  close,  which  has  been 
thus  improperly  pursued,  remove  the  cause  and  bathe  the  part  well  with  the 
cold  saturnine  lotion,  and  when  the  saddle  has  undergone  the  proper  altera- 
tions, the  journey  may  be  pursued,  if  necessity  demand  such  an  exertion. 

Cold  Lotion. 

Subacetate  of  lead  (goulard),  2  ounces. 

White  vinegar,  4  ounces. 

Water,  3  quarts. — Mix,  and  apply  with  a  sponge. 

Should  not  this  p^-evail,  and  the  horse  evince  pain  at  the  touch,  with  in- 
creased heat  and  tension,  and  swelling  of  the  part  commence,  the  disorder  is 
Crmfirmed;  and  if  not  repelled  in  its  very  earliest  stages,  suppuration  must  en- 
sue. Let  it  be  taken  in  time  however — that  is  to  say,  in  the  course  of  a  day 
or  two,  or  a  week,  with  healthy  active  horses,  is  not  too  long — and  the  heat 
and  inflamn^ation  will  be  reduced  by  employing  the  embrocation,  recommend 
C(l  in  incipient  attack  of  poll-evil,  at  page  110,  and  giving  at  the  same  time  ti»o 


RADICAL  CURE  OF  FlSTDLA.  133 

alterative  ball  there  set  clown.  Success  more  generally  attends  this  first  mc 
thod  in  the  present  kind  of  tumour  than  in  that  to  which  I  have  just  referred 
viz.  poll-evil ;  but  this  method  of  curing  both  is  so  exactly  similar,  that  it  would 
be  a  waste  of  words  to  go  over  the  same  grounds  again,  or  make  the  same  ob- 
servations which  I  thought  proper  to  set  down  under  that  head  of  information. 
At  page  116,  the  reader  will  perceive,  that  when  he  is  attempting  to  repell  the 
tumour  and  allay  the  inflammation  in  its  earliest  stages,  he  is  to  employ  a 
cooling  regimen ;  that  when  the  disorder  has  been  brought  on  by  a  trivial 
cause,  this  method  of  cure  seldom  fails,  if  taken  in  time  ;  and  also  that  fistula 
is  easier  prevented  hereby  than  is  poll-evil.  "  However  this  be,  when  the  dis- 
order is  found  to  baffle  the  endeavours  employed  to  disperse  it,  (as  1  before  ob- 
served), the  whole  course  of  proceedings  must  be  altered  ; "  the  regimen,  or 
feeding  must  be  higher,  the  parts  encouraged  to  collect  matter  and  come  to  the 
surface,  instead  of  making  inroads  upon  the  adjacent  muscle  and  bone,  which 
it  will  etfect  more  hideously  as  the  animal  may  be  afflicted  with  a  gross  habit 
of  body. 

After  having  found  all  efforts  useless,  the  practitioner  will  change  his  plan  ; 
and  force  the  matter  to  escape  as  soon  as  may  be ;  for  the  disorder  is  every 
hour  extending  its  baleful  influence.  For  this  purpose  the  knife,  or  common 
bistoury,  is  to  be  employed  when  the  tumour  is  sufficiently  ripe,  which  is  a 
state  it  may  be  brought  to,  by  means  of  the  applicationof  a  poultice.  Of  thesCj 
I  prescribed  two  or  three  kinds,  with  the  method  of  fastening  them  on,  but  in 
this  latter  respect,  a  material  difference  arises  in  consequence  of  the  different 
shape  of  the  parts.  The  bandage  in  this  case  must  be  allowed  to  come  farther 
back,  and  be  there  detained  by  tying  the  tapes  short  behind  and  lengthening 
the  front  ones.     See  figure  at  page  118. 

Fomentations  of  warm  water,  in  which  cloths  have  been  steeped,  shghtly 
wrung  out  and  applied  to  the  parts,  will  be  found  highly  serviceable,  and  may 
precede  the  application  of  poultice.  When  by  these  means  the  tumour  ap- 
pears ripe  and  ready,  open  the  most  prominent  part  with  lancet  or  bistoury, 
and  insert  a  whalebone  probe  to  ascertain  the  direction  that  the  fistulous  sinu- 
ses or  pipes  extend,  in  order  that  these  may  be  laid  open,  and  the  whole  mat- 
ter suffered  to  escape.  In  some  cases  a  stiffer  and  larger  probe  may  be  em- 
ployed, and  when  a  sinus  lies  favourable,  introduce  the  probe,  and  cut  down 
upon  it.  But  as  to  the  lowermost  sinus,  when  it  tends  towards  the  shoulder, 
so  as  to  interfere  with  the  action  thereof,  the  knife  is  not  to  pass  through  it, 
but  a  seton  is  to  be  inserted  in  its  lowest  or  most  depending  part,  so  that  the 
matter  may  escape  through. 

As  directed  in  the  previous  case  of  poll-evil  at  page  1 19,  the  knife  should  be 
fearlessly  applied  in  severing  any  small  bits  of  muscle  that  may  appear  to  grow 
across  the  cavity ;  a  touch  of  the  knife  will  be  sufficient  for  any  purpose,  as 
by  keeping  open  the  lips  of  the  wound,  all  that  belongs  to  this  diseased  part 
will  slough  off,  and  should  be  wiped  away  as  before  directed,  every  time  new 
dressings  are  applied.  Let  the  seton  be  soaked  in  the  mixture  of  corrosive 
sublimate  and  alcohol  as  directed  at  the  page  just  referred  to;  and  in  the  worst 
cases  apply  either  of  the  scalding  mixtures  in  the  manner  mentioned  at  page 

120,  and  repeat  the  same  if  the  first  does  not  accomplish  all  that  is  desired 
The  operator  in  this  case  will  not  fail  to  use  the  proper  precautions  as  re- 
gards the  application  of  those  scalding  hot  remedies,  nor  neglect  to  remove  the 
matter  that  is  discharged  from  the  wound,   in  the  manner  set  forth  at  pago 

121.  Most  frequently  the  lips  or  edges  of  the  sore  are  thickened,  and  assume 
a  very  inflamed  and  ulcerous  appearance;  this  should  be  reduced  by  the  knife 
or  caustic,  or  it  becomes  so  luxuriant  at  times  as  to  close  the  onfice,  and  to 
cause  a  renewal  of  the  fistula,  in  which  case  you  have  all  your  trouble  to  go 
;»ver  again.  At  Alfort,  they  have  a  very  neat  method  of  cleaning  out  fistuloajB 


1-^  FRENCH  METHOD  OF  CLEANING  SORES. 

ulcers,  by  rolling  up  pledgets  of  linen  cloth,  the  edges  whereof  have  been 
Bcmped  out  thin,  so  that  when  introduced  dry  to  the  bottom  of  each  sinus  or 
pipe,  and  being  twisted  round,  it  brings  forth  the  offensive  matter  and  any 
residue  of  blood  which  may  have  got  into  them  during  the  operation.  They 
also  employ  gentian  root  to  keep  down  the  swelling  or  thickening  of  the  lips 
of  the  sore.  The  healing  is  not  to  be  suffered  to  go  on  too  fast,  nor  until  all 
the  offensive  matter  has  been  expulsed,  and  a  more  healthy  discharge,  whilst 
it  manifests  the  change  that  has  taken  place,  and  warrants  your  closing  the 
sore.  Blue  stone  spread  on  any  plaster  of  digestive  ointment  will  effect  this; 
or  take 

Ointment  of  nitrated  quicksilver,  3  ounces, 
Oil  of  turpenline,  half  an  ounce. 

Mix,  and  apply  as  long  as  may  be  found  proper  to  keep  the  orifice  from  closing, 
to  which  it  will  be  ever  too  much  disposed. 

Something  was  formerly  said  about  scraping  the  bone  when  the  long  con- 
tinuance of  the  disorder,  its  virulence,  or  the  bad  state  of  the  horse's  general 
nealth,  hath  been  such  as  to  affect  its  surface  ;  but  this  part  of  the  operation 
IS  rather  showy  than  useful,  as  the  rottenness  so  occasioned  will  come  away 
as  the  discharge  is  kept  up,  there  being  a  constant  disposition  throughout  the 
whole  system  to  throw  off"  all  such  offensive  matters. 

SADDLE  GALLS;   viz.  WARBLES,  SITFASTS. 

The  first  of  these  partake  of  the  nature  of  the  disorder  just  above  treated  of, 
viz.  fistula,  and  are  caused  by  the  same  means,  bruise  of  the  saddle  ;  but  being 
situated  farther  back,  less  scope  is  allowed  for  the  spreading  of  the  original  tu- 
mour. Consequently,  the  smallness  of  the  aflfliction  renders  it  much  less  for- 
midable, though,  if  suffered  to  suppurate,  they  become  most  troublesome  sores. 
The  means  to  be  adopted  for  the  cure  of  warbles  are  similar  to  those  recom- 
mended for  other  tumours,  viz.  at  first  try  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  mat- 
ter by  repellants,  such  as  the  embrocation  prescribed  at  page  1 16,  the  domestic 
remedies  in  the  next  page,  as  verjuice,  made  hot  and  applied  by  means  of 
cloths  soaked  therein,  and  repeatedly  changed.  Or  apply,  in  the  same  man 
ner,  the  following 

Cold  Lotion. 


White  vinegar,  )f       j^  3 
Spirits  of  wine,  \ 
Super-acetate  ot  lead,  2  ounces, 
Water,  6  ounces.     Mix. 


Should  not  these  succeed,  change  your  treatment,  adopt  the  direct  contrary 
mode,  and  bring  the  tumour  forward  to  suppuration  by  means  of  poultices, 
&c.  as  before  recommended  ;  and  finally,  when  ripe,  open  the  tumour  with  a 
lancet,  promote  the  escape  of  the  offensive  master,  and  then  proceed  to  healing 
the  sore,  as  in  the  former  case  of  poll-evil  and  fistula  in  the  withers. 

Sitfast  is  an  indurated  tumour,  one  that  has  neither  matter  nor  motion  m  it, 
and  may  arise  from  either  of  two  causes.  The  first  is  simply  a  gall  or  bruise, 
which  has  produced  no  inflammation,  and  consequently  no  matter  has  been 
engendered  ;  the  second  comes  of  an  ill-cured  warble,  that  has  closed,  leaving 
a  hard  insensible  swelling  behind.  Blistering  is  the  favourite  remedy  with 
inost  farriers,  though  fomentations  and  poultices  will  frequently  achieve  as 


SITFAS'rS,  HARD  TITMOURS,  QIJITTOR.  125 

much  good  in  very  little  more  time.  When  suppuration  has  taken  place, 
the  cure  is  to  be  completed  by  dressinjrs  of  detergent  ointment,  taking  care 
that  the  sore  does  not  hea!  too  fast.  Should  this  be  the  case,  put  blue  stone 
powdered,  upon  the  plaister  once  or  twice,  or  merely  touch  it  with  lunar  caus 
tic  as  often.  Sometimes  the  callosity  does  not  come  off  of  itself,  though  the 
edges  rise  up ;  it  is  then  to  be  taken  away  by  force,  separating  it  from  the 
living  parts  with  the  knife.  The  small  portion  of  blood  that  comes  away  does 
no  harm,  but  the  contrary.  If,  however,  any  one  objects  to  the  use  of  the 
knife,  or  doubts  his  skill  in  this  operation,  mercurial  ointment  will  effect  the 
same  end,  as  follows : 

Ointment  for  SitJ'ast. 

Oil  of  turpentine,  10  ounces, 
Blue  ointment,  8  ounces, 
Gum  ammoniacum,  4  ounces; 
Mix  and  apply  to  these  and  all  hard  tumours. 

aUITTOR 

Is  a  disease  of  the  foot,  at  the  coronet,  but  is  so  decidedly  fistulous,  that  I 
choose  to  treat  of  it  in  this  place,  rather  than  in  the  chapter  devoted  to  the  foot 
in  general,  that  the  student  may  more  readily  remember  the  general  observa- 
tions I  thought  necessary  to  prefix  to  this  whole  class  of  diseases,  at  page  110; 
&c. 

Cause. — A  tread  which  the  horse  inflicts  on  itself,  for  the  most  part,  seeing 
that  it  generally  occurs  on  the  inside  of  the  foot.  This  tread  or  bruise  may 
either  be  inflicted  upon  the  coronet,  or  lower  down,  by  over-reaching,  or  even 
at  the  sole ;  by  taking  up  a  stone  or  other  hard  substance ;  also  by  a  prick  or 
blow  in  shoeing.  A  quittor  is  also  sometimes  occasioned  by  gravel  working  up 
into  an  aperture  left  by  an  old  nail,  acting  upon  the  sensible  laminated  sub- 
stance, separating  it  from  the  insensible,  leaving  a  cavity  from  the  aperture 
quite  up  to  the  coronet,  where  it  lodges,  inflames,  and  produces  abscess,  which 
is  frequently  very  diflicult  and  troublesome  to  cure ;  if  not  early  attended  to, 
sinuses  form,  sometimes  reaching  to  the  coffin  bone.  The  blood  vessels  at 
the  coronet  cease  to  perform  their  proper  function  of  secreting  new  horri  and 
the  consequence  is  frequently  the  loss  of  the  inner  quarter  of  the  hoof. 

Cure. — The  sore  is  always  very  small,  but  admits  of  a  probe  being  intro- 
d^iced,  by  which  the  extent  of  the  evil  may  be  ascertained,  and  this  is  gene- 
rally very  extensive  and  ruinous,  according  to  the  time  it  may  have  been  al- 
lowed to  make  head.  The  probe  will  pass  readily  forward  and  backward  to 
the  whole  course  of  the  disease,  and  sometimes  it  will  be  found  to  have  pene- 
trated to  the  coffin  bone,  every  where  forming  sinuses  or  pipes,  as  in  fistula  of 
the  withers  before  described.  But  in  this  case  situation  makes  considerable 
difference  :  unlike  the  former,  poultices  are  rendered  inapplicable,  whilst  the 
employment  of  the  knife  or  lancet  is  dangerous  in  the  extreme.  Besides 
which,  the  diseased  part  is  already  open,  and  seems  to  invite  the  only  species 
of  remedy  yet  known,  in  the  sha[)e  of  escharotics,  that  by  irritating  the  case 
or  caestus,  which  forms  the  sinuses,  shall  cause  it  to  slough  off.  In  slight 
cases,  those  which  are  found  not  to  have  penetrated  deep,  the  simple  applica- 
tion of  a  wash  will  prove  sufficient,  and  may  be  employed  in  this  manner. 
Dissolve  blue  vitriol  in  water,  and  charge  a  syringe  therewith;  this  is  to  be 
discharged  into  the  orifice,  and  suffered  to  remain,  as  much  as  can  be  retained. 
A  poultice  of  bread  or  oatmeal  is  to  cover  the  part,  and  the  cure  will  be  com- 
pleted after  two  or  three  days.     But  unfortunately  tor  the  owner  and  the  nrxi- 


126  THE  VrVES;  CAUSE  AND  SYMPTOMS. 

mal,  the  disease  is  «!eldom  taken  in  hand  thus  early,  but  is  suffered  to  proceed 
until  much  stronger  means  become  necessary.  For  this  purpose  take  a  long 
narrow  slip  of  thin  paper,  and  moisten  it  with  muriate  of  antimony;  over  this 
Btrew  powdered  corrosive  sublimate,  and  roll  up  the  paper,  so  that  it  may  not 
be  too  big  for  the  pipe  which  it  is  intended  for.  Generally  it  happens  that  the 
opening  requires  to  be  enlarged  before  this  pledget  so  charged  with  the  escha- 
rotic  can  be  fairly  introduced.  Take  especial  care  that  the  pledget  reach  the 
bottom  of  the  pipe,  cut  it  off  close,  and  pass  a  similar  one  into  as  many  sinuses 
as  may  have  been  ascertained  forms  the  disease.  As  considerable  irritation  of 
the  part  will  quickly  ensue,  a  poultice  sufficient  to  cover  the  foot  should  be  pre- 
viously got  ready,  and  applied  immediately. 

In  three  or  four  days,  the  bandage  being  removed,  the  diseased  parts  will 
slough  off,  a  considerable  opening  presents  itself,  leaving  a  healthy  looking 
-sore.  Let  this  be  sponged  off  with  warm  water,  and  when  dry  apply  tincture 
of  Benjamin,  which  will  effect  a  cure.  A  solution  of  white  vitriol  is  used 
with  advantage,  especially  when  a  disposition  to  secrete  unhealthy  matter  is 
at  any  time  perceptible.  Physic  the  patient  after  the  operation,  according  to 
the  actual  state  of  his  bowels,  the  motion  whereof  will  alleviate  the  pain  ne- 
cessarily attending  the  escharotic  quality  of  the  pledgets  applied  to  the  foot. 
If  the  horse's  bowels  be  found  in  the  ordinary  state,  give  two  balls  on  succes- 
sive days,  thus : 

First  Alterative  Bad. 

Hard  soap,   |  of  each  2  to  3  drachms, 
Oil  of  cloves,  6  drops, 
Calomel,  1  drachm ; 
Mix,  with  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  the  dose. 

Second  Alterative  Ball. 

Aloes,  4  to  5  drachms, 
Soap,  6  drachms. 
Oil  of  anise-seed,  10  drops; 
Mix,  and  give  one  dose  the  day  following  the  first  ball. 

VIVES.* 

This  is  the  term  given  to  swellings  of  the  glands  just  under  the  ear,  to- 
wards the  angle  of  the  jaw,  that  mostly  attack  young  animals.  The  tumour 
is  easily  repressed  or  driven  back  into  the  system,  and  by  more  simple  means 
than  those  employed  in  more  inveterate  complaints  of  a  similar  nature,  show 
iug  themselves  in  other  parts  of  the  body.  In  some  respects  this  disordei 
bears  near  affinity  to  the  strangles. 

The  cause  of  Vivcs  may  be  distinctly  pronounced  "  a  cold,"  that  prolific 
source  of  so  many  other  disorders  incident  to  man  and  horse.  The  vives 
usually  comes  on  after  hard  work  and  sweating,  by  being  then  exposed  to  a 
current  of  air,  or  cold  rain. 

The  season  of  shedding  the  teeth,  when  the  contiguous  parts  are  unusually 
lender,  is  that  in  which  swellings  similar  to  vivcs  pervade  animals  of  any  spe- 
cies. Nevertheless  it  sometimes  attacks  horses  at  an  advanced  age,  notwith- 
standing they  may  have  })reviously  got  over  the  most  healthful  form  of  stran- 

*  From  the  Frencli  "  avives,"  and  the  verb  avirer,  lo  be  brisk  and  lively  as  if  it  were  con 
fcrrcd  ironically  upon  the  animal  in  its  dullest  state. 


CAUSE  AND  SYMPTOMS.     VIVES— A  GLANDItLOUS  DISORDER.         127 

gles,  when  we  might  reasonably  suppose  nature  had  ridded  itself  of  a  disposi- 
tion to  secrete  any  more  such  pestilent  matter.  Want  of  the  usual  head 
clothing  is  then  the  immediate  cause  of  vives.  The  violence  deemed  neces- 
sary in  breaking  colts  also  causes  the  vives,  when  the  pressure  on  the  parotid 
glands,  at  reining  up  the  animal,  irritates  the  parts. 

Symptoms. — Swellings  under  both  ears,  generally,  that  occasion  manifest 
pain  when  touched  :  the  animal  coughs  more  than  one  which  has  the  stran- 
gles, and  a  difficulty  of  swallowing  soon  becomes  evident.  Stiffness  or  aridity 
of  the  neck  follows,  and  the  patient  makes  frequent  efforts  to  swallow  the 
saliva,  which  it  is  the  proper  function  of  these  glands  to  secrete,  but  which 
they  are  soon  disabled  from  performing,  by  reason  of  the  cold  checking  or 
chilling  those  functions.  Of  glands  generally,  their  construction  and  uses,  the 
reader  will  find  many  instructive  particulars  in  the  first  book,  at  page  29; 
these  of  which  we  now  speak  being  called  "  the  parotid  glands,"  from  their 
situation ;  aiid  as  they  now  refuse  to  perform  the  office  of  secretion,  the  watery 
humours  flow  from  out  the  animal's  eyes,  which  it  partly  closes,  as  if  he  were 
about  to  sleep.  For  want  of  the  same  supply  of  saliva,  inflammation  of  the 
mouth  and  gums  takes  place,  producing  what  is  vulgarly  called  "  the  lampers," 
or  swelling  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth  near  the  front  teeth,  which  1  shall  speak 
of  separately  a  little  further  down.  Sometimes  the  swelling  of  these  glands, 
if  not  assiduously  subdued,  contiimes  a  fortnight  or  longer,  becoming  more 
troublesome  everyday,  and  evidently  occasioning  very  much  pain;  all  this 
while  the  horse  loses  condition,  is  feverish,  and  at  length  so  weak  as  to  totter 
when  he  moves  even  in  his  stall.  Spreading  downvv'ards  under  the  throat, 
they  at  length  terminate  in  strangles,  and  are  then  to  be  treated  as  such. 

The  cure  of  the  vives  that  arises  from  simple  cold  is  very  easy,  but  not  so 
that  which  is  connected  with  a  general  bad  habit  of  body;  for  then  the  swell- 
ing and  subsequent  sujipurationof  the  abscess  must  be  considered  as  an  effort 
of  nature  to  relieve  itself  from  something  that  is  offensive  to  it,  and  must  be 
treated  as  a  disease  of  the  whole  system,  nature  having  adopted  this  or  that 
particular  spot  for  demonstrating  its  offence.  But  I  have  already  explained 
my  opinion  on  this  interesting  point  of  veterinary  pathology,  much  at  large, 
when  treating  of  other  tumours  and  abscesses.  Vide  page  110,  &lc.  Often- 
times it  happens  that  the  vives  depend  upon  glanders  or  farcy,  of  which  they 
are  then  a  correspondent  symptom,  and  will  only  subside  when  the  virulence 
of  these  are  reduced.  However,  no  harm  can  come  of  fomenting  the  i)art 
with  warm  water  at  least ;  and  after  it  has  been  well  dried,  clothe  the  head  so 
as  to  keep  off  the  air,  upon  the  principle  of  "  remove  the  cause,  and  the  effect 
ceases  of  course."  The  application  of  the  bandage  described  at  page  114, 
will  sufficiently  clothe  the  part. 

Much  of  the  pain  and  tension  of  the  tumour  will  be  alleviated  even  by  this 
treatment,  and  a  slight  attack  will  be  removed  by  following  it  up  with  fomen- 
tations of  marshmallows;  or,  anoint  the  parts  with  ointment  of  marshmallows, 
and  cover  the  head  as  before.  A  bread  poultice  affords  relief,  and  bleeding 
in  stubborn  cases  of  simple  vives  is  often  necessary,  with  purgatives.  In- 
deed, the  body  should  be  opened,  whether  we  bleed  or  no  :  always  leave  open 
the  main  road  for  such  humours  to  escape  by.  This  alone  will  carry  olF  a 
recent  attack,  provided  the  head  clothing  be  kept  on  at  the  same  time,  nature 
performing  the  remainder  by  absorption.  To  assist  nature  however,  employ 
the  fi.ilowing 

Lotion. 

Sal  ammoniac,  half  an  ounce, 
White  vinegar,  6  ounces, 
Goulard's  extract  1  ounce; 
Mix  and  rub  the  part  well  twice  a  day. 


1jS5  lampas,  a  disorder  or  youth. 

Low  diet,  a  plentiful  supply  of  water  gruel,  and  bran  mashes,  to  which  an 
ounce  of  nitre  may  be  added  daily,  will  reduce  that  thickened  state  of  the 
blood  which  ever  attends  this  species  of  tumour.  But,  as  in  the  preceding 
cases  of  tumour  (poll-evil  and  fistula),  it  is  sometimes  found  impossible  to  re- 
move the  vives  by  those  means  or  any  other;  matter  is  formed,  the  tension 
and  inflammation  continue  upon  the  increase,  and  plainly  indicate  that  sup- 
puration must  ensue,  and  all  our  labour  is  rendered  vain,  if  it  ought  never  to 
have  been  so  employed.  In  this  event,  apply  a  meal  poultice,  restore  the  ani- 
mal to  his  ordinary  diet,  and  promote  suppuration,  which  effects  the  cure  in 
the  same  manner  as  all  other  abscess  mentioned  before.    See  page  114,  &c. 

False  vives,  or  imperfect  ones,  that  are  hard  and  insensible,  sometimes 
cause  a  good  deal  of  needless  trouble.  They  neither  come  forward  nor  re- 
cede, do  not  seem  to  cause  any  particular  pain,  but  still  continue  an  eyesore  ; 
and  give  reason  to  apprehend  disagreeable  consequences,  and  always  prevent 
an  advantageous  sale  of  the  animal.  Stimulating  embrocations  are  well  cal- 
culated for  reducing  these  hard  tumours,  and  the  blistering  liniment,  made  of 
cantharides  and  oil,  never  fails. 

LAMPERS,  OR  LAMPAS. 

Caiise. — As  just  said,  lampas  is  occasioned  by  inflammation  m  the  mouth. 
This  is  brought  on  by  inability  in  the  parotid  glands  to  secrete  the  saliva  ne- 
cessary for  lubricating  the  throat  and  gums.  These  glands,  though  liable  to 
the  disorder  we  term  vives,  yet  the  derangement  of  their  secretory  function 
does  not  always  show  itself  by  the  vives  :  it  may  continue  to  flow,  though  not 
m  suflicient  quantity  to  meet  the  increased  heat  of  the  animal.  Idle  or  ill- 
worked  young  horses  are  most  liable  to  lampas. 

Symptoms. — A  swelling  of  the  bars  of  the  mouth  follows  the  rising  vigour 
and  heat  of  the  animal ;  they  then  project  below  the  surface  of  the  teeth,  and 
interfere  between  them  while  feeding.  The  pain  is  necessarily  very  great  on 
feeding,  and  the  animal  ceases  to  chew  of  a  sudden ;  it  afterwards  commences 
anew,  with  greater  caution  ;  butj.as  the  disorder  becomes  worse,  it  refuses 
food  entirely,  and  starvation  would  be  the  consequence  if  something  did  not 
intervene  which  is  always  sure  to  happen. 

The  cure  would  be  effected  of  itself,  if  the  horse  lived  in  a  state  of  nature, 
or  more  probably  in  that  state  he  never  would  have  contracted  the  disease. 
Over-gorging  and  consequent  fulness  of  habit  having  occasioned  the  blood  to 
flow  luxuriantly  towards  the  region  of  the  head  and  throat,  so  that  the  disor- 
der is  thereby  produced,  the  reduction  of  that  full  habit  follows  this  compul- 
sory abstemiousness  which  the  afflicted  animal  practises  much  against  his  will, 
and  might  teach  man  himself  a  monitory  lesson  he  is  usually  slow  in  attend- 
ing to,  until  too  late.  Reducing  the  system  is  the  neatest  method  of  removing 
lampas,  and  purgatives  should  be  employed  ;  bran  mashes,  in  which  an  ounce 
of  nitre  daily  has  been  introduced,  may  also  be  given  until  the  pulse  becomes 
more  natural.  If  the  lampas  be  not  lessened,  by  these  means,  the  projecting 
part  is  to  be  cut  with  a  lancet,  but  some  people  commence  operations  with  the 
rearing  iron,  as  the  readiest  way,  and  give  physic  afterward*.  This  applica 
Jon  never  fails. 


\ 


i^IISDLENT  TUMOURS:  DISEASES  OF  THE  GLANDS.  j.^y 


CHAPTER  III. 

EXTERNAL  DISORDERS. 

Purulent  Tumours :   Diseases  of  the  Glands. 


Strangles,  Glanders,  Farcv,  Grease,  as  they  owe  their  origin  to  tho 
■ame  predisposing  cause  so  evidently,  that  the  appearance  of  either  is  good 
assurance  that  no  other  disorder  is  then  to  be  apprehended — neither  of  tho 
above  nor  those  treated  of  in  the  preceding  chapter,  a  few  prehminary  obser- 
vations should  occupy  attention,  before  we  treat  of  any  one  in  detail.  Both 
series  of  diseases  are  in  like  manner  constitutional,  or  residing  in  the  blood ; 
and  the  whole  class  agree  together  so  nearly  in  cause,  symptoms,  and  effect, 
that  the  situation  of  each  on  the  various  parts  of  the  body  constitutes  the  maiu 
distinction  between  them;  as  this  does  also  affect  the  appearance  and  consis- 
tency of  the  matter  produced. 

What  I  most  strenuously  maintain  is,  that  the  latent  cause  of  all  tumours, 
inflamed  glands,  and  spontaneous  discharge  of  matter  by  skin  or  membrane, 
is  entirely  attributable  to  the  actual  state  of  blood  of  the  individual  animal. 
Whence  1  infer,  that  some  horses  arc  more  liable  to  incur  contagious  diseases 
than  others,  and  this  in  a  degree  proportioned  to  the  state  of  the  blood  at  the 
time  of  communication ;  so  that  some  might  escape  with  impunity,  whilst  others 
meet  with  certain  death  from  the  self-same  cause.  This  accounts  for  the  great- 
er virulence  with  which  some  horses  incur  glanders,  for  example,  compared 
to  what  others  suffer,  which  catch  the  disorder  at  the  same  moment  of  time  ; 
as  was  proved  on  a  largish  sort  of  a  scale,  and  that  pretty  well  known  among 
practitioners,  during  the  late  war  on  the  continent.  The  case  was  briefly 
this: — A  transport  with  cavalry  horses  on  board,  on  its  way  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, met  with  bad  weather,  so  that  the  hatches  were  battened  down,  and  in 
this  manner  were  part  of  the  horses  suffocated.  Of  those  which  survived, 
amounting  to  some  twenty-two  or  more,  scarcely  one  escaped  the  glanders , 
but,  notwithstanding  we  may  conclude  that  they  infected  and  reinfected  each 
other  at  the  same  moment,  and  under  precisely  the  same  circumstances  as  to 
heat,  respiration,  and  privations,  yet  the  symptoms  varied  greatly,  and  some 
few  recovered  so  readily  as  to  leave  great  doubt  whether  they  really  had  re- 
ceived the  glanders  or  not,  whilst  others  exhibited  real  glanders  in  the  highest 
degree  of  virulence.  Between  these  extremes,  we  are  informed,  the  re- 
«iainder  were  variously  affected  :  all  which  circumstances  prove  incontestibly 
how  much  depended  ujwn  the  previous  health  of  each  individual,  the  vitiation 
of  its  blood  aud  its  co-fitness  or  adaption  to  receive  the  infection.  I  imagine 
this*  to  be  conclusive  of  the  doctrine  I  have  all  along  laid  down.  But  I  wil! 
adduce  another  authority — a  veterinary  writer  of  France,  who  carries  the 
principle  even  farther  than  I  have  adventured  to  push  it. 

With  that  specious  ingenuity  which  attends  all  affairs  of  research  in  that 
country,  an  author  named  Dupuy,  who  also  quotes  the  rapport  of  another 
called  Gilbert,  deduces  the  disposition  to  contract  such  disorders  from  the  pro 
genitors  of  the  afflicted,  or,  as  I  should  have  said,  from  the  blood  or  breed,  and 
he  recommends  a  corrective  kind  of  regimen  for  brood  mares  and  staUioria ; 
that  is  to  say,  in  other  words,  an  airy  situation  for  the  breeding  stud,  witb 
13 


no 


GLANDERS :  HOW  ACQl'IRED.     STRANGLES,  CAUSE  OF. 


pastures  rather  olt>vato(l,  where  they  will  Imve  sufficient  norriture  during  the 
period  of  gestation,  and  can  find  occasional  shelter  from  the  weather.  "By 
these  means  (says  M.  Dupuy)  the  disorder  may  be  prevented  in  great  mea- 
sure." The  disorder  he  here  si)eaks  of  he  calls  "scrophulous  tubercle;"  to 
which  "all  cattle  whatever,  bred  in  marshy  situjttions  with  scanty  allowance 
to  the  parents,  are  very  liable."  This  disorder  of  the  blood  or  breed,  accord 
inc  to  M.  Dupuy,  "predisposes  the  horse  to  contract  those  diseases  that  arc 
known  to  us  under  the  terms  strangles,  bastard  strangles,  forcy,  and  defluxions 
from  the  eyes ;"  which  latter,  it  will  be  seen,  at  page  127,  is  a  corresponding 
symptom  and  never  failing  attendant  upon  the  vives,  as  it  is  of  all  other  glan- 
dular swellings  about  the  jaws.  The  Frenchman  thus  converts  a  single 
symptom  into  a  disorder! 

In  England,  moreover,  we  do  not  talk  or  write  of  scrophula  in  horses,  or  a 
disposition  thereto,  this  being  a  symptom  of  a  vitiated  system  in  carnivorous 
animals.  For,  the  mange  in  dogs,  scurvical  or  scrophulous  eruptions  in  man- 
kind, and  the  farcy  or  grease  in  the  horse,  although  appearing  very  similar  to 
the  eye  of  a  common  itbserver,  and  all  originating  in  a  depraved  state  of  the 
system;  yet  the  immediate  cause  of  each  of  these dtlfers  greatly,  by  reason  of 
the  manifest  diflerence  in  the  structure  of  the  capillary  vessels  or  tubes  that 
deposit  the  offensive  matter  of  either  kind,  demand  a  very  different  treatment 
at  our  hands,  and  we  reject  the  anomaly  of  M.  Dupuy  as  inapplicable  to 
horse-medicine.  But  when  this  gentleman  represents  the  general  predispos- 
ing cause  as  a  "  tuberculous  or  fistulous  affection,  that  is  capable  of  being  al- 
leviated, prevented,  and  in  some  cases  cured,"  he  brings  his  arguments  quite 
within  the  range  of  our  conceptions;  and  1,  for  my  part,  take  all  that  he  sub- 
sequently adduces,  as  being  in  perfect  consonance  with  my  own  doctrine  re- 
specting the  predisposing  cause  of  diseases.  As  to  ancestry,  and  breeding 
from  a  good  stock,  in  favourable  situations,  of  which  this  writer  appears  to 
entertain  correct  notions,  1  had  already  anticipated  him,  as  the  reader  may 
perceive  at  pages  18,  19,  which  is  a  part  of  my  book  that  appeared  in  the 
Annals  of  Sporting  for  1822. 

THE  STRANGLES. 

The  Strangles,  as  the  name  imports,  is  first  indicated  by  a  coughing,  and 
difficulty  of  swallowing,  as  if  the  animal  would  die  of  strangulation.  It  is  a 
disorder  of  youth  (like  our  hooping  cough),  is  inherent  to  the  nature  of  the 
animal  (as  is  our  small  pox)  once  only,  and  its  virulence  may  be  abated  by 
inoculation,  whereby  we  choose  a  favourable  period  for  meeting  the  inevitable 
attack,  after  duly  preparing  the  patient. 

Cause. — Repletion  of  the  system  of  life,  and  the  deposite  of  blood  in  the 
glands  under  the  jaw ;  which  failing  to  be  taken  up  and  reconveyed  back 
again  into  the  system  (called  absorption — see  book  the  first,  p.  21),  the  glands 
become  inflamed,  swell,  and  burst,  the  discharge  of  the  offensive  matter  being 
the  cure.  I  have  always  considered  it  a  critical  disease,  and  treated  it  as  such, 
encouraging  the  formation  of  matter,  and  assisting  nature  in  throwing  off  a 
something  that  is  evidently  obnoxious  to  the  constitution.  Indeed,  1  have 
never  heard  of  any  other  practice ;  the  impertinent  attempts  at  repression,  so 
frequently  adopted  at  the  request  of  proprietors  in  other  cases  of  tumour, 
never  having  extended  itself  to  this.  Strangles,  strictly  speaking,  are  inci- 
dent to  the  young  animal  only — that  is,  from  two  years  old,  until  five  or  near 
six ;  when  the  circulution  (as  the  blood  is  called)  has  attained  its  fulnebs,  and, 
perhaps,  slight  cold  has  first  detained  any  portion  thereof  in  the  glands,.where- 
oy  the  inflammation  is  engendered  that  constitutes  the  disease.  When  these 
;{lands  swell  and  discharge  at  a  more  mature  age,  the  strangles  must  then  hg 


OPERATION  FOR  SUFFOCATION.  1^1 

Mnsv  lered  as  the  effect  of  constitutional  depravation,  and  would  as  properly 
come  under  the  general  description  of  critical  abscess,  treated  of  at  a  former 
page,  113. 

S;/viptoins. — A  swelling  commences  between  the  upper  part  of  the  two 
ja\v-l)ones,  or  a  li-ttle  lower  down  towards  the  chin,  and  directly  underneath 
the  tongue.  A  cough,  and  the  discharge  of  a  white  thick  matter  from  the 
nostrils,  follow;  with  great  heat,  pain,  and  tension  of  the  tumours,  and  cf  all 
the  adjacent  membranes,  to  such  a  degree  that  the  animal  can  scarcely  swal- 
low. The  eyes  send  forth  a  watery  humour,  and  the  animal  nearly  closes  the 
h  J  ;  this  is  mostly  the  case  when  it  happens  that  the  two  larger  glands  under 
the  ear  are  affected  also,  which  frequently  happens ;  but  when  these  latter  are 
disordered  without  the  animal  having  the  strangles,  we  then  say  he  has  the 
vivos.  The  swelling  increases  and  usually  bursts  of  itself,  sometimes  with- 
out any  medical  aid  whatever,  and  even  without  being  perceived  by  any  one. 
This  last  happens  to  colts  and  fillies  at  grass,  when  their  wants  are  little  at- 
tended to,  and  they  seldom  fail  of  doing  well.  Consequently,  it  follows,  that 
those  attacks  which  take  place  in  the  open  air  are  of  a  milder  nature  than 
those  more  obstinate  cases  we  so  frequently  meet  with  among  in-door  cattle, 
which  serves  to  prove,  once  more,  my  doctrine  as  to  the  cause  of  all  tumours 
or  "  tuberculous  affections,"  as  M,  Dupuy  has  it.  The  horses  that  are  kept 
in  doors  accumulate  gross  humours,  by  this  mode  of  living  on  dry  food  and 
lying  on  soft  beds,  the  exercise  they  take  not  being  sufficient  to  carry  of!  the 
effects  of  either.  Enervation  generally  accompanies  this  mode  of  treatment ; 
the  glands  and  membrane  suffer  relaxation,  the  pampered  animal  is  not  ex- 
posed to  the  air  sufficiently  to  occasion  that  check,  or  slight  cold,  which  is  ge- 
nerally the  immediate  cause  of  strangles,  and  the  accumulation  of  these  hu- 
mours proceeds,  until  they  overcome  the  capacity  of  these  organs,  and  the 
strangles  then  become  a  formidable  disease. 

When  this  is  the  case,  the  feverish  symptoms  run  high,  loss  of  appetite  fol- 
lows with  constipation  of  the  bowels,  the  horse  can  neither  drink  nor  eat,  and 
the  pulse  increases.  The  tumours  in  these  bad  cases  will  be  found  to  have 
risen  nearer  the  jaw-bone  than  they  do  in  a  mild  attack,  and  are  longer  in 
coming  to  maturity  than  those  which  begin  more  towards  the  middle.  The 
disorder  is  seldom  fatal ;  but  when  this  does  happen,  the  animal  dies  of  suffo- 
cation, in  which  case  it  stands  with  the  nose  thrust  out,  the  nostrils  distended . 
the  breathing  is  then  exceedingly  laborious  and  difficult,  and  accompanied  by 
rattling  in  the  throat. 

Cure. — For  this  last  mentioned  extreme  case,  no  other  remedy  is  found  than 
making  an  opening  in  the  windpipe,  through  which  the  animal  may  breathe. 
For  this  spirited  oi)eration,  I  must  refer  to  Mr.  Field,  the  veterinary  surgeon, 
who  has  performed  it  frequently,  and  says  his  practice  was  to  cut  an  aperture 
the  size  of  a  guinea,  which  nature  afterwards  supplies  in  due  time.  With  thia 
exception,  perhaps,  I  might  be  justified  in  saying  that  we  have  little  or  no  bu- 
siness to  meddle  with  the  strangles ;  unless,  indeed,  unfavourable  symptoms 
arise,  and  the  previous  habits  of  the  horse,  his  present  fleshy  or  gross  habit  of 
body,  with  the  unfavourable  situation  of  the  tumours  near  the  bone,  give  good 
reason  for  believing  that  the  disease  will  turn  out  a  tedious  or  dangerous  case. 
And  ye*  I  should  be  very  loth  to  recommend  purging  or  bleeding  for  stran- 
gles, as  I  have  seen  done  with  no  good  effect ;  for,  although  the  symptoms  are 
thereby  lowered,  yet  the  continuance  of  the  disorder  is  protracted  to  an  un- 
measurable  length,  and  1  have  heard  of  the  strangles  devolving  into  glanders 
by  this  course  of  proceeding — the  subject  of  this  case  being  a  five  year  oU 
.nare. 

On  the  contrary,  the  disorder  being  constitutional,  that  is  to  say,  an  clfbrt 
of  nature  to  relieve  itself  of  some  noxious  matters,  the  strength  of  the  animal 


1353  OPENING  THE  TUMOUR,  WHEN  PROPER. 

system  should  be  sustained  in  some  degree  proportioned  to  what  it  may  ob- 
viously require.  Therefore,  horses  that  may  be  in  good  condition  at  the  time 
of  the  attack,  and  withal  highly  feverish  and  full  of  corn,  will  only  require 
opening  medicine,  whilst  a  brisk  purgative  might  do  harm  by  lessening  the 
access  of  matter  to  the  tumour,  and  the  system  would  still  retain  a  portion  of 
the  offensive  cause  of  disease,  which  would  break  forth  at  a  future  period  in 
some  one  or  other  of  the  correspondent  diseases  dependent  on  tubercular  af- 
fections.    In  this  case  give  the  following 

Laxative    Ball. 

^'^f.^'  }ofeach  3  drachms, 

Castile  soap,        )  ' 

Ginger,  1  scruple.     Mix  for  one  dose. 

If  difficulty  of  swallowing  is  already  perceivable,  a  drench  would  be  found  the 
more  desirable  form  of  arriving  at  the  same  end.     Then  give  the 

Laxative  Drench. 

Captor  oil,  6  ounces. 
Water  gruel,  1  quart. 
Salts,  6  ounces.     Mix. 

Meantime,  at  the  first  appearance  of  the  disorder,  let  the  hair  be  clipped  off 
close  at  the  part  affected,  and  a  little  way  round,  to  allow  of  greater  effect  from 
any  application  that  may  be  deemed  necessary.  The  head  being  clothed,  will 
restore  as  much  warmth  as  hath  hereby  been  abridged.  Mild  cases  will  re- 
quire no  more  than  this,  probably,  and  the  assistance  of  a  poultice  and  fomen- 
tation of  marsh-mallows  daily  to  the  throat,  to  bring  the  swelling  to  a  proper 
state  for  opening.  This  will  be  shown  by  its  pointing,  or  becoming  soft  and 
peaked  in  the  middle.  But  a  premature  employment  of  the  lancet  is  to  be 
avoided,  for  the  reason  before  assigned,  viz.  to  give  lime  for  the  whole  matter 
to  collect ;  when  this  period  arrives,  the  whole  swelling  will  be  soft  and  yield- 
ing to  pressure,  unless  the  animal  be  a  very  thick-skinned  one,  with  a  great 
chuckle-head.  In  these  cases,  the  part  should  be  rubbed  with  a  stimulating 
liniment,  and  if  the  tumour  is  working  its  way  inwards  so  as  to  threaten  suf 
focation,  blistering  ointment  may  be  applied.  After  each  and  either  of  these 
applications,  the  poultice  is  to  be  again  put  on  with  care;  and  as  much  of 
its  efficacy  depends  upon  its  remaining  in  contact  with  the  throat,  the  adjust- 
ing of  it  properly  requires  great  pains  and  some  adroitness  for  the  thing. 

Much  difficulty  being  experienced  in  making  serviceable  bandages,  1  have 
annexed  a  descriptive  sketch  of  such  a  one  as  would  be  proper  to  keep  on  the 
ttpplications.  It  needs  no  further  explanation  than  is  given  in  cases  of  sore 
hroat  at  page  78,  and  of  abscess,  at  page  114. 

Stimulating  Liniment, 

Mustard,  powdered,  1  ounce, 
Liquid  Ammonia,  3  drachms 

Mix  and  apply  assidously  to  the  part. 


BANDAGE  FOR  STRANGLES.  STRANGLES  OF  THE  GULLET 


133 


The  suppuration  may  be  further  promoted  by  steaming  the  head  over  warm 
water,  or  fumigating  it  as  follows:  give  him  bran  mashes  frequently,  placing 
the  vessel  that  contains  this,  well  secured,  in  another  vessel  larger  than  the 
first,  into  which  much  hotter  water  can  be  introduced,  so  that  the  vapour  may 
rise  up  all  round  the  mash,  and  constantly  envelop  the  head.  When  the 
tumour  is  ascertained  to  be  ripe,  and  not  before,  an  opening  is  made  at  its  most 
depending  part,  and  the  matter  expressed  gently;  wash  it  off  clean  with  warm 
water,  and  if  the  sore  appear  healthy,  it  will  heal  spontaneously,  or  witn  the 
application  of  adhesive  plaster. 

Inoculation  for  the  strangles  has  been  recommended  above  and  was  par- 
tially practised.  About  1802,  M.  La  Fosse,  the  younger,  mentioned  the  af- 
fair "in  his  Manuel  d'  Hippiatrique,  which  book  I  translated  into  English  the 
following  year,  and  we  hear  that  two  or  three  country  practitioners  in  En- 
gland afterwards  adopted  the  suggestion.  The  method  was  merely  to  scratch 
the  inside  of  the  nostril,  and  then  smearing  the  sore  with  matter  from  the  ab- 
scess of  a  diseased  horse — it  never  failed.  In  careful  hands  the  practice  was 
feasible  enough ;  but  great  danger  would  accompany  this  imitation  of  variolous 
inoculation,  inasmuch  as  the  matter  might  Ukewise  convey  a  disposition  to 
farcy  or  glanders. 

Strangles  of  the  gullet.  Sometimes  we  find  those  symptoms  of 
strangles  reduced  to  one  only,  viz.  an  obstinate  running  at  the  nose,  which 
usually  lasts  a  long  while,  and  occasionally  ends  fatally,  by  the  animal  wast- 
ing away  in  pulmonary  consumption,  as  I  am  informed  from  good  authority, 
i  ut  never  witnessed  such  a  termination  of  this  species  of  strangles,  which  La 
Fosse  calls  "strangles  of  the  gullet."  Many  people  mistake  this  disorder  for 
glanders,  but  it  may  be  distinguished  from  that  contagion  by  a  rattling  in  the 
gullet,  whence  its  French  name ;  also  by  the  quality  oi  the  running,  whicii 
13* 


134  GLANDERS.    SYMPTOMS  OF  THE  TRUE  GLANDERSi 

is  neilher  so  white  nor  of  so  much  consistency  as  the  true  sort;  but  watei  ♦ 
and  curdled.     The  animal  scarcely  ever  is  troubled  with  a  cough,  and  then    ' 
is  very  feeble ,  but  to  make  up  for  this  exhibits  frequent  contractions  of  th 
larynx. 

After  the  tumour  is  opened,  give  gentle  physic,  for  which  purpose  the  laxa 
tive  ball  recommended  in  page  132  will  answer  every  desirable  purpose ;  a 
you  may  add  thereto  one  drachm  of  emetic  tartar,  and  give  another  ball  aftei 
an  interval  of  one  day,  unless  the  pulse  is  low. 

Bastard  Strangles  is  a  favourite  term  with  some  persons,  who  would 
soften  down  the  real  fact  of  their  horses  having  the  glanders,  which  it  really 
is,  and  not  strangles.  But  bastard  or  not  bastard,  it  is  always  infectious,  and 
the  animal  either  dies  of  strangulation,  or  the  disorder  becomes  the  glandersj 
producing  a  sanious  discharge  from  the  nose  when  the  cough  ceases.  Apply  a 

Fumigation. 

Take  the  leaves  and  root  of  marsh-mallows,  an  arm-full. 
"Water,  6  quarts. 

Boil  them,  and  put  the  whole  into  a  nose  bag,  and  hang  it  round  the  head  of 
the  animal  to  make  him  inhale  the  steam.  The  bag  may  be  made  of  stout 
cloth,  but  hung  with  the  upper  part  quite  open,  to  avoid  suffocarion.  Leave 
the  bag  at  the  animal's  nose  until  no  more  steam  will  arise.  This  will  be 
found  a  very  proper  remedy  in  all  cases  of  strangles,  the  lirst  stage  of  glan- 
ders, and  obstinate  colds. 

GLANDERS. 

For  aoout  twenty  years  I  apprehended  that  we  had  arrived  within  a  short 
apace  of  finding  the  true  cause  of  gland<!rs,  and  that  we  should  then  soon  as- 
certain the  means  of  preventing  our  horses  from  engendering  the  malady,  if 
we  could  not  avoid  their  catching  it.  nor  discover  a  specific  remedy.  But,  lol 
we  were  not  yet  agreed  even  as  to  the  symptoms  of  true  glanders;  as  to  that 
which  was  communicable  and  dangerous,  compared  witli  another  affection  of 
the  glands  and  pituitarj*  membrane,  which  was  but  a  temporary  disease,  not 
easily  communicated,  and  was  asserted  to  come  within  the  reach  of  the  cura- 
tive art.  Most  small  proprietors,  unwilling  to  destroy  their  afflicted  horses, 
maintained  that  they  belonged  to  the  latter  description,  and  in  this  they  were 
frequently  supported  by  the  cupidity  of  practising  farriers,  who  administered 
medicines  and  performed  operations  with  a  confidence  which  never  could  be- 
long to  any  department  of  science — and  least  of  all  to  that  of  medicine,*  which 
is,  alas!  ever  uncertain. 

During  this  state  of  the  question,  we  turned  to  the  French  veterinarians, 
who  up  to  a  certain  period  enjoyed  the  reputation  of  being  superior  to  all  Eu- 
rope besides  in  this  and  a  few  other  pursuits  [war  and  chemistry,  videlicet], 

*  Much  inhumanity  was  shown  by  the  country  practitioners  in  their  mode  of  treatment  • 
they  scraped  the  bone  after  emitting  the  nostril ;  and  also  seared  the  swelled  gland  with  a  hrt 
iron.  A  late  writer  applauds  the  practice  of  searing  ulcers  and  abscesses,  generally,  "  where^ 
by  (adds  he  triumphantly)  they  are  reduced  to  common  scalds :"  he  was  then  speaking  of  the 
doctors  in  Morocco!  mere  Turks.  The  gentleman,  probably,  did  not  distinguish  between  ab- 
scess and  indolent  tumour. 

It  is  related  by  La  Fosse,  that  in  1801,  several  regiments  in  Alsace  arid  Loraine  employed  the 
iMJtual  cautery  a?i  a  cure  for  glandered  horses.  Some  "  applied  fire  to  the  j  ugular  gland  in  three 
ones;  oJiers  cauterized  the  bones  of  the  forehead  and  nose ;  but  the  most  ridiculous  affair  of 
ftll  was,  to  see  forty  horses  together  which  had  fire  applied  round  their  eyelids  ,'o  cure  the  run- 
ning,'" that  )9  common  to  all  glandular  aft'ections  about  the  head ' 


GLANDERS:  OF  THREE  SORTS,  TWO  CONTAGIOtJS  133 

and  found  one  of  their  most  respected  names  had  arranged  the  boundaries  anr) 
distinguishing  quahties  of  the  two  into  three  divisions.  Nor  was  this  all.  M, 
La  Fosse,  the  younger,  who  enjoyed  the  post  of  "  principal  farrier  to  the  French 
army,"  and  was  withal  a  member  of  the  Institute,  insisted  with  much  energy 
that  "glanders  of  the  first  species,  the  real  glanders,  glanders  properly  so  call- 
ed, absolutely  consists  of  nothing  more  than  the  loss  of  the  sense  of  smelling," 
and  is  "a  curable  disorder,  if  treated  early,  but  incurable  when  confirmed." 
Hie  treatment  was  very  simple,  and  worthy  of  calm  consideration,  as  are  also 
the  means  he  proposes  for  ascertaining  by  the  symptoms  when  it  is  a  horse  is 
afflicted  with  communicable  glanders,  and  ought  to  be  destroyed.  It  is  in  this 
latter  respect  that  1  reprint  here  the  substance  of  La  Fosse's  researches  on  this 
highly  interesting  subject;  for,  since  none  of  us  can  offer  a  remedy  that  ought 
to  be  relied  upon — unless  the  animal  be  submitted  to  our  measures  earlier  than 
is  usual* — 1  think  a  useful  particle  may  be  added  to  the  new  study  of  medical 
jurisprudence,  by  showing  the  line  of  demarcation  that  divides  health  and 
contagion — the  point  at  which  destruction  ought  to  commence,  by  authority, 
or,  in  common  humanity,  to  prevent  the  thoughtless  from  immolating  the  pro- 
perty of  others,  who  are  usually  little  proprietors. 

I  am  the  more  determined  in  this  course  of  proceeding,  because  all  my  in- 
quiries on  the  subject  are  already  in  print,  and  these  coincide  so  nearly  with 
the  speculations  and  reasonings  of  two  or  three  respectable  writers  now  liefore 
the  public,  that  I  could  add  but  a  small  portion  of  novelty  to  what  has  been  so 
elaborately  discussed  by  others.  On  all  those  points  on  which  I  differ  from 
them,  1  shall  offer  a  few  practical  observations,  in  the  hope  of  being  servicea- 
ble, whilst  1  shall  sedulously  avoid  the  "debateableland,"  which  some  contend 
for  a  little  unamiably, 

•'  So  great  has  been  the  destruction  of  horses  which  have  either  really  been, 
or  reputed  to  be  glandered,  through  the  prejudice  of  ignorant  persons,  that  it 
has  been  said,  whoever  can  point  out  the  distinction  l^tween  the  communica- 
ble disease  and  those  which  bear  some  affinity  to  it,  will  confer  a  benefit  on 
society,  and  serve  the  cause  of  humanity.  Much  labour  had  been  bestowed 
on  this  subject  by  the  elder  La  Fosse,  who  threw  a  great  deal  of  light  on  a 
disease,  which,  of  all  others  that  attack  the  horse,  is  least  known,  and  there  • 
fore  most  misrepresented." 

What  M.  La  Fosse  proposes  to  show  is,  L  "  That  it  is  easy  to  confound 
this  disorder  with  others  that  resemble  it,  in  some  particulars.  2.  That  among 
the  different  sorts  of  glanders  (so  reputed),  some  are  infectious,  whilst  there 
are  others  that  are  not  so ;  and  3.  That  some  of  these  are  curable,  and  others 
incurable. 

**  There  are  few  veterinary  practitioners  who  do  not  know  that  strangles, 
bastard  strangles,  pursiveness,  or  asthma,  and  other  pulmonary  complaints, 
exhibit  the  same  external  appearance  as  the  glanders,  properly  so  called  ;  con- 
sequently it  is  easy  to  be  deceived  on  the  subject,  and  the  farrier  will  fail  in 
his  endeavours  at  a  cure  if  he  has  not  previously  ascertained  the  distinguishing 
symptoms  of  the  disorder.  What  then  ought  he  to  do  in  order  not  to  be  led 
into  error,  and  to  ascertain  with  precision  that  species  of  the  disorder  with 
which  the  animal  is  affected  1 

"After  much  experience  on  the  subject  of  the  diseases  of  horses,  we  are 
convinced  that  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  three  sorts  of  glanders,  viz.  Th« 
first  sort,  which  is  the  glanders,  the  real  glanders,  the  glanders  properly  tsrt 
called ;  the  second  is  nothing  more  than  some  disorder  circulating  in  the  mass 
of  blood ;  and  the  third  may  be  denominated  the  farcy  glanders.     Glanders 

*  From  the  number  of  experimenls  which  have  lately  been  made  at  the  Veiennary  Collego 
Jn  London,  and  the  beneficial  results  arising  therefrom,  we  may  at  length  hope  tliat  thjs  dreiu) 
*ul  malady  \a  brought  within  the  sphere  of  curable  diseases. 


J36  ENLAPGED  GLANDS,  A  CURABLE  DISORDER. 

of  the  first  kind  is  not  infectious,  except  it  be  complicated  with  other  disorders  i 
but  this  is  seldom  the  case,  though  we  may  daily  witness  horses  thus  attack- 
ed abandoned  as  incurable,  or  with  little  more  humanity  put  to  death.  On 
the  contrary,  glanders  of  the  second  species  is  communicable,  because  the 
horse,  besides  running  at  the  nose,  and  becoming  glanderous,  has  likewise  ul- 
cers, and  these  ulcers  appear  to  be  the  only  proximate  cause  of  contagion. 

"  The  third  species  of  glanders  is  in  like  manner  contagious,  because  it  not 
only  occasions  a  running  of  the  nose,  but  the  tumefied  glands  and  the  carti- 
lage of  the  nose  are  ulcerated,  and  likewise  certain  partsof  the  body  are  cover- 
ed with  lumps  and  ulcers,  which  latter  characterise  the  farcy  glanders,  the 
most  dangerous  disorder  of  the  three,  but  not  the  most  common.  These  two 
latter  species  of  glanders  are  infectious,  because  the  disease  resides  principally 
in  the  blood ;  but  the  glanders  of  the  first  species,  the  real  glanders,  the  glan- 
ders properly  so  called,  is  not  in  anywise  contagious,  although  it  most  fre- 
quently occurs. 

*'  The  second  and  third  species  are  incurable,  but  the  last  only  is  mortal. 
But  as  to  glanders  of  the  first  sort,  it  is  neither  incurable  nor  mortal.  In  the 
first  place,  we  repeat,  this  disease  is  not  mortal  in  any  case,  and  a  horse  at- 
tacked by  it  is  in  the  same  situation  as  a  man  who  has  lost  the  sense  of  smell- 
ing ;  it  is  the  loss  of  a  sense,  and  the  loss  of  a  sense  prevents  neither  the  man 
nor  the  horse  from  fulfilling  all  the  animal  functions;  for,  as  we  daily  observe 
men  affected  with  ulcerated  noses  preserve  an  otherwise  sound  constitution, 
and  even  look  jolly,  so  we  may  observe  a  glandered  horse  preserve  his  strength 
and  health. 

"Secondly;  it  is  incurable  only  when  in  veterately  confirmed;  but  when 
taken  in  an  early  stage,  its  progress  may  be  stopped  with  very  little  trouble. 

"Thus  we  find  that  glanders  of  the  first  species,  the  real  glanders,  glanders 
properly  so  called,  absolutely  consists  of  nothing  more  than  the  loss  of  the  sense 
of  smelling.  Its  cure  may  be  readily  effected  by  frequent  bleedings  and  fumi- 
gations. Hence  may  be  estimated  the  little  necessity  there  is  for  killing 
horses  attacked  by  this  disorder  ;  and  what  important  services  may  be  render- 
ed to  society  or  to  a  regiment,  for  instance,  by  an  intelligent  farrier  making  a 
proper  distinction  between  this  species  of  glanders  and  all  other  affections  and 
diseases  resembling  it." 

So  far  M.  La  Fosse :  his  table,  prefixed  to  the  translation,  "  Veterinari- 
an's Pocket  Manual,"  is  sold  separately  by  the  booksellers,  and  may  be  con- 
sulted with  profit  by  those  who  would  push  further  their  inquiries  respecting 
"true  glanders." 

Cause. — The  glanders  is  a  contagious  disease  only  when  it  has  lasted  for 
some  time.  Original  glanders  may  be  acquired  by  horses  being  shut  up  close 
together,  in  hot,  damp  stables,  in  swampy  situations — as  in  the  case  of  the 
twenty-two  cavalry  horses  adduced  higher  up  (})age  129),  which  were  con- 
fined damp,  under  hatches,  but  were  variously  affected,  according  to  the  pre- 
disposing cause  in  the  constitution  of  each  individual.  Those  animals  were 
improperly  condemned,  because  the  disorder  had  not  continued  long  enough 
to  render  it  contagious,  and  they  might  have  recovered  if  treated  as  for  a 
simple  cold. 

A  sudden  transition  from  cold  air  to  a  hot  stable,  as  well  as  from  heat  to 
cold,  will  occasion  a  running  at  the  nose;  or  a  blow  there,  as  well  as  a  drench 
rlumsily  administered  :  either  of  those  causes  being  foreknown,  should  render 
Us  chary  of  pronouncing  the  running  contagious,  and  thus  subject  the  proper- 
ty to  destruction,  as  proposed.  Almost  any  running,  from  whatever  cause  pro- 
ceeding, or  however  healthy  the  previous  stiite  of  the  animal's  system,  causes 
Ihe  glands  to  enlarge  and  inflame :  after  a  while,  remaining  un'ured,  they 
wsufJly  adhere  to  the  bone,  when  alone  we  should  pronounce  the  glanders  cou 


SYMFIOMS.    TESTS  OF  TRUE  GLANDERS.  137 

firmed  and  incurable.  This  is  "  the  second  species  "  of  La  Fosse,  which  may 
be  communicated  by  contact,  or  by  respiring  the  same  air,  in  the  stable ; 
though  it  does  not  appear  until  eight  or  ten  days  after  the  infection,  in  the  en- 
largement of  the  gland,  accompanied  by  running.  The  third  species  is  caused 
by  farcy  being  in  the  system,  or  by  inoculation,  in  which  way  the  glanders  is 
often  communicated  by  experimentalists  :  the  running  at  the  nose  and  swell- 
ing of  the  glands  are  then  symptomatic  of  farcy,  and  must  be  treated  as  such. 
What  inference  is  to  be  drawn  from  all  those  premises,  but  that  we  should 
endeavour  to  ascertain  the  length  of  time  the  patient  has  been  afflicted ;  whether 
he  has  received  any  e^cternal  injury  to  cause  it,  or,  has  he  been  brought  in 
contact  with  infected  horses,  and  when?  and  out  of  the  answers  hereto  we 
form  the  resolution  of  condemning  the  animal  to  solitary  keeping,  at  the  least; 
and  setting  about  the  remedies  that  are  likely  to  restore  him  to  health.  Crowd- 
ed towns,  posting  stables  and  barracks,  are  most  subject  to  contain  glandered 
horses,  on  account  of  their  closeness,  and  the  frequent  succession  of  inmates 
to  which  they  are  liable ;  for  some  horses  will  bear  it  for  a  good  number  of 
years,  the  discharge  almost  subsiding  (though  the  swelling  of  the  glands  re- 
mains) upon  changing  to  country  quarters,  or  to  a  succession  of  regular  living 
and  regular  work. 

Symptoms. — No  cough  accompanies  real  glanders  in  any  of  its  stages;  and 
this  though  a  negative  piece  of  information,  shall  be  taken  as  a  good  and  posi- 
tive criterion  that  must  not  be  neglected  :  a  running  may  make  its  appear  • 
ance,  as  it  does  at  the  left  nostril  usually,  in  the  glanders,  and  the  glands  under 
the  jaw  may  adhere  to  the  bone,  as  they  do  in  real  glanders,  but  no  cough  ac- 
companies these  symptoms  of  glanders.  When  cough  supervenes,  the  dis- 
ease may  be  a  catarrh,  or  a  consumption,  the  asthma,  or  strangles,  but  these 
are  not  contagious,  unless  they  last  a  long  time,  and  adhesion  of  the  glands 
takes  place  :  in  these  last  mentioned  disorders  the  discharge  commonly  pro- 
ceeds from  both  nostrils  alike;  whereas,  the  running  in  incipient  glanders  is 
chiefly  confined  to  the  left,*  and  the  gland  of  one  side  only  is  then  affected. 

As  the  disorder  proceeds,  it  affects  both  sides  alike  ;  ulcers  appear  all  over 
the  pituitary  membrane,  occasioned  by  the  corrosive  nature  of  the  discharge. 
This  assumes  a  different  appearance  as  the  constitution  of  the  individual 
may  have  been  more  or  less  gross  or  vitiated  ;  the  appearance  or  quality  of  the 
discharge  differs  also,  according  to  the  manner  in  whicn  the  disease  may  have 
been  acquired  ;  i.  e.  whether  it  has  been  engendered  or  caught  by  infection. 
If  it  come  of  the  first  mentioned,  through  a  depraved  system,  the  glands  are 
harder,  often  smaller,  and  always  adhere  closer,  than  in  those  cases  which  aru 
derived  from  infection,  at  a  time  when  the  animal  is  otherwise  in  comparatively 
good  health.  Again,  with  the  infected  horse,  the  matter  comes  off  copiously; 
It  i»  curdled,  and  may  be  rubbed  to  powder  between  the  fingers  when  dried.  It 
subsequently  hardens,  and  becomes  chalky  when  submitted  to  acids ;  whereas 
the  animal  that  engenders  the  disease  without  receiving  infection  sends  forth 
matter  that  is  party-coloured,  less  in  quantity,  blackish,  watery;  and  mixed 
with  bloody  and  white  mucus.  Finally,  if  the  animal  that  receives  the  disor- 
der by  infection  be  previously  in  a  bad  state  of  health,  those  symptoms  are  com- 
plicated and  more  intense,  the  ulcers  are  more  numerous,  the  cartilages  of  the 
nose  become  rotten,  and  the  bones  likewise  in  a  short  time :  the  creature  seema 
to  have  combined  together  the  evils  of  its  own  system  with  that  of  the  £ufferer 
from  whom  he  had  received  it.  In  both  cases  the  swelled  glands  are  simply 
hard  tumours  without  any  matter  in  them. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding  tokens  for  discovering  at  an  early  period  the  true 

'  <  )f  eight  hundred  cases  of  glanders  that  come  under  the  notice  of  M.  Dupuy  on'j  dne  haim 
tssa  affec'ed  in  ihe  right  nostril. 


138  LEGAL  RESTRAINTS:   CASE  OF  PRECIPITATION 

glanJers  from  another  disorder,  having  some  of  the  same  symptoms,  let  the 
nostrils  of  the  animal  be  examined,  a'nd  the  left  or  running  nostril  will  be 
found  of  a  deeper  colour  than  ordinary,  whilst  the  other  or  dry  nostril  is  of  a 
paler  colour  than  ordinary,  orahiiost  white.  At  this  period  the  discharge  is  a 
white  glary  fluid,  and  the  maxillary  gland  of  that  side  is  but  just  perceptible 
to  the  touch  ;  but  these  being  symptoms  that  belong  equally  to  a  catarrh,  it  is 
best  to  be  guided  by  the  varied  colour  of  the  two  nostrils,  remembering  that  in 
catarrh,  or  cold,  both  nostnls  run. 

It  has  been  remarked  by  some,  that  when  horses  in  a  tolerable  state  of  health 
first  receive  infection,  they  show  mettle,  and  are  full  of  freaks  theretofore  not 
experienced ;  as  the  disorder  proceeds  in  its  ravages,  this  mettlesomeness  goes 
off;  other  acquired  diseases  have  the  same  effects  on  all  animals — the  venereal, 
for  example,  on  man. 

The  remedies  that  have  been  applied  to  the  afflicted  animal  in  this  forlorn 
disease  are  found  of  no  avail,  unless  taken  at  an  early  perio«3.  As  hath  been 
said  higher  up,  infection  is  not  to  be  ajiprehended  at  first,  and  therefore  the 
precaution  some  use  to  prevent  its  spreadmg,  by  bleeding  and  purging  all  the 
rest  of  the  horses  in  that  stable,  is  unnecessary,  unless  the  animals  require 
that  process  in  other  respects;  but  some  practitioners  must  be  doing  some- 
thing, and  some  owners  will  not  rest  satisfied  unless  preventive  measures  be 
undertaken. 

As  soon  as  a  horse  is  suspected  of  glanders,  it  should  be  kept  separate  from 
all  others,  and  the  fumigation  of  marsh-mallows  applied,  as  prescribed  at  page 
134,  repeatedly;  a  purgative  or  an  alterative  ball  may  be  given,  according  to 
the  state  of  his  body,  atid  the  usual  remedies  as  for  a  catarrh,  continued  for 
a  week  or  ten  days.  If  the  disorder  does  not  lessen  in  this  time,  but  the 
symptoms  increase  in  virulence,  the  horse  should  be  destroyed  ;  but  unfortu- 
nately for  healthy  animals,  this  measure  is  not  compulsory,  no  statute  existing 
upon  the  subject.*  Besides  which,  disputes  might  arise  as  to  the  precise  na- 
ture of  the  symptoms,  and  the  executioner  subject  himself  to  heavy  damages 
for  his  temerity.  Something  of  this  sort  happened  near  Woburn,  in  Bedford- 
shire, early  in  the  present  century,  to  a  lately  deceased  statesman.  A  neigh- 
bouring farmer  having  a  horse  in  a  state  of  confirmed  glanders  (in  my  opin- 
ion), persisted  in  keeping  it  in  an  old  shed  on  the  roadside  :  his  obstinacy  was 
highly  provoking,  and  Mr.  W.  the  gentleman  alluded  to,  went  with  his  ser- 
vant and  shot  the  animal ;  at  which  the  venal  part  of  the  periodical  press  set 
up  a  great  clamour,  from  which  none  defended  him,  for  the  transaction  was  at 
variance  with  his  public  professions. 

Stables  that  have  been  occupied  by  glandered  horses  retain  a  long  time  the 
taint,  and  the  mea«s  of  communicating  the  disorder,  which  nothing  will  re- 
move but  washing  with  soap  and  sand,  and  scraping  with  sharp  instruments, 
every  part  of  the  rack,  manger,  and  all  other  parts  that  may  have  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  diseased  horses.  After  examining  the  cases  reported  by  various 
writers,  particularly  St.  Bel,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  no 
analogy  between  glanders  ?nd  the  venereal  disease,  but  the  inoculation  of 
sound  animals  ;  and  that  the  exhibition  of  mercury  in  any  form  is  utterly  falla 
'•jous.  One  case,  in  which  this  mineral  was  employed  with  asserted  success, 
at  the  Pancras  College,  is  proved  unworthy  of  credit,  by  the  failure  of  the 
same  medicine  in  every  succeeding  attempt. 

•The  common  law,  however,  a  fully  sufficient  to  prevent  improi^er  exposure  of  animals  af- 
Uicted  with  a  contagious  disease  in  horse-markets,  lairs,  and  other  assemblages  of  cattle.  A 
rase  of  this  sort  was  a-^judged  at  Guildhall,  London,  the  facts  whereof  were  detailed  in  theAa 
nals  of  Sporting  for  Marcli,  IS26. 


FARCV.  139 

FARCY. 

Causes. — General  ill  state  of  the  blood,  vulgarly,  but  most  appropriately, 
termed  "corruption  of  all  the  humours  of  the  body;"  and,  by  prevalence  oi 
»he  farcy  buds  in  the  course  that  the  veins  run,  all  over  the  surface  of  the  body, 
V.o  doubt  can  exist  that  it  resides  in  the  blood.  In  fine,  the  original  cause  has 
been  already  defined  at  the  head  of  this  class  of  diseases,  to  which  the  reader 
who  is  fond  of  research  would  do  well  to  turn  back  for  a  few  minutes,  at  pages 
129,  &c.  However,  infection  is  frequently  the  immediate  cause  and  (as  ob- 
served of  the  glanders)  the  animal  will  be  afflicted  more  or  less  severely,  as  his 
constitutional  health  may  be  sound  or  otherwise  at  the  time  of  receiving  the 
infection.  When  this  disease  is  engendered  or  created — which  is  easily 
supposed  to  have  happened  at  first,  and  capable  of  being  so  produced  at  the 
present  day,  the  blood  being  overcharged  with  oflfensive  matters  unfit  for  its 
proper  purpose,  it  becomes  stagnated  at  the  lymphatics  which  follow  the  course 
of  the  veins  (see  Book  1.  page  30),  and  these  corrode  the  parts,  inflame,  and 
appear  on  the  surflice  in  the  form  of  "buds."  And  1  should  feel  surprise  if 
they  do  not  also  pervade  the  large  glands  of  the  viscera,  though  I  have  had  no 
opportunity  of  examining:  such  tumours  on  the  skin  of  mankind  have  been 
found  similarly  seated  on  the  inner  surfaces,  on  dissection.  "  I  feel  all 
over  as  if  pins  were  running  into  me,  observed  a  patient;  and  so,  poor  fellow, 
he  might,  for  on  dissection  1  found  the  same  sort  of  tumours  even  on  the 
heart,"  said  Mr.  Abernethy  in  one  of  his  lectures.  As  regards  the  horse,  I 
take  this  upon  credit,  and  by  analogy  for  a  while,  purposing  to  satisfy  myself 
more  closely  upon  the  first  favourable  opportunity  that  offers. 

A  predisposition  to  farcy  must  exist  in  the  system,  for  it  is  cured  by  means 
of  correctives  of  the  blood;  and  its  connexion  with  glanders  has  been  proved, 
for  the  one  will  produce  the  other  by  inoculation  :  and  without  it  running  at 
the  nose  is  one  of  the  symptoms  of  farcy.  A  certain  inability  to  perform  its 
ofl^ce,  termed  "debility,"  that  leaves  the  finer  vessels  filled  with  the  vital  fluid, 
which  exercise  might  have  carried  off — is  one  main  cause  of  farcy;  and  a  sud- 
den check  by  cold  after  exercise  stops  at  once  the  perspiration,  and  the  blood 
that  would  otherwise  be  taken  up,  or  absorded  into  the  circulation,  remains  in 
those  fine  vessels,  as  aforesaid.  Hot  and  crov^ded  stables  relax  the  vessels, 
and  indeed  the  whole  system,  when  sudden  exposure  to  the  air  inflicts  the 
same  evil  I  have  just  now  contemplated.  The  reader  may  recollect,  that  1  re- 
ferred the  cause  of  fever  to  the  same  want  of  ventilation,  to  the  same  exposure 
*o  cold  air,  and  made  the  remark,  that  the  state  of  the  animal's  bodily  health 
at  the  period  of  the  attack  would  deternjine  whether  it  should  acquire  this  or 
that  particular  disease;  the  quantity  and  kind  of  cold,  or  chill,  would  also  de- 
termine whether  the  horse  should  be  afflicted  with  inflammation  of  a  certain 
part  of  his  inside,  or  of  his  whole  system,  which  we  term  fever. 

Symptoms. — Though  too  well  known  to  be  mistaken,  we  yet  may  describe 
them,  as,  in  the  first  place — skin  tight  and  dry,  for  want  of  perspiration,  as 
^ust  said,  when  some  swelling  is  perceivable  about  the  hind  legs,  and  on  the 
msides  particularly.  This  symptom  increases  to  an  extremely  large  size  in 
the  course  of  a  night,  when  the  genial  heat  of  the  animal's  system,  and  of  the 
stable,  appear  to  have  matured  the  disease.  The  lymphatic  vessels,  and  the 
more  perfect  glands,  that  run  in  the  same  direction  as  the  veins,  rise  above  the 
surface ;  and  it  is  easy  to  be  seen  that'  they  are  sore  when  touched,  the  glands 
in  particular,  which  leel  hot,  light,  and  hard  at  first,  similarly  to  the  glands  of 
the  throat,  as  described  in  the  glanders.  A  few  hours  confirm  the  exact  na 
tureof  the  mischief;  the  inflammation  of  those  glands  proceeds,  they  become 
SMitter,  and  each  throws  out  an  ichorous,  unhealthy  discharge.  They  are  then 
.ermed  farcy  buds.     The  edges  have  a  chancrous  apoearance    which  it  ii 


1  to  FARCY,  ITS  THREE  STAGES  :  TREATMENT. 

found  impossible  to  heal  with  ointments.  As  the  disease  advances,  a  gland- 
erous running  at  the  nose  takes  place,  with  swelling  about  the  nose,  lips,  and 
all  over  the  body  nearly. 

According  to  the  constitution  of  the  horse  at  the  time  of  receiving  the  infec- 
tion, so  will  the  progress  of  the  disease  be  rapid  and  disastrous,  or  unaccount- 
ably slow  and  uncertain  as  to  the  result.  In  this  latter  case  it  retains  its  ap- 
petite, and  bears  up  its  strength  for  a  considerable  time. 

Cure. — Three  stages  of  the  disorder  present  as  many  methods  of  cure:  first, 
when  the  effects  are  slight  or  partial ;  second,  when  it  resolves  itself  into  large 
tumours,  and  a  more  copious  discharge  from  a  smaller  number  of  ulcers  carries 
off  the  disease :  third,  when  it  is  confirmed,  general,  and  diffused  over  the 
whole  system. 

In  the  first  instance,  when  the  glands  only  are  affected,  it  may  be  treated  as 
a  local  disorder,  which  has  not  yet  found  its  way  into  the  animal's  system ; 
and  if  appearing  on  one  limb  only,  the  natural  inference  is,  that  the  system  is 
indisposed  to  carry  on  the  threatened  evil.  This  happens  mostly  to  animals 
in  good  condition,  that  are  strong  and  vigorous,  and  of  good  habit  of  body ; 
with  such  the  farcy  is  not  brought  on  spontaneously,  or  by  being  engendered 
in  the  animal,  but  has  been  acquired  by  infection.  The  limb  affected  is  gene- 
rally so  to  a  good  extent,  and  the  corded  veins  scarcely  visible ;  this  happens 
mostly  to  a  fore-leg  (not  always),  and  has  been  considered  of  a  dropsical  na- 
ture, in  a  slight  degree,  or  rather,  lymphatic,  the  glands  still  continuing  thcii 
functions.  In  this  case  give  a  purgative  ball,  and  repeat  it  in  three  days 
after ;  but  should  the  animal  be  a  very  fleshy  one,  and  full  of  condition,  with 
full  pulse,  this  may  be  preceded  by  bleeding  to  the  amount  of  three  quarts, 
or  four. 

Purgative  Ball. 

Aloes,  8  drachms, 
Castile  soap,  1  drachm. 

Liquorice  powder  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one 
dose. 

Prepare  the  animal  with  bran-mashes;  let  his  drink  be  chilled,  and  he  may  be 
moved  about,  under  shelter,  with  body  clothing  on  that  covers  the  affected 
limb.  The  limb  should  be  fomented  with  warm  water,  or  the  chamomile  de- 
coction, taking  care  to  rub  the  part  dry,  and  wrap  it  up  warm.  This  course 
us\>ally  prevails  against  an  ordinary  attack  of  farcy,  and  the  cure  is  aided 
when  it  affects  the  fore-leg  only,  by  a  rowel  inserted  under  the  chest.  But 
the  absorption  or  taking  up  of  the  disorder  into  the  system,  and  carrying  it 
off  by  stool,  is  by  far  the  neatest  manner  of  managing  the  cure ;  for  this  pur- 
pose give  the  following  ball,  after  the  animal  has  been  reduced  by  the  fore- 
going treatment. 


Alterative  Ball. 


Camphor, 
Emetic  tartar, 


Ginger,  J 


"With  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one  dose.  Give  one  of  these  for 
tliree  successive  nights ;  then  stop  one  night  between  each  dose,  until  the  du* 
ease  is  removed. 


TmRD  STAGE:  MERCURY,  A  SPECmC.  141 

If  these  efforts  to  absorb  the  disease  prove  insufficient  to  conquer  it,  recourbc 
must  be  had  to  the  use  of  mercury,  as  recommended  for  the  third  or  most  viru- 
lent stage  of  the  disease,  which  is  also  the  most  common  of  the  three.  Mean- 
time, we  come  to  consider  of  that  particular  kind  of  farcy  which  is  the  least 
common  of  all  three;  and  this  is  wherein  the  tumours  are  larger  than  usually 
happens,  and  smaller  in  number.  The  disease  then  partakes  very  much  of 
the  nature  of  critical  abscess  (page  113),  and  of  the  strangles  (page  130);  bo'h 
of  which,  the  reader  will  perceive,  are  but  the  efforts  of  nature  to  relieve  itsell 
of  an  accumulation  of  offensive  matter;  and,  this  escaping,  the  cure  is  effect- 
ed. In  this  second  kind,  or  stage  of  farcy  (as  I  call  it),  nothing  more  is  requi 
site  than  to  promote  suppuration,  as  directed  in  the  diseases  just  referred  to, 
and  follow  it  with  the  physic  prescribed  for  the  strangles. 

The  third,  most  common  and  virulent  kind  of  farcy,  that  which  comes  on 
quickest,  lasts  the  longest,  and  requires  the  most  powerful  means  for  its  re- 
moval, is  that  which  is  spread  minutely  all  over  the  body  and  limbs,  and  has 
penetrated  the  whole  system.  In  whichever  manner  the  animal  may  have 
Hcquired  the  disorder,  we  may  safely  presume  that  the  mass  of  humours  is 
hideously  depraved,  and  mercury,  in  one  or  other  of  its  varied  forms,  is  the 
only  antidote  to  be  relied  upon  for  its  extinction.  Previously,  however,  the 
farcy  buds  and  ulcers  must  be  reduced  to  the  state  of  common  sores,  by  means 
of  the  actual  cautery  freely  applied  to  each.  When  these  slough  off.  and  the 
sores  assume  a  healthy  appearance,  less  of  the  mercurial  preparation  will  be 
required  ;  but  if  these  retain  a  livid  and  therefore  unhealthy  hue,  accompanied 
6y  a  poisonous  discharge  that  ulcerates  the  adjacent  parts,  a  thorough  course 
of  mercury  is  the  only  certain  remedy,  and  this  must  be  managed  with  cau- 
tion. 

Mercurial  Ball.— No.  1. 

^thiop's  mineral,  2  drachms, 
Opium,  10  grains, 

Liquorice  powder  and  mucilage  to  form  the  ball  for  one 
dose. 

Give  twice  a  day,  until  the  patient's  breath  smells  very  offensive,  and  then 
discontinue  the  medicine  a  day  or  two,  as  you  should  also  when  the  animal  is 
found  to  stale  inordinately,  or  the  bowels  be  very  much  disordered.  But,  when 
the  bowels  are  only  slightly  affected,  increase  the  quantity  of  opium  to  twenty 
or  thirty  grains. 

Mercurinl  Ball. — No.  2. 

grail 
Emetic  tartar,  half  a  drachm, 
Opium,  half  a  drachm. 

Mix,  with  liquorice  powder  and  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one 
Jose.     Give  as  before,  at  night  and  morning. 

Feed  the  patient  generously  during  the  operation  of  this  strong  medicine, 
watch  its  progress  closely,  and  lessen  the  quantity,  or  discontinue  it  altogeth  r 
a  day  or  two  when  he  is  agitated  greatly  within,  particularly  if  a  kind  of  sick- 
liess  or  gurgling  be  discernible,  and  the  horse  is  off  his  appetite.  Let  him  be 
clothed  completely.  Malt  mashes,  sodden  corn,  and  coarse  sugar  mixed  with 
his  corn,  dry,  are  good  assi.-;tants  to  the  proper  operation  of  mercury.  That 
•8  a  mistakerj  notion,  which  induced  jome  farriers  to  give  the  edible  "oots,  *» 
14 


1  lij  CAUTERIZING.    ANTICOR— CAUSE,  SYMPTOMS,  CURE 

turnips,  carrots,  &c.  to  the  horse  under  a  course  of  mercury.  They  war  with 
its  operation,  and  cause  that  very  commotion  in  tlie  bowels  we  should  most 
sedulously  avoid. 

In  recommending  the  free  application  of  the  actual  cautery  to  the  farcy 
buds,  in  the  last  page,  I  do  but  follow  the  common  practice,  being  altogether 
the  safest  means  in  ordinary  hands,  who  apply  fire  in  many  other  cases,  with 
much  less  reason  than  is  done  in  that  of  farcy.  Butter  of  antimony,  or  sul- 
phate of  copper,  effects  the  same  end,  and  has  the  recommendation  of  being 
used  exclusively  by  the  French  veterinarians.  What  La  Fosse  says  on  this 
point  is  emphatic,  and  shows  his  opinion  of  the  predisposing  cause  of  farcy: 
"Do  not  apply  fire  in  any  manner  to  lum[)s  produced  by  farcy,  under  an  idea 
of  stopping  the  disorder.  The  disease  being  in  the  blood,  treat  it  accordingly, 
and  as  for  the  lumps,  cut  them  off:  apply  blue  stone,  dissolved  in  water." 
When  he  forefends  the  "  idea  of  stopping  the  disorder,"  doubtless  in  saying 
this  he  only  allows  that  to  be  the  true  farcy,  which  I  have  considered  as  the 
third  stage,  or  confirmed  kind.  But  the  earlier  or  milder  stages,  which  would 
ultimately  end  in  the  third  or  most  virulent  kind,  if  not  stopped,  being  occa- 
sioned by  the  cessation  of  the  lymphatic  function — when  the  attendant  glands 
refuse  to  communicate  with  the  system  (the  blood,)  can  not  have  yet  carried 
the  consequence  of  that  stoppage  into  the  blood,  in  making  this  remark,  I 
have  not  overlooked  what  was  said  of  the  practice  in  Morocco  at  a  preceding 
page,  135,  note. 

ANTICOR 

Is  more  prevalent  in  France  than  in  this  country,  and  is  so  named  from  its 
position,  anti  against,  and  cor  the  heart.  The  French  words  ante-ccevr  have 
the  same  meaning,  and  are  derived  from  the  same  origin.  It  consists  in  an 
inflamed  swelling  of  the  breast  near  the  heart,  and  the  name  is  extended  to 
any  other  swelling  from  this  part  back  under  the  belly,  even  unto  the  sheath, 
which  also  swells:  in  this  event  anticor  is  decidedly  dropsical. 

Cause. — Full  feeding  without  suflScient  exercise,  similarly  to  this  whole 
train  of  disorders  which  I  have  been  just  above  considering.  Hard  riding  or 
driving,  and  subsequent  exposure  to  the  elements,  or  giving  cold  water  to  ani 
mals  that  aie  very  fleshy  in  the  forehand,  as  is  the  case  with  the  greater  part 
of  French  horses;  these,  combined  with  a  vitiated  state  of  the  blood,  which  is 
then  sizy,  produce  those  extended  swellings  that  partake  somewhat  of  the  na- 
ture of  swelled  limb  in  grease,  and  yet  terminate  in  abscess  when  the  case  is  a 
bad  one. 

Symptoms. — An  enlargement  of  the  breast,  which  sometimes  extends  up 
wards  to  the  throat,  and  threatens  suffocation.  The  animal  appears  stiff  al)out 
the  neck,  looks  dull  and  drooping,  refuses  his  food,  and  trembles  or  shivers 
with  the  inflammation,  whic*!  may  be  felt.  Pulse  dull  and  uneven.  By  y)ress- 
ing  two  or  more  fingers  alternately,  the  existence  of  matter,  or  a  disposition 
to  suppurate,  may  be  ascertained  (as  in  poll-evil)  by  its  receding  from  side  to 
side  as  the  pressure  is  withdrawn.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  disease  owes  iti 
origin  to  dropsy,  each  pressure  of  the  finger  will  remain  pitted  a  few  secondis 
after  the  finger  is  withdrawn.     Consult  "  Poll-evil"  in  its  two  stages. 

Cure. — As  in  other  cases  of  tumour,  that  do  not  partake  of  critical  abscess 
after  fever,  &c.,  this  disorder  admits  of  being  repressed,  readily,  by  the  means* 
before  prescribed,  or  of  being  otherwise  cured,  as  it  may  be  allied  to  some  disor- 
aer  of  the  constitution.  To  repress  the  swelling,  bleed  the  |)atient  copiously; 
give  purgatives  and  clvster  him;  give  bran  mashes,  and  let  the  chill  be  taken 
off  his  water.  Foment  the  throat  and  breast  with  bran  mash  or  marshmallows. 
ftvery  four  or  five  hours  ;  and  when  these  have  reduced  the  sym}>tGin>,  give  aw 


GREASE-OWING  TO  DEBIUTY,  143 

Alterative  Ball. 

Emetic  tartar,  2  drachms, 
Venice  turpentine,  half  an  ounce. 

Mix.  with  liquorice  powder  enough  to  make  the  ball  for  one  dose.  Give  one 
every  eight-and-forty  hours.  On  the  contrary,  if  the  sweHing  depend  upon 
dropsy,  as  aforesaid,  let  a  fleam  or  horse  lancet  be  struck  into  the  skin  at  four 
or  five  places  distant  from  each  other,  and  in  the  lowest  or  most  depending 
part  of  the  swelling.  From  these  punctures  a  watery  discharge  will  take 
place,  that  relieves  the  patient  of  his  affliction  hourly,  and  the  issue  of  matter 
IS  to  be  promoted  by  keeping  open  the  sores  as  directed  in  the  case  of  fistula, 
&c.  at  page  119:  again,  when  the  swelling  indicates  the  collection  of  morbid 
matter,  let  it  be  fomented,  poulticed,  and  opened  as  directed  in  cases  of  critical 
aliscess,  in  poll-evil,  fistula,  &c.:  the  whole  scries  of  these  diseases  are  of  the 
same  nature,  but  differing  principally  as  to  situation,  which  sometimes  affects 
the  disease  mainly.  In  this  case,  for  example,  the  swelling  sometimes  ascends 
along  the  throat,  and  goes  nigh  to  choke  the  patient :  recourse  must  be  had 
immediately  to  poultices,  and  let  these  be  changed  twice  a  day.  The  modes 
of  bandaging  may  be  learned  by  consulting  those  I  have  given  sketches  of,  in 
other  cases,  at  page  79,  &c. 

GREASE. 

Causes. — This  is  another  of  the  diseases  that  take  their  rise  in  a  tardy  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  and  consequent  indisposition  to  take  up  and  carry  back 
again  to  the  heart  that  which  has  been  sent  into  the  extremities  for  their  nour- 
ishment and  renovation.  In  Book  I.  at  bottom  of  section  44,  this  process  of 
taking  up,  or  absorption,  is  spoken  of,  whilst  the  few  pages  that  are  there  be- 
stowed on  the  manner  in  which  the  circulation  is  carried  on,  show  the  im- 
portance of  this  function,  and  point  out  the  principles  that  should  guide  us  in 
promoting  it,  when  aught  has  occurred  to  retard  its  action.  "When  great  age 
and  consequent  lethargic  habits  cause  the  blood  to  circulate  slowly,  our  art 
can  but  ill  supply  the  remedy,  though  the  evil  may  certainly  be  alleviated  by 
stimulants.  A  small  portion  of  beans  given  to  aged  horses  admirably  assists 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  especially  towards  the  heels,  whilst  this  very  spe- 
cies of  food  given  to  young  horses  will  promote  humours  of  the  hind  legs  in 
particular,  where  grease  is  mostly  situate.  That  is  to  say,  at  the  part  of  the 
animal  that  is  remotest  from  the  heart  is  the  effect  of  a  slow  circulation  most 
frequently  recurring,  and  to  heavy  fleshy  cart  horses  oftoner  than  to  those  that 
are  lighter  and  freer  from  flesh  about  the  heels. 

Trimming  the  heels  of  the  hair,  which  was  intended  to  keep  them  warm 
in  winter,  is  a  very  prolific  source  of  grease.  Thorough-bred  horses  never 
incur  this  disorder,  so  far  as  I  can  learn ;  and  the  chances  in  favour  of  those 
which  are  produced  by  crosses  from  blood  stock,  is  in  proportion  to  the  amount 
of  their  breeding, 

A  cold  in  the  heels  is  caught  by  walking  the  horses  through  water  whilst 
they  are  hot :  or  being  put  into  the  stable  with  wet  feet  at  nights ;  or  lying  in 
a  stable  that  imperfectly  keeps  out  the  vyind ;  all  conduce  to  that  stagnation 
of  the  blood,  or  tardy  performance  of  its  function,  that  causes  the  animal  to 
generate  this  disease.  They  term  it  debility,  but  I  think  we  had  better  sav 
•'  want  of  ability,"  or  of  vigour  to  drive  on  the  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  so  thai 
if  the  blood  that  is  left  behind  in  the  fine  capillary  vessels  be  ever  so  good  and 
proper  (or  its  purpose  at  first,  yet  the  very  circumstance  of  its  remaining  idle 
sauses  an  inflammatory  heat,  that  attracts  towards  itself  all  such  congenia' 


Hi  EXPERIMENT.    WHITE  FEET,  LIABLE  TO  GREASE. 

particles  of  the  blood  which  may  have  been  sent  through  the  arteries  to  the 
part  for  the  propagation  of  new  horn,  or  the  supply  of  marrow — of  the  nature 
whereof  the  matter  partakes.  Indeed,  I  have  very  little  doubt  that  the  mar- 
row is  concerned  in  the  production  of  grease;  for  I  have  successively  examinee^ 
twenty  legs  which  were  affected  with  grease  at  the  time  life  was  extinguished^ 
and  the  marrow  was  invariably  confined  to  the  lower  part  only,  as  if  it  were 
fallen  down  there  for  want  of  vigour,  whilst  the  upper  part  of  the  bone  was 
hollow,  in  every  instance  :  healthy  leg  bones  are  always  full  to  the  top  of  each, 
and  I  have  reason  for  thinking  that  this  is  the  case  with  all  debilitated  horses. 
Again,  the  glutinous  substance  that  pervades  the  surface  of  the  coffin-bone, 
and  to  which  I  have  attributed  the  formation  of  new  horny  matter  of  the 
hoof,  is  always  found  scanty  in  greasy-healed  subjects.  See  my  observations 
on  the  foot  in  the  next  chapter. 

One  of  those  legs  parted  from  the  knee,  having  the  skin  removed,  but  other- 
wise untouched,  was  hung  up  in  the  yard  whilst  the  sun  was  at  70  degrees 
(July,  1825).  in  three  or  four  days  the  grease  might  be  seen  to  give  a  colour 
to  the  lower  part  at  the  fetlock  joint,  and  every  day  the  greasy  nature  of  the 
colour  was  evident  to  touch  and  smell,  whilst  the  articulation  of  the  large  pas- 
tern and  sesamoid  bones  remained  unaffected  in  either  way.  Upon  breaking 
the  bones  nine  months  afterwards,  the  marrow  had  all  escaped  without  a 
puncture,  i.  e.  through  the  bone. 

The  following  ingenious  suggestion  I  find  among  much  voluminous  Vete- 
rinary Memoranda,  but  whether  it  be  my  own,  or  1  owe  it  to  some  friend,  I 
have  no  means  at  hand  for  ascertaining,  nor  does  my  recollection  serve  me 
sufficiently  to  say  who.  "  Horses  with  one  or  two  white  feet  are  more  liable 
to  the  grease  in  the  feet  that  are  white  than  in  the  others;  and  if  the  proposi- 
tion be  true  that  white  feet  are  weak  ones,  we  come  to  the  same  conclusion, 
that  the  want  of  colour  having  occurred  through  want  of  vigour  in  the  part: 
then  weakness  and  grease  have  the  same  cause." 

Symptoms. — First  perceptible  by  a  swelling  at  the  heels,  mostly  of  the  hind 
legs.  This  is  occasioned  by  local  inflammation,  and  is  soon  followed  by  a 
slight  issue  of  greasy  m.atter,  whence  the  name ;  but  it  is  sometimes  more  wa- 
tery, ichorous,  and  offensive,  which  will  depend  principally  on  the  constitu- 
tional health  of  the  patient.  The  swelling  sometimes  extends  much  higher 
than  the  fetlock  joint,  even  towards  the  hough,  and  occasions  stiffness  of  th« 
limb  and  indisposition  to  move.  He  can  not  lie  down,  by  reason  of  the  un- 
bending nature  of  his  joints,  and  therefore  stands  to  sleep,  which  renders  the 
disorder  more  virulent  by  the  accession  of  fresh  matter  to  the  part ;  the  skin 
cracks  at  various  places,  and  ulceration  ensues.  The  hair  sticks  out  like  furze, 
the  discharge  is  darker  than  originally,  is  thin,  acrid,  corroding,  and  stinking. 

Remedy. — The  grease  is  one  of  those  disorders  about  which  we  should  em- 
ploy our  ingenuity  in  prevention  rather  than  the  cure ;  and  this  indeed  is  the 
case  with  nearly  all  the  diseases  that  depend  upon  constitutional  defective- 
ness, or  rather  inability  of  some  of  the  organs  of  life  to  perforin  aright  the 
1  unctions  of  nature.  How  these  ought  to  act  I  have  spoken  at  large  in  the 
second  chapter  of  book  the  first;  and  pointed  out  the  free  circulation  of  the 
blood  as  the  principal  cause  of  health,  as  would  also  the  want  of  a  g"<)d  circu- 
lation prove  the  harbinger  of  disease.  Now  this  affair  of  grease  being  pro- 
duced entirely  by  such  inactivity,  it  seems  clear  that  exercise  would  be  the  best 
preventive  of  it ;  and  the  horse-keeper  should  also  keep  the  heels  dry  after  work 
IS  over,  and  hand-rub  him  a  little  with  as  much  industry  as  he  can  afford.  He 
should  also  let  the  hair  remain  on  the  heels  of  his  heavy  horses,  and  give  to 
the  large  ones  sufficient  depth  of  stall  and  bed,  so  as  to  prevent  such  from 
throwing  their  long  .egs  half  way  out  in  the  stable  (as  too  often  happens)  upon 
kl.c  cold  floor,  of  winter  nights. 


WASHES.  M5 

In  slight  attacks,  a  wash  made  of  a  solution  of  alum,  as  under,  will  correct 
the  disposition  to  grease,  and  a  dose  of  physic  set  all  to  rights  in  a  short  time; 
both,  however,  regulateil  according  to  circumstances.  When  considering 
these,  we  should  inquire  into  the  preceding  habits  of  the  patient,  as  to  his 
usual  evacuations,  and  whether  these  have  been  stopped ;  for  it  frequently 
happens  that  grease  is  caused  by  the  suspension  of  the  urine  balls,  to  which 
many  proprietors  are  so  very  much  addicted,  that  they  give  them  without  rea- 
son, or  suspend  the  giving  through  the  same  whimsicaHty.  In  this  latter  case 
give  the  diuretic  powder,  and  the  horse  will  require  very  little  more  physic. 
Again,  if  the  animal  require  opening  physic,  give  him  the  purging  ball  as 
under,  and  in-door  exercise ;  but  should  his  debility  be  then  very  great,  the 
commotion  this  would  occasion  might  reduce  him  too  much,  and  therefore,  the 
alterative  ball  will  do  better,  with  the  same  attention  to  in-door  exercises  if  he 
can  bear  it.  Sonjetimes,  however,  the  heels  are  so  cracked  and  chapped,  that 
every  step  the  animal  takes  only  makes  the  matter  worse;  we  should  then 
assiduously  apply  ourselves  to  keeping  the  heels  clean,  with  water  of  which 
the  chill  has  been  taken  off,  and  with  a  brush  get  rid  of  as  much  of  the  run- 
ning as  possible;  and  after  drying  it  well  with  cloths,  use  the  alum  wash  of 
the  stronger  preparation  ;  provided  always  the  inflammation  be  not  too  high  at 
the  time,  but  which  the  warm  water  without  the  alum  wash  has  a  tendency 
to  alleviate. 

I  will  now  set  down  the  several  articles  just  recommended  above,  premising 
this  much  as  an  apology  for  the  numerous  recipes  here  prescribed,  that  the 
grease  requires  we  should  be  always  doing  a  something  for  the  animal,  either 
of  topical  application,  or  in  devising  the  means  of  carrying  off  the  cause  of  the 
disorder  by  stool,  by  urine,  or  by  perspiration.  For,  by  keeping  one  or  other 
of  these  evacuations  a-going,  we  enable  the  animal  system,  to  take  up,  or  ab- 
sorb (as  l)efore  described)  the  watery  particles  of  the  lymphatics,  which  re 
maining  indolent  constitute  the  disease. 

Alum  Wash. — No.  1.* 

Alum,  2  ounces. 
Blue  stone,  2  drachm^ 
Water,  1  pint. 
Mix  and  wash  the  part  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

Strong  Alum  Wash. — No.  2. 

Alum,  ^ 

Sugar  of  lead,  >  of  each  2  ounces, 

Vinegar,  ) 

Water,  1  pint.  Mix  and  use  as  before. 

Strongest,  or  Mercurial   Wash. — No.  3. 

Corrosive  sublimate,  2  drachm^ 
Muriatic  acid,  4  drachms, 
Water,  1  pint. 
Mix  and  apply  in  inveterate  cases. 

of  thia,  the  foUowing  is  preferred  by  some  persons,  and  those  good  judfit  !■• 

wSKrcrlor'-      ^reachla^ad«n, 
Water,  ]  quart.    Mix. 
14*  - 


U6  SWEATING  AND  URINE  BALLS.    ALTERATIVE  REGIMEN. 

Diuretic  Alterative  Powder. 


Powdered  resin,  |  of  each  2  ounces. 


M'lx,  and  give  in  four  doses,  of  mornings.  To  be  conttMuetl  until  it«  efTecif 
are  visible. 

Purging  Balls. 

Aloes,  9  drachms. 
Hard  soap,  3  drachms, 
Ginger,  1  drachm. 
Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  one  dose. 

The  Alterative  Ball. 

Aloes,  6  drachms. 
Hard  soap,  8  drachms, 
Ginger,  3  drachms. 

Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  tlie  mass,  and  divide  it  into  four  balls. 
Give  one  every  morning  until  the  bowels  are  opened  sufficiently. 
The  perspiration  must  be  promoted  by  the  following 

Diaphoretic  Ball. 

Emetic  tartar,  2  drachms, 
Venice  turpentine,  4  drachms. 

Mix  well,  with  liquorice  powder  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  into  one  dose;  anc 
give  every  other  night  for  a  week  or  ten  days,  taking  care  to  clothe  the  patient, 
or  put  a  rug  on  his  body  at  least,  regulating  his  sweats  according  to  the 
weather.  Some  persons  do  not  think  it  too  much  trouble  to  divide  the  forego- 
ing ball  into  two  parts,  and  give  one  every  night  for  tlic  periods  just  mention- 
ed, which  would  bring  the  whole  quantity  of  emetic  tartar  to  the  same  amount 
in  the  end.  Be  careful  to  buy  it  genuine  ;  and  if  the  horse  be  taken  care  of 
while  in  his  sweats,  it  will  mainly  contribute  to  his  getting  well.  The  patient 
is  not  to  have  this  sweating  ball  whilst  he  has  other  physic  in  him ;  but  it  may 
be  given  alternately  with  the  foregoing  powder  of  nitre  and  resin  ;  and  is  better 
administered  thus,  when  it  happens  that  the  individual  requires  to  be  set  a  sta- 
ling, and  we  think  best  to  sweat  him  at  the  same  time.  If  the  medicine  makes 
his  bowels  grumble,  add  to  the  ball 

Opium,  half  a  drachm, 

which  some  do  put  into  the  prescription,  whether  or  no.  But  then  the  opium 
having  a  tendency  to  bind  the  body,  it  counteracts  our  labour  in  this  respect, 
md  is  not  desirable  in  case  the  animal  requires  opening  physic. 

Regimen. —  A  good  generous  feeding  should  be  allowed,  with  a  few  beans 
for  the  elder  patients  only;  and  in  all  cases  where  the  disorder  has  lasted  a 
long  w.ule  and  the  cure  is  effected  with  difficulty,  a  run  at  grass  is  greatly 
conducive  to  complete  recovery;  especially  if  the  convalescent  can  be  allowed 
the  onvion  of  a  field,  or  covered  shed,  lying  high  and  dry,  or  the  advantages 
of  the  nomestead,  with  an  allowance  of  corn  and  hay.  Tliis  change  of  regi 
men  is  greatly  assistant  of  absorption  when  the  physicking  has  ceased,  espe 


THE  RUNGE-ITS  ORIGIN,  147 

cially  where  the  disorder  has  terminated  with  a  tedious  ulceration  which  causes 
lameness,  on  which  event  he  should  not  be  exercised ;  but  let  the  parts  be 
poulticed  with  a  turnip  poultice,  or  it  may  be  made  of  oatmeal  and  the  grounds 
of  stale  beer,  or  both  may  be  employed  alternately ;  and  then  the  parts,  if  luxu- 
riant or  thick,  may  be  washed  with  a  solution  of  blue  vitriol  in  water,  or  the 
wash,  No.  3.     Dress  the  cracks  with  the  following 

Ointment. 

Oil  of  turpentine,  3  drachms. 

Hog's  lard,  6  ounces, 

Litharge  water,  half  an  ounce.     Mix. 

This  may  be  varied  by  substituting  Venice  turpentine,  half  the  quantity  of 
the  oil.  In  these  inveterate  cases  we  have  now  under  consideration,  a  change 
of  medicine  is  desirable,  if  but  for  the  change  which  it  occasions  in  the  animal's 
digestive  powers;  for  this  purpose  the  blue  pill  has  been  given  as  an  alterative, 
as  well  as  that  other  preparation  of  mercury,  the  well-known  Cvlomel.  Both 
act  upon  the  kidneys,  and  set  them  in  motion  for  ths  production  of  urine;  ?nd 
calomel  chiefly  effects  this,  by  previously  stimulating  the  liver,  uhkh  again  u 
very  desirable  by  way  of  change. 

Alterative  Balls. 

Calomel,  1  1-2  drachms, 
Aloes,  3  drachms, 
Castile  soap,  6  drachms, 
Oil  of  juniper,  40  drops. 

Mix ;  make  into  three  balls  and  give  one  daily  for  a  week ;  but  should  it  gripe 
the  animal,  discontinue  it,  or  add  opium  from  half  a  drachm  to  a  drachm. 

SURFEIT— MANGE. 

Both  of  these  diseases  of  the  animal's  system,  and  the  first-mentioned  proves 
its  connexion  with  the  second  by  sometimes  ending  in  the  mange.  Over- 
feeding, or  too  much  of  it,  or  gross  feeding,  as  it  is  the  cause  of  these  twin  dis- 
eases, so  are  the  two  appellations  it  receives  in  the  different  stages  of  the  at- 
tack descriptive  of  the  cause :  both  are  of  French  origin,  as  I  apprehend ;  sur- 
fait  or  overdone,  being  tantamount  to  mange,  in  its  imperfect  tenses,  the 
effect  of  eating  too  much,  which  has  brought  on  the  disease.  A  surfeit,  or 
sur-fait,  is  not  an  uncommon  disease  with  reasonable  man,  and  is  alike  caused 
by  eating  improperly,  if  not  too  much,  and  sometimes  from  the  preparation  of 
viands  that  are  over-luxurious  for  the  stomach  that  is  to  receive  it.  and  is  in 
fact  incapable  of  digesting  it.  This  is  a  state  of  the  stomach  that  is  by  no 
means  uncommon,  and  up  to  a  certain  extent  happens  every  day  to  the  full 
feeders  of  every  genus  of  created  beings,  if,  during  this  full  and  over- replen 
ished  state  of  the  alimentary  canal,  and  its  then  active  state  of  lactification  (o 
making  of  new  blood),  a  sudden  check  be  put  upon  the  said  process,  by  drink 
'jic  cold  water  for  example,  what  happens  but  the  rapid  propulsion  of  somo 
part  of  the  blood  through  the  arteries,  whilst  the  mouths  of  the  offended  lac 
teals  close  up  for  a  period,  and  the  blood,  already  filling  the  capillary  vessels 
ot  the  surface,  becomes  extremely  irritable  7  Perspiration  ceases ;  the  lympha 
tics  refuse  to  perform  their  office  of  absorption,  and  the  blood  so  deposited  iii 
a  due  coilrse  of  nature,  forms  innumerable  small  tumours  under  the  skin,  oi 
become  seabby,  and  throw  off  a  dry  scurf.     The  first  has  received  the  appro 


t48  CAUSE  AND  REMEDY,  CONNECTED. 

priate  name  of  surfeit,  the  second  is  the  more  loathed  mange,  both  having  bu 
one  common  origin.  They  are  of  the  class  of  tubercular  diseases,  spoken  of 
by  M.  Dupuy  quoted  higher  up  (as  partaking  of  glanders,  &c.),  are  akin  tt 
grease,  and  to  other  accessions  of  matter  on  the  surface,  diflering  only  as  ti 
situation,  and  like  the  grease,  require  that  we  should  promote  absorption  anc 
the  application  of  repellants. 

The  cause  of  surfeit  is  thus  distinctly  met  by  the  means  of  cure.  The 
symptoms,  however,  frequently  announce  the  disorder  that  has  taken  place 
within  but  a  few  minutes  ere  they  subside  again,  to  the  utter  surprise  of  all 
oeholders.  On  such  occasions  mischief  is  supposed  to  lie  in  wait,  and  it  is 
generally  understood  that  the  pustules,  or  tumours,  only  retreat  from  the  skin 
U)  infest  some  more  vital  internal  organ ;  but  I  always  considered  that  such  an 
attack  had  subsided  through  its  own  weakness,  for  nothing  ever  came  of  it 
after  thus  retreating  spontaneously.  Like  surfeit  in  man,  these  tumours  are 
attended  with  a  pricking  pain,  the  animal  appearing  restless,  flinching  from 
the  touch,  and  looking  round  sharp  at  his  legs  and  sides  as  if  he  were  spurred 
trivially.  Whenever  he  can  bring  the  parts  to  bear  against  the  stall,  the  bail, 
or  the  wall,  the  animal  will  rub  violently,  until  the  hair  comes  off,  and  the 
skin  is  raw.  Instead  of  tumours  that  emit  a  sharp,  acrid,  and  stinking  hu- 
mour, like  grease,  a  dry  scurf  apjiears,  resembling  scabs,  and  this  is  mange  in 
some  animals:  whilst  other  subjects  exhibit  no  eruption  whatever,  though  eve- 
ry hair  is  affected  in  a  small  degree,  the  skin  becomes  dry,  and  he  is  then  hide- 
bound. 

Cure. — Surfeit  is  easily  removed  by  a  cooling  purgative ;  but  if  the  pulse  be 
high,  he  should  be  bled  also.  Promote  perspiration  by  means  of  the  diapho- 
retic ball  recommended  at  page  146,  with  the  same  precautions  as  are  there 
set  down.  If  the  animal  be  fat,  he  must  be  reduced;  give  bran  mashes,  sod- 
den oats,  and  good  exercise ;  and  should  moisture  be  found  to  discharge  from 
the  skin,  waoh  it  with  the 

Surfeit  Wash. 

Blue  vitriol,  1  ounce. 
Camphor,  half  an  ounce, 
Spirits  of  wine,  2  ounces. 

Mix  in  a  quart  bottle,  and  fill  it  with  water.  Wash  with  soapy  water  warm 
(as  in  grease),  rub  dry,  and  apply  the  above  wash  once  a  day,  and  at  the  samd 
time  give  one  of  the  diaphoretic  balls,  as  above.  Let  the  diet  be  cool  and  open- 
ing, as  scalded  bran,  sodden  oats,  or  barley :  and  if  the  horse  is  low  in  flesh, 
mix  an  ounce  of  fenugreek  seeds  with  his  corn  daily  for  a  fortnight  at  leasft. 

THE  MANGE 

Sometimes  succeeds  an  ill-cured  surfeit ;  and  is  moreover  an  original  disease, 
arising  from  filthiness,  hard  living,  ill-usage,  and  the  con^^equent  depraved 
state  of  the  system.  It  partakes  of  the  nature  of  itch  in  ma  ,  is  communica- 
ble by  means  of  the  touch,  by  using  the  same  harness,  cloth,  ig,  &c.  and  pro- 
bably by  standing  in  the  same  stall  as  a  diseased  horse  may  have  left. 

The  symptoms  are  stated  in  the  preceding  pages,  and  from  its  cause  we 
may  rest  assured  never  attacks  horses  in  condition.  As  in  surfeit,  the  horse 
's  constantly  rubbing  and  biting  himself:  great  patches  of  the  coat  are  thus 
rubbed  away,  and  ulceration  frequently  supplies  the  places.  Scabs  appear  at 
♦he  roots  of  the  hair  of  mane  and  tail ;  large  portions  whereof  fall  away. 
When  eruptions  appear,  they  form  a  scurf,  which  peels  off,  and  it  is  sacceeded 
by  fresh  eruptions. 


HTOE-BOUND,  CAUSED  BY  INlfcRNAjL  TtJMOURS.  149 

The  cure  is  to  be  effected  by  topical  applications  of  sulphur,  and  giving  the 
same  internally  as  an  alterative ;  but  mercurials  are  mostly  preferred  by  our 
moderns ;  and  there  is  not  such  a  variety  of  opinions  and  prescriptions  at  this 
moment  in  practice  for  the  most  momentous  diseases,  as  for  this  loathsome 
malady :  neglect  and  ignorance  having  brought  on  the  evii,  ignorance  and 
stupidity  engage  to  effect  the  cure.  1  shall  subjoin  a  few  forms  of  those  which 
are  in  most  repute,  and  have  been  found  effectual :  even  alteration  is  fre- 
quently found  beneficial,  though  it  may  not  at  first  seem  to  nave  been  for  the 
besL 

Mange  Ointment. 

Prepared  hog's  lard,  2  pounds, 

Sulphur  vivum,  1  pound, 

White  hellebore,  in  powder,  6  ounces. 

Mix  with  oil  of  turpentine  sufficient  to  make  a  soft  ointment,  rub  the  animal 
wherever  the  eruption  and  scurf  appear,  with  hair  cloths,  or  a  new  besom,  so 
as  to  get  rid  of  the  loose  filth  before  applying  the  ointment.  Rub  it  in  well 
every  other  day,  and  give  the  following 

Alterative  for  the  Mange. — No.  1. 

Tartarized  antimony,  1  ounce, 
Muriate  of  quicksilver,  2  drachms, 

Ginger  and     )         jg^ed,  of  each  3  ounces. 
Anise  seeds,  \  ^  ' 

Mix,  with  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  mass ;  divide  it  into  six  balls,  and 
give  one  every  morning  until  the  eruption  disappears. 

Alterative  for  Mange. — No.  2. 

Antimony  in  fine  powder,  8  ounceiJ, 
Grains  of  Paradise,  3  ounces. 

Mix,  and  add  Venice  turpentine  to  form  the  mas*,  which  divide  into  twelve 
balls.     Give  one  daily  whilst  the  rubbing  is  contin  i^d. 

HIDE-BOUND. 

The  cause  of  hide-bound  is  commonly  the  same  as  that  which  produced  the 
iast-mentioned  disease,  viz.  poverty,  only  that  the  particular  animals  may  not 
both  be  in  the  same  state  of  general  health,  and  the  more  depraved  would  in- 
cur mange,  whilst  another  would  become  simply  hide-bound.  This  is  less  of 
an  original  disease  than  the  effect  of  some  other,  and  of  bad  digestion  and  con- 
sequent defective  perspiration  beyond  all  others,  as  may  be  inferred  from  what 
I  have  said  concerning  the  intimacy  that  exists  between  those  two  operations 
of  the  animal  system  in  my  second  chapter  of  book  1,  at  pages  23 — 25.  The 
justness  of  this  view  of  the  cause  of  hide-bound  was  further  proved  by  a  series 
of  dissections  of  this  particular  malady  undertaken  by  me  in  May  1820.  I 
invariably  found  tumours  had  formed  upon  the  larger  lacteal  vessels  of  the 
peritonaeum,  on  the  gut,  or  the  like  kind  of  attack  en  the  pleura  that  covers 
the  lungs.  The  formation  of  those  tumours  was  no  doubt  the  mediate  cause 
of  hide-bound,  and  had  been  brought  on  (I  have  every  icaemi  for  believiiyj)  b? 


150  SYMPTOMS  A^D  CURE. 

the  inordinate  use  of  diaphoretics,  the  stimulating  nature  whereof,  as  is  usual 

in  all  such  cases,  had  thus  defeated  itself. 

Horses  that  are  so  affected  with  tumours,  are  they  which  become  distressed 
easily,  though  in  good  apparent  health,  upon  being  pushed  on  a  journey,  or 
at  a  heavy  drag,  particularly  when  the  belly  is  distended.  Thus  the  cause  of 
hide-bound  exists  long  before  we  can  perceive  it,  and  is  the  reason  why  I  re- 
commend the  arsenical  preparation  hereafter  prescribed,  as  a  tonic,  previous 
to  administering  the  sweating  remedies.  The  appearance  of  hide-bound  is 
frequently  ascribed  to  the  worms,  botts,  &c. ;  but  in  all  those  subjects  examin- 
ed by  me,  amounting  to  half  a  score  or  more  (for  I  kept  no  notes),  no  worms 
were  to  be  found  of  any  consequence,  for  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  talk  of  two 
or  three  such  stray  insects  occasioning  such  an  extensive  disorder,  so  remote 
'"om  the  seat  of  their  supposed  ravages.  What  is  very  well  worth  remarking 
(though  such  a  thing  is  not  very  singular)  is,  that  the  writer  who  has  most 
ustily  cried  out  "  Worms,  worms ! "  upon  every  occasion  of  disordered  skin 
and  staring  coat,  has  recently  suggested  that  after  all,  worms  are  necessary  to 
the  horse's  digestion ;  and  the  gentleman  seems  to  think  that  these  insects  act 
upon  the  horse's  stomach  much  in  the  same  manner  as  popper  on  that  of  man- 
kind! Thus  he  blows  hot  and  cold  with  the  same  breath,  or  rather  worms 
and  pepper  with  the  same  pen ;  for,  whilst  the  worms  are  so  lauded  in  one 
volume  of  his  works,  the  malediction  remains  uncorrected  in  the  other. 

Sijmptoms. — As  the  word  implies,  the  hide  or  skin  seems  bound  or  glued 
to  the  bones;  the  animal  is  always  very  low  in  flesh,  or  we  might  aver  that 
the  skin  adhered  to  the  flesh.  The  pulse  is  low,  and  great  weakness  is  mani 
fest  in  every  step  the  pat'ent  takes.  As  the  tightness  is  first  observable  at  the 
sides  of  the  animal's  body,  before  it  reaches  the  limbs,  and  every  hide-bound 
subject  examined  by  me  proves  the  fact,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  ascribing  hide 
bound  to  disordered  digestion,  which  includes  the  negation  of  wherewithal  to 
digest,  or  starvation  and  hard  work.  Again,  one  of  two  extremes  attends  the 
t)owels :  they  are  cither  relaxed  greatly,  or  much  constipated — usually  flie 
former ;  which  may  be  the  effect  of  a  long  fit  of  illness  from  inflammation  or 
fever,  and  the  use  of  strong  medicine,  or  much  of  it. 

Cure  the  animal  by  the  direct  contrary  conduct  to  that  which  brought  on 
the  illness.  If  its  stomach  be  empty,  as  commonly  happens,  fill  it  nearly  with 
food  that  is  easy  of  digestion  ;  if  it  be  too  full,  empty  it;  give  aUerative  laxa- 
tives and  tonic  alteratives  afterwards ;  restore  the  perspiration  by  the  diaphor- 
etic ball  recommended  at  page  146,  and  let  the  curry-comb  and  brush  be  assidu- 
ously applied  to  his  coat.  He  may  then  be  exercised,  but  not  before,  as  it  is 
nearly  impossible  without  inflicting  great  pain.  Besides  which,  forced  exer- 
cise, or  sweating,  as  hath  been  strongly  recommended,  would  in  this  case  only 
aggravate  the  disease;  for  if  the  animal  did  sweat,  it  would  be  caused  by  in- 
ternal pain ;  probably  the  tubercles  which  had  formed  upon  the  membrane 
would  suppurate  and  burst,  and  thus  confirm  the  disorder  internally  by  tlifl 
inflammation  of  the  particular  viscus  where  the  disorder  began. 

Alterative  Laxative. 

Aloes,  8  drachms. 
Hard  soap,  7  drachms. 
Anise  seeds,  powdered,   1  oz. 

Mix  with  mucilage  suflficient  to  form  the  mass  into  four  balls.  Give  day 
after  day  until  they  effect  the  purpose  of  bringing  away  a  good  stool.  Then 
give  the  arsenical  tonic  alterative,  thus  proportioned  for  a  large  horse,  witl 


TIIE  WORMS-AN  UNSETTLED  QUESTION.  l5| 

Tonic.— No.  1. 

Prepared  arsenic,  10  grains, 
Ginger  powdered,  1  drachm, 
Anise  seeds,  powdered,  4  drachms, 
Compound  powder  of  tragacanth,  2  dr. 

Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient  for  one  dose.  Give  daily  for  a  week,  p^ecod^J 
and  followed  by  mashes,  and  then  give  the  bark,  thus: 

Tonic— No.  2. 

Cascarilla,  powdered,  4  ounces. 
Ginger,  8  drachms, 
Salt  of  tartar,  10  grains. 

Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  mass  into  four  balls ;  give  them  daily. 
If  the  preparation  of  arsenic  in  No.  1  is  disliked,  substitute  the  alterative  ball 
at  page  147,  and  follow  it  up  with  the  bark  as  above  (No.  2). 

The  following  ball  is  calculated  to  improve  the  coat,  and  will  be  found 
beneficial  when  the  animal  is  recovering,  if  given  in  these  proportions  for  ten 
days  or  a  fortnight. 

Alterative  Balls. 

Tartarized  antimony,  3  ounces, 
Powdered  ginger,  2  ounces. 
Opium,  5  drachms. 

Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient  to  form  the  mass,  to  be  divided  into  ten  balls. 

WORMS. 

As  remarked  in  a  preceding  page,  150,  so  many  other  disorders,  external 
as  well  as  internal,  have  been  charged  to  the  existence  of  worms  in  the  intes- 
tinal canal  by  veterinary  writers,  that  we  find  much  difficulty  in  persuading 
ourselves  that  this  is  not  the  precise  ailment  which  afflicts  the  animal  when 
his  coat  becomes  staring,  and  his  skin  sticks  to  his  ribs.  Most  frcquejitly, 
however,  that  ugly  appearance  which  denotes  hide-bound,  and  other  similai 
symptoms  that  depend  upon  suspended  perspiration,  arise  from  tubercular  dis- 
eases of  the  mesenteric  canal  (see  page  46),  and  not  within  the  gut  or  stomach  j 
fir  the  excess  or  the  suspension  of  perspirable  matter  must  alike  depend  upon 
tomewhat  of  a  more  general  affection  than  worms,  that  fasten  on  this  or  thai 
part  of  the  stomach  or  intestine  (as  we  are  told),  and  can  only  influence  tiie 
part  they  immediately  occupy.  Unfortunately,  we  know  of  no  specific  cure 
for  worms,  the  remedies  that  are  usually  prescribed  being  of  a  hot,  burning 
and  destructive  nature,  that  are  as  likely  to  injure  the  intestine  as  the  worm, 
it  becomes  our  primary  duty,  therefore,  to  ascertain  when  the  disorder  he  real- 
ly the  worms,  so  as  to  prescribe  the  proper  remedy  when  we  have  ascertained 
that  the  fact  is  so.  It  is  very  easy  to  say  a  horse  "  has  the  worms,"  and  to 
give  him  worm  medicine ;  but  much  more  difficult  to  ascertain  the  real  fact, 
than  to  remove  it  when  well  authenticated.  Our  inquiries,  then,  shouid  bo 
directed  towards  this  ponit  as  much  as  to  any  other  unsettled  question — tli<? 
existence  and  quality  of  true  glanders,  for  example;  and  vet  more  fine  'earn 


152  CALSrS  AND  DISTINGUISHING  SYMPTOMS.    NATURAL  REMEDIES. 

in<^  has  been  bestowed  upon  the  uncertain  knowledge  of  botts  and  othei 
Worms  than  has  attracted  the  attention  of  our  veterinary  writers  to  any  other 
portion  of  their  labours. 

Causes. — Indigestion  and  consequent  stoppage  of  the  ahment  in  the  sto- 
mach and  coecum;  which  again  may  be  occasioned  by  bad  corn,  nmsty  hay, 
Dr  hay  made  from  rank  grasses, — if  all  hay  whatever  does  not  contain  the 
means  of  generating  insects,  when  used  without  sufficient  water;  also,  when 
either  substance  be  swallowed,  as  often  happens,  without  being  properly  mas- 
ticated, through  wearing  away  of  the  teeth  (see  page  17),  the  lampers,  &c. 
Much  pampering  of  the  appetite,  by  dealers  and  others,  to  produce  fine  coats 
by  means  of  stimulants,  as  eggs,  wine,  ale,  bread,  diapente,  linseed,  &c.; 
when  the  effects  thereof  are  worn  away,  these  leave  the  lacteals  (see  page  47), 
impaired  or  offended  at  being  deprived  of  a  short-lived  energy.  The  articles 
Just  enumerated  form  indigestible  crudities  that  become  the  appropriate  nidus 
or  generating  worms  in  the  canal  so  deprived  of  its  natural  functions  by  arti- 
ficial means.  Consult  again  what  is  said  at  the  conclusion  of  the  first  book, 
at  page  54,  &c.  Irregular  feeding  also  tends  to  the  lodgment  of  crudities  in 
the  coecum,  or  second  stomach. 

Symptoms. — A  staring  coat,  with  emaciation  and  weakness,  were  formerly 
deemed  sufficient  indications  of  the  existence  of  worms  to  warrant  the  doctor 
in  pouring  into  the  animal  his  monstrous  mixtures;  for  a  worm  case  was  es- 
teemed by  the  professor  like  a  little  annuity,  pro  tem.  Those  symptoms, 
however,  are  at  first  rather  the  presage  than  the  concomitants  of  worms ;  since 
they  are  also  symptomatic  of  several  other  internal  diseases,  some  of  them  pro- 
ducing worms  in  the  sequel,  whilst  other  some  are  found  still  more  rapidly  de- 
structive of  life  than  worms  are,  and  therefore  demand  more  immediate  con- 
sideration. Slight  affection  of  the  lungs,  as  well  as  of  the  Uver,  being  of  long 
continuance,  occasion  partial  roughness  of  the  hair,  and  slight  hide-bound  of 
the  integuments  nearest  the  seat  of  disorder,  that  spreads  progressively  all 
over.  The  cough  which  accompanies  severe  attacks  of  the  worms  differs  from 
cold  in  the  organs  of  respiration ;  the  first  being  more  deep  and  cavernous, 
leaving  a  shake  or  vibrating  heave  of  the  flanks,  whilst  the  former  comes  off 
v;ith  a  wheeze,  as  if  not  fetched  from  so  deep  a  recess. 

As  the  disorder  proceeds,  and  the  worms  may  be  supposed  to  extend  theii 
ravages,  the  patient's  appetite  is  subject  to  extreme  variation  ;  he  being  some 
times  ravenous  after  food,  at  others  not  caring  to  eat  at  all ;  which  shows  thai 
the  stomach  is  affected,  and  is  frequently  succeeded  by  vertigo,  or  staggers.  A 
horse  with  worms  that  give  him  uneasiness  in  the  bowels  will  leave  off  eating 
sometimes  for  two  or  three  minutes,  when  a  cavernous  rattle  may  be  heard 
coming  from  his  inside,  and  he  resumes  his  feeding.  If  he  endeavours  to 
kick  his  belly,  it  has  been  construed  by  the  worm  advocates  into  the  pain  oc- 
casioned by  worms  gnawing  his  bowels ;  but  neither  symptom  is  an  invariable 
indication  of  worms,  for  he  does  the  same  when  attacked  by  any  other  pain  of 
the  belly — whether  colic,  tight  girth,  injury  of  the  sheath,  &c.  When  the 
worms  appear  coming  away  spontaneously,  with  successive  stools,  no  matter 
of  which  kind,  it  affords  proof  that  the  animal  has  taken  grass  or  hay  that  con- 
tains grasses  of  an  anthelmintic  property,  and  points  out  the  propriety  of  con- 
tinumghim  on  the  same  food. 

A  yellowish  ordure  appearing  about  the  fundament  something  like  flour  of 
sulphur,  shows  the  death  of  a  good  number  of  small  worms  (ascarides)  has 
t>een  occasioned  by  some  such  natural  means  as  the  preceding.  Some  worms 
come  away  as  soon  as  generated  in  the  aliment,  but  if  no  other  sign  of  their 
existence  is  manifest,  the  solitary  fact  should  excite  no  uneasiness.  When  bolts, 
having  been  detached  by  similar  natural  means,  leave  the  stomach — where  they 
do  not  always  cause  inconvenience,  we  find  them  adhering  to  the  large  intes- 


REGFMEN.    MERCURY,  PRECAUTIONS  NECESSARY.  15.1 

ttnes  and  rectum,  to  which  they  adhere  and  cause  the  animal  to  rub  his  breech 
against  the  wall  or  upright  of  the  stall.  Should  those  symptoms  continue,  and 
the  generating  of  worms  remain  unchecked,  the  horse  falls  into  profuse  sweats 
on  the  least  exertion,  and  when  these  cease,  he  exhibits  a  weak  and  languish- 
ing condition,  scarcely  notices  a  brisk  application  of  the  whip,  his  skin  adheres 
to  his  ribs  and  flanks — hide-bound  has  commenced.  Cough  more  or  less  hec- 
tic according  to  his  remaining  strength,  accompanies  him  to  his  end ;  for,  aa 
to  a  cure  being  practicable  when  hide-bound  arising  from  such  a  cause  has 
fairly  laid  hold  of  him,  'tis  clean  out  of  the  question. 

Regimen. — As  the  commencement  of  this  disorder  is  mainly  attributable 
to  the  coarseness  of  the  animal's  food  and  consequent  incapacity  of  its  guts  to 
eiipel  the  hardened  materials,  so  will  an  entire  change  in  the  mode  of  feeduig 
him  do  more  towards  effecting  a  cure  than  all  the  medicine  we  can  prescribe, 
and  all  that  the  most  liberal  hand  would  bestow.  I  think  it  would  be  too  much 
to  expect  that  generous  treatment  alone  should  effect  a  cure  of  itself,  but  1 
certainly  have  known  worms  voided  after  a  few  days'  casual  good  keep  ;  and 
in  these  cases  I  apprehend  we  may  attribute  the  coming  away  to  the  change 
or  alteration  that  was  so  effected  in  the  state  of  the  patient's  bowels.  Hence  the 
propriety  of  any  change  of  his  usual  diet,  as  well  as  the  advantages  of  alterative 
medicines.  In  the  first  place,  try  a  run  at  grass,  or  give  green  food  in-doors, 
or  succulent  and  agreeable  vegetables.  If  poor  living  has  not  been  the  origi- 
nal cause,  some  defect  in  conformation  has;  and  the  above  change,  with  plen- 
ty of  water-gruel,  bran  mashes,  boiled  potatoes,  bruised  corn,  and  the  like,  by 
'ubricating  the  parts,  may  detach  the  worm,  or  at  least  assist  the  medicine, 
which  ought  to  have  the  same  tendency. 

Cwre.^-Since  the  worms  are  not  always  to  be  killed  even  by  strong  poisons, 
nor  brought  away  by  brisk  purgatives,  for  a  certainty,  but  are  frequently  dis- 
charged in  a  few  days  by  an  alterative  regimen,  reason  dictates  and  nature 
reckons  us  to  follow  her  course,  in  affording  to  the  horse  which  can  not  be 
bpared  from  work,  or  a  run  at  grass  be  obtained,  to  adopt  the  means  nearest 
thereto  that  lie  within  our  reach.  Laxative  alterative  medicines  then  obtrude 
themselves  upon  our  notice,  and  in  all  cases  are  found  to  do  good,  more  or  less 
as  they  may  be  addressed  to  the  actual  seat  of  the  disorder:  in  pills,  if  the 
worms  lie  in  the  intestines  ;  in  powd'^rs  or  liquid,  if  they  occupy  the  stomach 
—in  all  forms  alternately  when  we  are  uncertain.  The  various  preparations 
of  mercury  and  of  antimony,  with  Barbadoes  aloes,  as  being  more  drastic  in 
operation  ;  also  common  salt,  box,  sulphur,  savin  (a  vegetable  poison),  and  sal 
Indicus,  offer  a  sufficient  variety  for  the  bases  of  as  many  varied  prescriptions  ; 
and  variation  here  is  most  desirable,  inasmuch  as  some  kind  of  worms  which 
resist  the  effects  of  one  subetance  may  be  detached  and  hurried  off  by  another. 

Water-gruel,  as  it  relaxes  the  parts,  and  prepares  them  and  the  worm  for 
receiving  the  antidote,  should  precede  every  other  remedy,  particularly  the 
mercurials;  a  course  of  which  should  be  followed  by  a  purgative,  but  not 
be  given  together,  as  is  commonly  practised.  For  ascarides,  which  usually 
infest  the  large  guts,  I  have  found  great  service  in  calomel  to  the  amount  of  a 
drachm  or  more,  given  over  night  twice,  followed  by  a  purgati\e  next  morning 
after  the  second. 

No.  1. — Mercurial  Bolus. 

Calomel,  1  1-2  drachms, 
Anise  seeds,  5  drachms. 

Mil  with  treacle  for  two  doses. 
15 


IM  CALOMEL  AND  MERCURY,  GOOD. 

No.  2.— Purgative  Ball. 

Barbadoes  aloes,  4  drachms, 
Gamboge,  1  1-2  drachms, 
Prepared  kali,  2  drachms. 
Ginger,  1  drachm, 
Oil  of  amber,  a  tea-spoon  full, 

Syrup  of  buckthorn  sufficient  to  form  the  ball  for  cnr 
dose. 

Particular  care  should  be  taken  of  the  horse,  but  he  should  not  take  any 
gruol  for  the  two  days  that  the  mercury  is  in  him,  as  directed  by  White,  but 
give  him  bruised  corn  or  other  dry  food  with  little  water,  the  calomel  not  hav- 
ing entered  the  system.  Neither  does  he  require  any  of  the  exercises  usually 
forced  upon  patients  "  in  physic."  Let  a  week  elapse  ere  the  same  bolus  and 
purge  are  repeated  as  before,  when  they  seldom  fail  to  bring  away  whatever 
worms  he  may  have  in  him.  Instead  of  the  foregoing,  some  persist  in  the  fol- 
lowing old  method,  by  way  of  laxative  mercurial,  which,  however,  I  must  pre- 
mise, seems  much  too  strong,  notwithstanding  the  high  character  some  be- 
stow on  it. 

No.  3. — Laxative  Alterative  Balls. 

Quicksilver,  1  ounce,  and 
Venice  turpentine,  2  ounces. 

These  being  well  rubbed  together  in  a  mortar,  add 

Aloes  in  powder,  2  ounces, 
Ginger,  1  ounce. 

Mix  with  syrup  of  buckthorn,  and  form  the  compost  into  four  balls,  one  to  be 
given  with  intervals  of  five  or  six  days.  Water-gruel  or  a  bran  mash  to  pre- 
cede each  ball,  as  before,  and  give  the  same  when  the  physic  may  be  working 
off. 

Some  horses,  however,  can  not  bear  the  bolus  No.  1,  calomel  having  a  ten- 
dency to  gripe ;  in  that  case  the  quantity  should  be  divided  into  three  balls 
and  given  on  three  successive  nights,  followed  by  No.  2,  on  the  fourth  morn- 
ing. In  like  manner,  if  the  horse  be  not  a  very  strong  one,  the  above  quantl 
ty  of  No.  3,  may  be  divided  into  six  or  eight  balls,  and  given  at  intervals  of 
two  days  each  until  purging  is  produced.  Indeed,  neither  of  these  medicines 
should  be  given,  least  of  all  continued,  when  the  animal  dungs  loosely.  From 
those  precautions,  it  is  manifest  that  my  opinion,  so  often  expressed  regarding 
the  misuse  of  strong  medicines,  remains  unaltered ;  and  if  I  have  been  suc- 
cessful in  impressing  the  reader  with  the  same  wholesome  and  humane  truths, 
he  will  at  once  perceive  the  absolute  necessity  of  attending  to  the  symptoms, 
to  assure  himself  that  the  patient  really  has  the  worms,  and  not  some  other 
affection  of  the  liver,  kidneys,  caecum,  &c.  as  remarked  by  me  at  the  head  of 
this  article.  Mistakes  in  these  respects  often  prove  fatal,  or  at  least  affect  the 
animal's  future  health. 

li  worms  do  actually  exist,  they  can  not  fail  to  come  away  with  the  forego- 
ing course  of  naedicine ;  and  the  patient,  though  a  little  weak  at  first,  will  come 
out  of  hand  with  a  good  appetite,  brisk  in  his  manner,  and  bright  as  a  ruby. 
These  considerations,  however,  should  not  influence  us  to  neglect  a  trial  of 
the  milder  medicines,  before  enumerated,  as  containing  anthelmintic  prope"-- 
tios,  less  powerful  indeed  than  the  foregoing,  tut  not  th^-^refore  le<!s  likely  <i 


WORMS;    VARIED  REMEDIES.    STAGGERS.  155 

Srove  serviceable  in  ordinary  cases.  Of  these,  the  Indian  salt  (sal  Indicus") 
cserves  the  first  consideration,  though  denounced  as  differing  very  little  from 
common  salt,  with  a  small  {)ortion  of  sulphur,  both  of  which  are  known  to 
be  goodly  anthelmintic.  Bo  its  virtues  what  it  may,  the  following  substitute 
will  be  found  to  contain  all  the  properties  of  the  genuine  salt,  and  may  be 
employed  when  this  can  not  be  readily  procured. 

Laxatice  Powder. — No.  1. 

Sublimated  sulphur,  i  ounces, 
Emetic  tartar,  4  drachms, 
Liver  of  sulphur,  I  ounce, 
Bay  Salt,  4  ounces. 

Mix  for  six  doses,  one  to  be  given  daily  in  the  corn,  which  should  be  previ- 
ously  moistened  with  water-gruel.  As  soon  as  the  bowels  are  tolerably  open- 
ed, desist  for  a  week  at  least,  but  should  it  fail  to  produce  this  effect,  give  the 
following 

Laxatice  Balls. 

Barbadoes  aloes,  4  drachms, 

Gamboge,  1  drachm. 

Hard  soa\\  3  drachms, 

Anise  seeds  powdered,  4  drachms, 

Oil  of  cloves,  G  drops. 

Mix  with  syrup  of  buckthorn  enough  to  form  the  mass,  iind  divide  into  two  bella. 
Give  them  on  two  successive  mornings,  unless  the  first  prove  effectual  1 
have  found  these  balls,  without  any  other  aid,  produce  worms,  a  few,  by  re- 
peating as  often  as  five  or  six  times.  Another  preparation  of  antimony  may 
be  substituted  for  the  first  mentioned  powder,  viz. 

Laxative  Powder. — No.  2. 

Liver  of  antimony,  3  ounces, 
Cream  of  tartar,  4  ounces. 

Mix  for  six  doses,  one  to  be  given  daily  until  the  liody  is  opened.  But  should 
not  this  happen,  the  laxative  ball  just  advised  should  be  given. 

Savin  (the  leaves  pounded,  and  a  spoonful  given  twiee  a  day  in  the  horse's 
oats  for  ten  days,  and  then  laxative  balls  above,  bring  away  slimy  matter  with 
the  dung,  and  worms  alive. 

Arsenic  has  been  tiied,  to  the  amount  often  grains  a  day,  for  a  week,  but 
its  powers  are  tonic  only  :  it  is  a  dangerous  remedy  in  unskilful  hands.  All 
bitters  are  anthelmintic  and  tonic;  thus  wormwood,  rue,  and  chamomile  flow- 
ers, have  been  attributed  the  faculty  of  killing  the  worms,  but  the  fact  is  not 
exactly  so;  those  effects  are  produced  by  bracing  the  stomach,  and  restoring 
its  tone,  and  thus  disposing  the  parts  to  throw  off  the  intruders. 

STAGGERS,  APOPLEXY,  MEGRIMS,  VERTIGO,  FITS. 

Staggers  is  the  common  or  vulgar  name  given  to  all  those  disorders  of  the 
head,  which  consist  in  vertigo,  or  "swimming  of  the  head."  Drowsiness  at- 
tending this  symptom  confers  the  distinction  of  sleepy  etaggers  upon  this  kind 


l^  FI1«,  MEGRIMS,  NATURAL  REMEDY. 

ol  attack,  whilst  mad  staggers  is  that  affection  of  the  brain  which  causes  the 
animal  to  kick,  to  tumble,  and  plunge  about:  both  are  occasioned  by  diseased 
stomach,  brought  on  by  inflammation  of  that  organ,  or  simply  by  the  retention 
of  a  great  mass  of  indigestible  food  there  and  in  the  intestines:  constipation 
attends  every  species  of  staggers,  antl  in  some  cases  the  hardened  dung  may 
be  felt  or  observed  by  applying  the  senses  to  the  proper  parts.  The  breath 
is  offensive,  the  respiration  impeded,  and  the  pulse  high  and  sharp  in  mad 
statrcrers,  whilst  in  the  sleepy  it  is  slow,  heavy,  and  full,  without  vibration  [see 
page' 62].  When  these  latter  symptoms  continue  a  long  time,  the  blood  de- 
termines towards  the  head,  and  the  pulse  increases,  if  the  animal  be  one  in 
good  condition :  and  unless  bleeding  and  purging  be  employed  effectually, 
sooner  or  later  ends  in  apoplexy,  or  one  paroxysm  only,  which  terminates  fa- 
tally. High-bred  cattle,  stallions,  and  brood  mares,  which  are  pampered  in 
their  food  with  stimulants,  frecpiently  fall  victims  to  this  kind  of  attack,  as  do 
their  progeny  wbilst  under  traini:ig,  sometimes.  In  some  cases  the  animal 
makes  one  effort,  in  others  it  drops  instantaneously;  so  the  reader  may  per- 
ceive that  he  does  not  stagger  at  all :  and  1  infer  that  a  manifest  difference 
exists  between  the  two,  although  both  arising  from  the  same  cause;  for,  the 
one  we  may  afford  some  assistance  to,  and  usually  succeed  in  performing  a 
cure;  incase  of  a[)oplexy,  the  only  symptom  is  remediless — death.  To  pre- 
scribe for  such  an  event  would  be  utterly  useless. 

Under  the  head  of  "costivcness"  I  have  already  considered  the  origin  of 
staggers,  and  prescribed  the  remedy  at  page  68;  because  that  is  the  disease, 
whilst  staggers,  &c.  are  but  the  accompanying  symptoms. 

The  MKGRiMs  is  an  occasional  attack  on  the  sensc>rium  or  brain,  in  which 
the  animal  drops  down  as  if  shot,  lies  motionless  awhile,  recovers  slowly,  and 
IS  next  day  fit  to  go  and  do  the  same  thing  again,  if  pushed  in  his  work. 
This  disorder  originated  in  a  foul  stomach,  in  one  case  that  came  under  my 
care,  and  was  at  first  a  fit  of  the  sleepy  kind,  which  afterwards  degenerated 
into  megrims;  the  morbid  state  of  the  head,  I  apprehend,  continued  in  a  tri- 
vial degree,  which  any  great  exertion  brought  into  activity.  Sometimes  these 
megrims  are  preceded  by  a  short  warning,  when  the  animal  rears  up  before  it 
falls,  or  rambles  hke  a  drunkard  ;  it  then  tumbles  and  plunges  about  with  con- 
siderable danger  to  those  who  may  collect  around  it.  The  muscles  of  the 
eye  are  usually  affected,  much  in  the  way  of  horses  in  locked  jaw,  or  the  hu- 
man subject  in  a  "  falling  fit ;"  but  all  those  symptoms  disappear  upon  em- 
ploying the  proper  remedies,  some  of  them  so  quickly  and  by  such  means  as 
!o  appear  the  effect  of  a  simple  mechanical  operation. 

The  cause  of  staggers,  and  the  symptoms  that  distinguish  the  one  kind 
from  the  others,  being  thus  settled,  without  distracting  the  inquirer  with  need- 
less distinctions  of  agriculturists  or  the  fanciful  reveries  of  the  doctors,  let  us 
proceed  to  the 

Remedies. — Farm  horses  that  live  much  in  the  straw-yard,  and  work  hard 
on  bad  hay,  &c.  will  sometimes  stand  still  at  once,  as  if  struck  motionless  in 
the  rnidst  of  their  work,  which  is  a  sure  sign  that  some  great  leading  function 
has  been  suspended  for  the  moment  by  reason  of  the  great  exertion.  The 
driver  has  nothing  more  to  do  in  this  case  than  let  the  tired  creature  rest  for 
the  space  of  a  minute  or  two,  and  then  proceed  in  his  work  a  Uttle  more  lei- 
surely.    Prevention  is  lietter  than  cure. 

In  all  ordinary  cases  of  staggers,  simply  opening  the  bowels  will  effect  a 
cure  nine  times  out  often  ;  and  when  the  animal  shows  symptoms  of  a  disor- 
dered stomach,  the  coming  disorder  may  be  warded  off  by  a  dose  of  physic. 
In  violent  attacks;  let  a  clyster  be  first  employed,  of  warm  water,  in  which 
common  salt  has  been  dissolved,  and  the  hardened  dung  brought  away  by 
manual  assistance — as  more  fully  detailed  elsewhere — see  the  mude  of  doing 


CASE  OF  LOCKED  JAW.  157 

this  etfeclually,  at  page  69.  I  have  known  violent  cases  of  staggers  cease  by 
this  remedy  alone,  and  the  cure  was  completed  with  a  purgative  ball,  as  pre- 
Bcribod  at  page  63. 

The  fits  that  constitute  megrim,  or  the  more  genuine  staggers,  will  require 
the  hncet,  and  let  the  quantity  of  blood  taken  be  commensurate  with  the 
violence  of  the  animal,  his  bulk  and  fleshiness.  From  four  to  six  quarts  will 
thus  reduce  his  powers,  and  lided  by  the  back-raking  and  purgative  just  re- 
commended, a  cure  is  soon  effected, 

LOCKED  JAW 

fs  rather  the  effect  of  other  diseases,  of  the  acute  kind,  than  an  original  attack, 
and  is  symfitomatic  of  approaching  death.  A  prick  in  the  foot  and  docking 
the  tail,  are  fruitful  causes  of  locked  jaw.  Hot  weather  is  most  conducive  to 
this  manner  of  dissolution,  which  is  brought  about  by  great  excitation  of  the 
nerves,  and  accompanied  by  imperfect  digestion.  The  remedy  would  of  course 
be  found  in  restoring  the  tone  of  the  former,  and  opening  the  main  outlet  of 
nature.  I  have  seen  a  case  of  locked  jaw  proceeding  from  inflammation  of 
the  intestines,  of  a  very  aggravated  nature. 

Symptoms. — The  case  to  which  I  allude  was  that  of  an  old  horse,  from 
twelve  to  fourteen  years  of  age,  just  off  from  hard  work,  which  seemed  to  have 
lived  badly  and  suffered  severely  the  ills  of  a  protracted  life.  Date,  May  14, 
1820,  when  the  weather  was  prematurely  hot.  As  usual,  it  becran  by  the  ani- 
mal thrusting  out  its  nose  and  eating  with  some  difl[iculty,  which  increased  as 
the  stiffness  of  the  neck  became  worse.  The  ears  stuck  up,  and  the  sufferer 
could  scarcely  move  a  foot,  and  this  with  the  greatest  pain.  Thus,  every  hour 
the  malady  is  found  to  extend  itself  towards  the  more  vital  parts,  until  reach- 
mg  the  heart,  life  is  then  extinguished.  The  brain  appears  to  be  affected  at 
the  very  earliest  period  of  the  attack,  when  the  animal  evinces  unusual  appre- 
hension, and  will  neigh  and  prick  up  its  ears  at  the  approach  of  any  one,  as 
the  last  effort  of  nature  to  obtain  the  notice  of  man.  The  pulse  is  then  in- 
creased to  about  70 ;  but  in  the  future  stages  of  the  disorder  it  falls  again  be- 
low 40,  and  lower  still  until  its  final  extinction. 

In  a  few  hours,  the  balls  of  the  eyes  of  the  animal  just  alluded  to  were  turn- 
ed back,  showing  the  nerve  which  retained  the  ball  in  position  in  a  very  dis- 
gusting manner;  he  appeared  to  suffer  much  pain,  respiration  had  ceased,  the 
abdomen  was  drawn  together,  and  immediate  dissolution  was  expected  mo- 
mentarily. When  the  subject  was  opened,  I  was  struck  with  the  inflamed 
state  of  the  mesentery,  and  all  the  lacteals  assumed  a  bloody  appearance.  Pre- 
viously to  this  catastrophe,  I  hit  the  animal  hard  on  the  forehead  with  ray  fist, 
once:  the  blow  shook  his  whole  frame,  which  before  was  as  stiff  as  if  made 
of  wood ;  its  eyes  immediately  returned  full  one-half  way  back  again  towards 
the  proper  situation,  and  I  was  not  mistaken  when  I  imagined  that  its  jaws, 
which  had  been  knit  together,  seemed  to  relax  somewhat,  and  the  rigidity  of 
the  neck  gave  way. 

Remedies  have  been  prescribed,  and  Mr.  Wilkinson  of  New-castle  reports 
several  cases  of  successful  practice  upon  young  horses  which  had  acquired 
locked  jaw  by  being  nicked,  or  docked,  or  pricked  in  shoeing.  The  chief  ob- 
stacle to  the  administering  of  any  medicine  being  the  closeness  of  the  teeth, 
which  defies  the  introduction  of  a  horn,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  observe,  that 
profiting  by  the  foregoing  experiment,  I  have  in  several  cases  caused  a  little 
relaxation  in  thia  respect,  by  placing  a  piece  of  wood  upon  the  forehead  and 
striking  a  smart  blow  upon  it  with  another  piece  or  a  small  mallet.  Some 
substance  might  then  be  placed  between  the  teeth  to  prevent  their  return  to 
^be  original  closeness,  whereby  the  remedies  recommended  by  Mr.  Wilkinson 
15* 


156  TREATaiENT  OF  LOCKED  JJLW. 

may  be  emjployetl  with  much  prospect  of  success,  for  he  only  failed  in  foa 
cases  in  which  the  jaws  were  immoveable  by  any  means  which  he  then  knev  • 
of;  and  as  he  has  treated  this  particular  subject  more  happily  than  any  vete 
rinarian  of  our  time,  I  think  1  can  not  do  better  than  follow  the  example  o. 
copying  his  account  of  a  well-marked  case  successfully  treated. 

When  called  in,  he  observes,  "  I  found  the  symptoms  were  a  spasmodic  af 
fection  of  the  muscles  of  the  jaws,  head,  neck,  back,  hinder  extremities,  and 
abdomen,  which  occasioned  them  to  become  rigidly  contracted,  and  the  abdo- 
men was  much  drawn  in  ;  the  pulse  was  about  fifty,  with  some  irregularity, 
the  breathing  a  little  quickened,  the  jaws  were  considerably  shut,  but  not  so 
close  but  medicine  might  be  administered  as  a  drench  with  a  small  horn  :  the 
appetite  not  diminished,  but  she  could  not  masticate  hay ;  the  head  somewhat 
raised,  and  on  elevating  it  a  Uttle  more,  the  haws  covered  great  part  of  the 
ball  of  the  eye,  the  nose  was  thrown  out  from  the  chest,  the  nostrils  expanded, 
the  ears  erect  or  perched  up,  a  great  stiffness  of  the  neck  and  back,  the  tail  a 
little  elevated,  and,  upon  a  little  fatigue,  a  shaking  of  it,  a  straddling  of  the 
hinder  extremities :  the  animal  was  very  costive,  and  the  urine  was  somewhat 
diminished.  The  mare  had  been  shoed  about  three  weeks  before,  and  the 
farrier  had  driven  a  nail  into  the  sensible  part  of  the  foot  while  shoeing  her. 
The  lameness  thus  produced  was  soon  removed ;  and  the  disease  came  on 
after  performing  a  journey ;  that  is,  about  three  weeks  after  the  injury  in  the 
foot  had  been  inflicted.  Two  quarts  of  blood  were  taken  off;  a  purgative 
drench  and  an  emollient  clyster  were  given ;  considerable  friction  was  used 
over  the  muscles  of  the  jaws,  head,  neck,  and  back,  particularly  where  they 
were  found  most  rigid  ;  a  stimulating  liniment  of  turpentine,  hartshorn,  mus- 
tard and  oil,  was  well  rubbed  over  those  parts,  which  were  afterwards  covered 
with  sheep  skins,  as  recently  taken  off  the  sheep  as  they  could  be  procured, 
which  soon  brought  on  sensible  perspiration.  The  diet  was  principally  thin 
bran-mashes  and  oatmeal-grucl,  of  which  she  frequently  took  a  little.  The 
next  day,  pulse  the  same,  breathing  a  little  quicker,  jaws  not  more  locked;  a 
constant  perspiration  had  been  kept  up  by  the  sheep-skins ;  the  purgative 
drench  not  operating,  another  clyster  was  administered,  which  promoted  its 
action;  the  liniment  was  repeated.  Next  day  (the  ninth),  symptoms  nearly 
the  same,  perspiration  copious :  the  purging  having  subsided,  the  anti-spasmo- 
dic medicine,  composed  of  opium,  camphor,  and  asafoetida,  was  given  with  a 
small  horn  morning  and  evening,  and  a  similar  mixture,  with  the  addition  of 
three  pints  of  a  decoction  of  rue,  was  administered  as  a  clyster,  morning  and 
evening.  The  drench  and  clysters  were  repeated  morning  and  evening  till  the 
14th  day;  and  during  this,  the  quantity  of  opium,  viz.  1  drachm,  was  increased 
or  diminished  according  to  the  violence  of  the  spasms,  which  at  times  were 
very  severe.  It  was  always  administered  in  such  a  manner  as  to  have  its  effects 
constantly  in  the  system,  without  producing  much  restlessness ;  during  this 
time,  there  was  also  a  most  copious  perspiration  going  on  under  the  sheep-skins. 
The  bowels  becoming  costive  again,  another  purgative  drench  and  an  emollient 
clyster  were  administered.  On  the  15th,  the  d^nch  not  operating,  a  clyster 
was  given  which  produced  the  desired  effect.  Pulse  and  breathing  a  little  hur- 
ried and  irregular,  jaws  not  more  locked,  still  perspires  under  the  sheep-skins, 
appetite  good ;  but  can  not  masticate  hay.  16th,  Pulse  more  regular,  breathing 
more  calm,  perspires  freely  under  the  skins :  the  purging  having  subsided,  the 
opium,  &c.  were  administered  as  before,  and  continued  until  the  21st,  when 
another  purgative  drench  and  emollient  clyster  were  given.  The  jaws  were 
now  more  open,  and  the  mare  could  masticate  hay;  the  muscles  of  the  head, 
neck,  back,  and  hinder  extremities  became  considerably  relaxed,  and  on  rais- 
ing the  head,  the  haws  did  not  cover  much  of  the  eye.  On  the  23d  day,  the 
rurging  having  subsided,  the  anti-spasmodic  raedicinti  was  again  ^mpby^ 


HYDROPHOBIA.  159 

until  the  10th  of  April,  when  another  purge  was  administered.  On  the  12th, 
the  purging  subsided  ;  the  anti-spasmodic  medicine  was  again  used  a  few  days 
longer,  when  she  was  completely  cured  of  the  complaint.  After  this,  tonics 
were  given,  which,  with  a  nourishing  diet  and  suitable  exercise,  soon  restor- 
ed the  tone  of  the  muscles,  and  the  animal  became  as  useful  as  ever." 

Of  the  twenty -four  cases  described,  nine  came  on  after  docking  or  cutting 
off  the  tail,  from  ten  days  to  a  month  after  the  operation.  In  such  cases,  the 
tail  was  fomented  with  warm  water,  and  the  sore  dressed  with  detersive  oint- 
ment. It  should  be  remarked,  that  in  all  the  successful  cases  the  jaws  were 
not  so  completely  closed  but  medicine  could  be  given  with  a  small  horn,  or  in- 
troduced as  a  bolus  by  means  of  the  cane.  In  some  instances,  there  appears  to 
have  been  considerable  difficulty  in  giving  medicine  at  first,  but  by  persevering 
carefully,  both  medicine  and  food  were  introduced  in  sufficient  quantity.  With 
respect  to  cold  application,  Mr,  Wilkinson  says,  he  has  only  tried  it  once,  when 
the  whole  of  a  mare's  body  affected  with  locked  jaw,  except  the  nostrils,  was  im- 
mersed in  snow  for  some  time,  without  producing  any  relaxation  of  the  muscles: 
on  the  contrary,  the  symptoms  afterwards  graduallj'  increased,  and  she  died  on 
the  third  day.  In  four  cases  that  terminated  fatally,  the  jaws  were  so  completely 
closed,  that  neither  food  nor  medicine  could  be  given  by  the  mouth.  On  ex- 
amining these  horses  after  death,  there  was  some  degree  of  inflammation  in  the 
lungs,  stomach,  and  bowels.  It  was  generally  found  on  opening  the  spinal 
canal,  that  the  membrane  covering  the  marrow  exhibited  a  very  inflamed  ap- 
pearance, and  the  marrow  itself  was  tinged  of  a  still  deeper  colour,  whilst  the 
membranes  of  the  brain  exhibited  some  marks  of  inflammation. 

HYDROPHOBIA. 

No  notice  whatever  would  have  been  taken  of  this  dreadful  malady,  but  foT 
ionic  additions  to  the  stock  of  information  already  before  the  public  as  to  the 
means  of  discriminating  the  true  from  the  false  rabies ;  which  1  am  enabled  to 
furnish  from  authentic  sources.  A  disease  confessedly  incurable  requires  no 
more  to  be  said  of  it ;  but  this  having  been  at  one  time  or  other,  the  case  with 
several  other  subjects  treated  of  in  this  volume,  I  must  not,  consistently  with 
the  duty  I  have  imposed  upon  myself,  pass  it  by  in  silence.  Even  the  names 
of  authors  who  have  written  on  canine  madness  would  be  serviceable  to  such 
of  my  readers  as  may  be  desirous  of  extending  farther  their  inquiries  concern- 
ing this  melancholy  and  appalling  disease.  Preceding  authors  have  all  confined 
their  information  to  the  dog  itself,  with  mere  casual  notices  of  his  attacks  upon 
other  animals,  and  on  man.  Their  researches  extended  not  to  the  horse,  or 
but  trivially  so.  But,  inasmuch  as  the  symptoms  of  madness  discoverable  in 
dogs  so  affected  are  good  to  be  known  to  those  who  would  keep  their  horses 
out  of  danger,  1  am  thus  further  induced  to  bestow  a  page  or  two  on  the  dis- 
tinguishing character  of  the  true  symptoms,  and  add  a  hint  or  two  as  to  pre- 
vention, since  cure  is  nearly  hopeless  at  present. 

Causes. — The  bite  of  a  rabid  animal,  universally  of  the  dog,  and  in  every 
case  that  I  hear  of,  on  the  lip.  The  bull-dog,  the  hircher,  the  mongrel,  the 
Danish  dog,  and  the  shepherd  dog,  are  the  kinds  most  disposed  to  run  at 
horses,  especially  when  so  affected  (the  first-mentioned,  on  other  occasions, 
usually  fighting  at  the  throat),  jumping  repeatedly  at  the  horse  until  they  get 
hold,  and  the  two  first  pertinaciously  holding  fast  a  long  time,  even  until  kill- 
ed off,  as  we  hear  and  believe.*     This  will  happen  mostly  with  horses  tight 

*  On  the  momiag  of  September  9, 1826,  as  Mr.  Hawkerford,  of  Bilston,  Staffordahiie,  ma 
d.  » -ng  'WO  tadics  &otn  >V  iUow-ball,  a  bull-dog,  which  was  with  hs  maiter  m  the  road  wAwtm 


I<i0  DISTINGUISHING  SYMFTOMiS. 

reined,  or  which  we  bear  up  in  harness,  whilst  those  having  the  head  Ioo» 
rear  and  paw  off  the  offender,  or  being  at  large,  evade  or  trample  upon  him; 
but  however  slight  the  bite,  the  mischief  is  already  committed,  so  that  avoidance 
by  flight  is  the  only  preventive  of  an  irremediable  evil,  unless  we  are  prepared 
to  shoot  the  caitiff,  or  to  run  him  through.  We  hear  the  free  use  of  horseflesh 
for  keeping  dogs  in  England,  charged  as  one  main  cause  for  engendering  rabies, 
or  at  least  quarrelsomeness ;  add  to  this,  the  denial  of  water  to  which  some  of 
them  are  subjected  at  a  season  when  dilution  is  most  required — "  what  time 
the  dog-star  reigns,"  and  we  think  the  suggestion  is  not  very  far  removed  from 
the  fact.  At  least,  we  are  informed  that  this  appalling  disorder  is  compara- 
tively small  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  where  horseflesh  is  less  plentiful,  or 
water,  the  antidote,  is  found  in  abundance,  and  Lisbon  is  adduced  in  proof, 
where  dogs  perform  the  office  of  scavengers,  and  further  are  supplied  with 
water  by  individual  housekeepers.*  Our  own  towns,  too,  in  which  water  is 
easily  obtained,  are  much  seldomer  subject  to  epidemic  visitations  of  rabies 
than  others  more  arid,  yet  lying  open  to  an  access  of  carrion  in  abundance. 
Dogs  invariably  take  water  with  much  eagerness  in  every  stage  of  the  disorder, 
so  far  as  I  have  seen,  or  heard  of,  orally ;  some  printed  accounts  differ.  Man 
dreads  it;  but  when  he  can  get  it  down,  which  has  been  done  within  a  day  or 
two  of  his  dissolution,  he  finds  the  raging  heat  of  his  stomach  alleviated  by  the 
effort. 

Svmptoms  of  hydrophobia.  In  the  dog,  its  approach  may  be  known  by  a 
marked  deviation  from  the  general  habits  of  his  kind,  amounting  to  disHke 
of  former  friends,  a  symptom  which  ought  to  be  particularly  regarded.  They 
have  been  seen  to  eat  their  own  excrement,  and  lap  their  own  urine,  besides 
other  marks  of  depraved  appetite;  though  at  this  early  stage  of  the  complaint 
they  are  less  likely  to  attack  a  horse  than  to  resent  an  affront,  or  be  guilty  of 
treachery  towards  friends.  But  as  the  disorder  increases,  he  shows  an  inor- 
dinate desire  to  gnaw  any  substance  whatever,  and  evinces  augmented  an- 
tipathy to  cats.  Even  the  dog  called  Danish,  though  mostly  kept  with,  and 
very  fond  of  horses,  would,  as  soon  as  affected,  be  the  most  likely  to  snap  at 
his  old  companions'  noses.  As  the  malady  increases,  his  eyes  become  in- 
flamed, and  are  affected  with  a  blearing  from  the  lids.  He  howls  horribly 
when  the  throat  is  inflamed  at  the  larynx,  or  part  where  the  voice  (barking) 
proceeds  from  ;  the  sound  of  which  whoever  has  once  heard,  he  can  never  af- 
terwards forget  or  mistake,  unless  he  himself  be  bit,  or  become  deaf  The 
confirmed  mad  dog  now  usually  sits  upon  his  rump  to  howl  his  obstructed 
bark;  through  very  pain  from  apparent  intestinal  inflammation.  If  suffered 
to  range  about  as  the  last  stages  approach,  he  seems  bewildered  and  devoid 
df  sight,  and  should  be  either  avoided  or  attacked  with  clubs  and  other  wea- 
pons to  extirpation  ;  feeble  opposition  is  obviously  dangerous. 

The  symptoms  of  hydrophobia  coming  on  upon  the  horse  are  direct  and 
positive;  bkxxl  on  the  lip,  and  other  marks  of  violence,  convey  the  first  intelli- 
gence that  the  mischief  has  been  inflicted ;  for  neither  horses,  sheep,  nor  neat 
cattle  incur  rabies  without  inoculation.  We  are  further  told,  by  M.  Huzart, 
ihat  they  do  not  possess  the  power  of  communicating  the  disease  by  bite  to 
other  animals,  even  though  labouring  under  the  highest  degree  of  hydrophobia 
at  the  time;  a  fact  I  do  not  further  vouch  for,  but  which,  when  proven  by 
well-marked  cases,  would  go  far  towards  inspiring  confidence  and  certainty 
in  applying  any  of  the  alleged  remedies.  What  man  is  bold  enough  to  ad- 
minister a  ball,  for  example,  whose  own  life  is  at  stake,  ingloriously,  by  the 

the  horse  by  the  nose,  a.nd  retained  its  hold,  though  the  horse  ran  away,  overturned  the  gig,  and 
llirew  the  par.y  rnto  a  hedge.    Still  the  ferocious  brute  retained  its  hold,  urtil  its  throat  was  cat 
nn  Jive  spot.     Vide  Annals  of  Snortins,  No.  58,  page  238. 
*ln  ''  Annals  of  Sporting,"  No.  46,  "page  217,  signed  J.  B. 


REGIMEN,  AND  TREATMENT.  16! 

feat  ?  Increased  pulsation,  inflamed  throat,  and  evident  thickening  of  the 
membrane  that  lines  it ;  soon  after,  the  stomach  being  also  inflamed,  rejecta 
food,  or  the  patient  is  at  least  indifferent  to  it,  which  may  occur  about  the 
eighteenth  dr^y  after  the  inoculation ;  four  or  five  earlier  if  the  animal  be  in 
good  condition,  so  still  sooner  if  high  fed  and  full  of  blood.  Shortly  after,  i.  e. 
from  five  to  eight  days,  the  bitten  parts  enlarge,  and  difl[iculty  of  swallowing 
evidently  proves  that  the  disorder  is  making  progress;  the  patient  rubs  the 
part  against  the  manger,  stall,  or  wall,  increasing  in  vehemence  from  the 
twentieth  or  twenty-third  day.  He  does  not  drink  water  freely,  as  usual, 
though  this  is  by  no  means  a  certain  criterion,  for  his  power  of  swallowing  is 
already  imperfect :  he  does  not  flinch  from  water  when  sprinkled  over  his  face, 
but  will  even  drink  to  the  amount  of  a  pailful,  when  occasionally  he  can  find  free 
passage  for  it,  and  the  whim  may  be  said  to  seize  him.  Some  rabid  horses 
will  take  to  water,  and  one  in  a  very  high  state  of  excitement  was  known  to 
have  run  into  a  river.  Suppression  of  urine  next  proves  that  the  inflamma- 
tion has  reached  the  region  of  the  kidneys,  which  is  effected  by  way  of  the 
stomach ;  perspiration  and  excessive  exacerbation  ensue,  with  inflammation 
of  the  parts  of  generation,  accompanied  by  contraction  in  the  male — yet  a  geld- 
ing was  found  to  have  protruded  its  sheath,  and  staled  with  much  pain  to  the 
amount  of  half  a  pint,  about  the  twenty-fourth  day. 

Weakness  of  the  back  and  loins  sometimes  is  observable  at  any  period  of 
the  disease;  some  quadrupeds  being  thus  attacked,  and  falling  down  mad 
without  previous  indication  of  rabies. 

The  eyes  glassy,  fiery  or  red — loss  of  vision ;  tongue  sometimes  shoved  out, 
and  then  gnashing  of  the  teeth.  The  raging  symptoms  increase  from  the 
twenty -second  or  twenty-fourth  day  to  the  twenty-eighth  or  thirtieth  day  after 
being  bitten,  when  the  animal  will  beat  itself  to  death,  unless  the  owner  more 
humanely  puts  it  out  of  pain  with  a  musket ;  for  'tis  dangerous  to  approach 
within  reach:  the  interposition  of  a  strong  gate  across  the  stable,  and  the  ap- 
plication of  a  strong  rope  well  fastened,  arc  good  preventives  of  accident 
during  this  final  operation,  or  a  cart  that  will  bear  some  kicking  might  be 
employed. 

Reg^imen. — None  will  afford  any  permanent  relief,  though  it  has  been  usual 
to  place  before  it  water  as  a  test  of  its  madness — though  now  known  to  be  a 
fallacious  one  in  any  state  of  the  disorder  with  any  animal  whatever.  All 
horses  continue  to  feed  up  to  a  certain  period — until  the  stomach  is  attacked — 
and  some  eat  voraciously  in  the  intervals  of  the  fits,  and  drink  too,  but  no  good 
can  be  expected  from  either,  unless  made  the  vehicles  for  the  introduction  of 
some  nostru-m.  If  a  cure  be  attempted,  certainly  nutritious  food,  easy  of  di- 
gestion, and  cooling,  must  assist  it.  The  stomach  being  very  much  inflamed 
in  this  disorder,  points  out  the  propriety  of  bran  mashes,  marshmallows,  and 
of  water  gruel,  given  cold,  which  will  afford  the  means  of  alleviating  the  an- 
guish of  that  organ,  to  the  coats  whereof  the  last  food  taken  by  the  expiring 
patient  has  been  found  to  adhere  after  death;  that  is  to  say,  the  fibrous  coat 
of  the  stomach  of  the  subject  alluded  to  identified  itself  with  the  food  so  inti 
mately,  that  it  stripped  off.  whilst  the  insensible  coat  still  adhered. 

Remedy. — Every  possible  remedy,  some  of  them  of  opposite  tendency,  has 
been  tried  on  the  dog,  and  on  man.  Sea-bathing,  the  Ormskirk  medicine, 
copious  bleeding,  excision  of  the  part,  the  actual  cautery,  and  cupping  the 
parts,  have  been  each  employed — successfully,  we  are  told;  but  no  reliance 
can  be  placed  on  either,  since  they  oftener  fail,  though  there  is  no  reason  why 
the  horse  should  not  undergo  bleeding  and  cutting  off  the  laceration  as  soon 
'ihex  the  accident  as  possible.  When  we  consider  that  the  part  bitten  is  ever 
observed  to  enlarge  previous  to  the  horse  showing  other  signs  of  confirmed 
hydrophobia,  it  seems  clear  that  the  cutting  off  the  immediate  caiise  af  incipi- 


103  NOSTRUMS  RECOMME>fDEDi  BATHING. 

ent  rabies  presses  itself  u[K)n  our  notice  as  the  most  efficacious  measure  fot 
warding  off  the  disease.  Six  months  is  no  unusual  time  for  dogs  to  conceal 
rabid  infection,  a  quarrelsome  disposition  being  for  a  long  time  tne  only  indi- 
cation perceptible;  but  the  horse  seldom  goes  beyond  the  twentieth  day  in  de- 
veloping all  the  symptoms  before  enumerated ;  which  shows  that  the  peculiar- 
ly rapid  circulation  of  the  blood,  noticed  elsewhere  (page  59)  as  the  harbinger 
of  inflammatory  complaints  of  every  kind  in  the  horse,  naturally  demands 
early  and  copious  bleeding  as  a  good  accessary  remedy  for  this  particular  one. 
In  this  case  alone  we  should  not  be  solely  guided  as  to  the  quantity  of  blood 
proper  to  be  taken  by  the  qui(;kness  of  the  pulse,  or  actual  inflammatory  indi- 
cation, but  its  fulness,  and  habit  of  the  patient's  body :  empty  his  body  sub- 
Bequently,  as  directed  in  cases  of  fever,  with  a  brisk  purgative,  as  follovvs: 

Purgative  Ball. 

Aloes,  7  drachms, 
Calomel,  half  a  drachm, 
Hard  Soap,  3  drachms. 
Oil  of  caraways,  12  drops. 

Mix  with  mucilage  sufficient  for  one  dose.  If  the  animal  seem  not  otherwise 
to  require  purging  physic,  omit  the  calomel,  and  omit  it  also  if  the  bleeding 
has  been  trivial  on  accouut  of  the  previous  low  state  of  the  animal's  system. 

The  application  of  the  plant  Scutelleria  laterifolia  is  lately  reported  from 
North  America  to  have  succeeded  in  several  cases;  but  the  symptoms  do  not 
accompany  the  report  made  to  us,  and  we  rest  in  doubt  as  to  its  efficacy. 
However,  let  it  be  tried.  So  we  say  of  "any  mineral  acid,"  which  a  certain 
medical  gentleman  recommends  may  be  applied — a  few  drops  on  tow  to  the 
wound  whilst  fresh.  This  may  be  tried  in  the  form  of  oxygenated  muriatic 
acid,  which  has  the  property  of  being  destructively  detersive;  it  decomposes 
the  virus,  and  acts  as  a  styptic.  Salt  water  bathing  has  been  employed  upon 
a  large  scale,  and  has  been  loudly  commended;  then,  let  common  salt  be  also 
tried  to  the  amount  of  two  or  three  ounces  a  day  mixed  with  the  patient's  corn. 
It  is  but  fair  to  add,  that  sea-bathing  failed  of  effecting  any  good,  when  tried 
upon  the  canine  under  the  best  auspices.  The  king's  stag-hounds,  in  1823, 
being  more  than  suspected  of  rabies,  were  taken  to  Brighton,  and  the  ablution 
well  performed  under  the  directions  of  Mr.  Sharpe,  the  huntsman,  but  to  no 
good  eflfect ;  they  were  all  destroyed.  Dr.  Fayerman,  of  Norwich,  published 
a  case  in  the  spring  of  1825,  of  the  cure  of  hydrophobia  in  a  man  of  forty-two 
years,  by  giving  him  superacetate  of  lead  (Goulard's  extract)  in  doses  of  from 
fifty  to  ten  drops  on  lumps  of  sugar.  He  also  bled  the  patient,  who  was  at 
one  time  raging  mad.  Strong  soap  boilers'  lye,  or  solution  of  potash,  in  either 
of  its  varieties,  has  been  used  frequently  as  efficaciously  detersive  of  the  virus 
left  by  the  bite  or  bites  inflicted  by  a  ralnd  enemy ;  besides  which,  the  seat  of 
all  the  wounds  may  thus  be  discovered,  as  they  usually  lie  concealed  by  the 
hair;  and  thus,  if  excision  be  deemed  necessary,  every  injured  part  may  be 
similarly  treated :  let  the  eyes  l»e  guarded  against  the  lye,  and  the  wounds 
should  be  quickly  pressed  and  assiduously  washed.  An  eschar  forms  and 
completes  the  cure.  The  once  celebrated  "  Ormskirk  Medicine  "  is  unworthv 
of  reliance. 

The  subject  of  canine  madness  has  been  well  handled  by  Mr.  Gilman,  in 
his  "Dissertation  on  the  Bite  of  Rabid  Animals,"  8vo.  Mr.  Daniel,  in  his 
•*  Rural  Sports,"  has  made  some  good,  sensible,  practical  observations  on  this 
subject.  Mr.  Thomas,  in  his  "Shooter's  Guide,"  is  more  pithy  than  commu- 
viraiwe ;  be  recommends  immediate  death  being  visited  upon  the  victims  of 


Wkrt-ERS  ON  HYDROPHOBIA.  163 

the  disease ;  a  very  effectual  mode  of  preventing  communication,  truly,  but  he 
seems  not  aware  that  premature  judgments  w^ould  be  very  likely  to  consign  to 
death  many  good  animals  afflicted  with  other  disorders  than  rabies.  Subse- 
quently, Mr.  Johnson,  in  his  "  Shooter's  companion,"  has  printed  some  in 
teresting  details  of  occurrences  within  his  own  proper  sphere.  Dr.  John 
Pinckard's  "Cases  of  persons -who  ha"e  fallen  victims  to  the  bite,"  arc  well 
marked.  But  the  labours  of  none  are  so  much  in  point,  as  regards  the  horse, 
as  the  researches  of  my  friend,  Mr.  John  Surr,  Surgeon,  communicated  to 
me,  subsequently  to  1810 ;  in  which  year  he  published  the  result  of  his  dis- 
section of  several  horses  which  had  died  of  hydrophobia,  partly  under  his  own 
inspection.*  The  substance  of  all  my  friend's  observations  isembodiv^<4  in  the 
foregoing  pages.  A  writer,  who  adopts  the  signature  of  H.  C.  in  addressing 
the  publisher  of  the  Annals  of  Sporting,  has  communicated  much  practical 
information  on  the  subject  of  canine  madness,  that  is  well  worthy  the  perusal 
of  all  persons  interested  in  this  order  of  created  beings. 

'Those  papers  appeared  in  the  "Medical  and  Piiysical  .Tournal,"  No.  131,  and  aeveralsuc 
cessive  numbers:  Mr.  Surr  being  accompanied  on  one  occasion  by  Dr.  Adams  and  Mr  l*ei«l 
srevf. 


164 


BOOK  III. 

OF  TlIE  LEG  AND  FOOT  OF  THE  HORSE ;  OR  SHOEING^MITII'3  GUIDE. 


CHAPTER  I. 

structure  and  Physiology  of  the  Foot  j  Mode  of  studying  it  advantageousiy 

Certatn  disorders  of  the  foot  owe  their  origin  to  bad  structure  of  the  limb, 
and  tne  manner  it  is  attached  to  the  body,  which  influences  the  tread,  or  bear- 
ing, that  the  foot  has  upon  a  plane  surfaced  ground ;  others  arise  from  accident 
or  hard  work,  and  a  good  number  from  the  errors  shoeing-smiths  fall  into 
when  they  neglect  to  adapt  their  work  to  the  circumstances  peculiar  to  each 
kind  of  horse.  Furthermore,  almost  every  individual  horse  has  its  peculiar 
tread,  and  the  scientific  workman  should  place  himself  in  a  situation  to  ascer- 
tain whether  this  be  owing  to  such  original  defectiveness,  or  to  the  evil  accu- 
mulations of  age  and  hard  usuage:  he  must  not  pretend  to  counteract,  but  tc 
follow  the  first  mentioned  ;  the  second  he  may  endeavour  to  correct,  to  amend, 
and  prevent  its  evil  effects.  In  order  to  effect  these  objects,  he  should  study 
the  form  and  structure  of  well-formed  limbs,  learn  the  uses  of  each  bone,  liga- 
ment, and  tendon,  and  ascertain  how  it  happens  that  deviations  from  symmetry 
in  the  limb  always  affect  the  sole  of  the  foot,  sooner  or  later. 

But  so  much  space  has  been  already  occupied  in  the  anatomical  description 
of  the  leg,  that  it  might  properly  be  considered  a  waste  of  time  to  enter  into 
new  details  to  the  same  purpose.  The  reader  will  therefore  turn  back  to  the 
early  sections  of  the  first  book  (page  5,  &c.)  and  he  will  readily  perceive  in 
what  manner  an  originally  defective  limb,  or  the  ill-adaptation  of  the  parts  to 
each  other,  or  its  awkward  attachment  to  the  body,  may  become  the  harbinger 
of  one  or  other  of  the  many  diseases  of  the  foot,  which  we  come  shortly  to  take 
into  consideration.  He  will  know,  also,  that  besides  this  error  of  birth,  as  1 
call  it,  there  are  others  of  mismanagement :  as,  the  employment  of  horses  in 
work  that  is  beyond  their  powers,  or  of  that  kind  for  which  nature  never  de- 
signed them;  cither  of  which  is  as  likely  to  bring  on  distortion  of  the  foot,  and 
its  train  of  disorders,  as  any  accident  of  birth  to  which  1  before  alluded.  Na- 
tural defects  go  much  farther  than  shape  or  make,  and  the  distinction  between 
these  and  the  inflicted,  or  acquired,  may  be  aptly  illustrated  by  the  fact,  that 
white-legged  horses,  whatever  be  tneir  shape,  are  more  disposed  to  contract 
"grease"  than  those  of  any  other  colour.  This  is  therefore  a  natural  predis- 
position to  that  disease;  whilst  the  animal  which  is  suffered  to  contract  the 
"  grease  "  entirely  through  mismanagement  suffers  an  infliction  as  much  as 
another,  which,  being  put  upon  hard  services,  throws  out  splents,  spavin,  curb^ 
&c.  in  consequence. 

Furthermore,  the  shoeing-smith  who  should  inform  himself  of  the  primary 

causes  of  badly  formed  feet  would  carry  on  his  business  with  the  greatest 

emolument  to  himself,  and  with  the  most  satisfaction  to  his  employers;  for  he 

would  ada[)t  his  shoes  to  the  natural  defects,  whilst  the  acquired  ones  he  would 

meml  by  degrees  until  he  could  control  the  horses'  heels  to  a  lieallhy  shaiie. 


MK^SHAPEN  FEET,  HOW  ACQUffiED.  165 

mud  thu«  promote  the  regeneration  of  healthy  horn.  He  should  also  accuctom 
himself  to  reflect  on  the  various  breeds  of  horses  that  are  brought  under  hia 
care,  their  limbs  and  hoofs,  produced  in  certain  situations,  climates,  or  coun 
tries,  as  we  hear  them  denominated,  each  of  which  requires  some  peculiar 
contrivance  or  adaptation.  Thus,  horses  bred  in  swampy  situations  have  long 
flabby  limbs  and  large  flat  hoof?,  to  say  nothing  more  of  their  long  washy  car- 
cases, that  predispose  them  to  contract  certain  ills  which  come  shortly  to  '^e 
enumerated.  All  those  "countries"  where  ague  prevails  among  mankind  arc 
unfit  for  breeding  good  horses,  as  is  proved  by  the  thick  spongy  heel  and  soil 
foot.  It  was  to  this  peculiar  climate  I  objected  some  years  ago,  when  I  first 
printed  the  advice  given  at  page  18,  which  has  since  been  corroborated  by  the 
opinion  of  M.  Dupuy,  as  quoted  before  at  page  130.  Brittle  hoof  is  produced 
by  a  hot,  sandy  breeding  country,  as  much  as  by  the  heat  and  dryness  of  the 
animal's  constitution.  But,  to  whichever  extreme  the  individual  belongs  that 
may  come  under  consideration,  mis-shapen  hoof  is  visible  from  the  earliest 
years.  Tnis  increases  as  the  animal  is  worked,  and  disease  of  one  descri|> 
iion  or  another  follows,  which  requires  the  care  of  the  shoeing-smith  to  modi- 
fy, or  of  the  doctor  to  cure.  Thus  the  combination  of  ferrier  (or  iron-work 
er)  and  veterinary  surgeon  in  the  same  person  is  not  so  very  incongruous  as 
at  first  sight  may  be  imagined. 


In  the  anatomical  treatise  that  occupies  the  first  chapter  in  this  volume,  the 
reader  will  observe  (at  page  11)  how  strenuously  I  insisted  on  the  proper  shape 
or  e.evation  of  the  hoof;  and  he  will  not  overlook  the  great  service  our  shoeing- 
emith,  ox  ferrier  proper,  may  derive  from  duly  considering  this  shape  and  ex- 
ternal form,  and  of  adapting  his  shoe  to  each  deviation  from  the  true  form,  as 
I  shall  show  presently  in  detail.  For  that  attendant  upon  and  assistant  to 
nature,  who  is  neglectful  of  her  deviations,  or  ignorant  of  the  causes  which 
produce  them,  is  ill  calculated  for  his  office,  whether  that  be  ferrier  or  doctor; 
in  fact,  he  is  ever  the  most  prizable  workman  of  either  class  who  is  best  ac- 
quainted with  those  deviations,  accidents,  or  errors  that,  for  the  most  part,  are 
inflicted  we  know  not  how.  The  boot  and  shoe  maker,  for  example,  who  can 
best  suit  the  bumble-footed  man,  is  a  more  ingenious  mechanic  than  he  who 
is  wholly  employed  in  making  his  cordovans  for  perfect-footed  persons  only. 
But  then,  the  "shoe  maker"  of  either  genus  should  not  be  ignorant  of  well- 
turned  feet,  and  the  symmetry  of  the  horse's  foot  should  form  an  especial  part 
in  the  education  of  an  intelligent  shoeing-smith ;  else,  how  is  he  to  work  for 
',he  })reservation  of  the  proper  shape,  of  its  restoration  when  time  or  circum- 
stances may  have  eflfected  those  alterations  we  deplore,  and  strive  to  amend  if 
we  can  not  fully  restore? 

Let  him  examine  nature  itself  in  its  fastnesses;  let  him  investigate  the 
njinute  parts  that  constitute  the  whole  foot,  to  which  his  operations  are  calcu- 
lated to  aflJbrd  support,  or  to  eflfect  alterations  in  its  form.  To  aid  him  in  his 
inquiries,  I  have  annexed  hereto  the  section  of  a  foot  of  nearly  perfect  shape, 
prepared  by  myself,  and  })ublished  some  time  l)efore  these  sheets,  in  order  ta 
meet  and  correct  the  blunders  intelligent  shocing-smiths  were  every  day  led 
into  by  relying  upon  the  misrepresentation  of  the  subject  contained  in  certain 
{»i!blications  of  the  present  day.  I  lamented  this  the  more,  because  it  is  im- 
|M)ssible  to  withhold  approbation  from  the  leading  parts  o(  the  work  in  which 
the  ill-conceived  picture  appeared,  and  therefore  it  is  very  likely  to  have  diifu- 
ssed  error  more  extensively  than  a  less  popular  author  could  possibly  inflict. 
As  an  antidote  to  all  mistakes  on  this  interesting  topic,  I  would  recommend 
every  one  who  has  occasion  to  meddle  with  horses'  feet,  as  owner,  groom,  or 
IG 


166 


INTERNAL  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  HOOF. 


»hoeiriij-smith,  to  obtain  a  fresh  lioof  of  a  horse  which  has  died  in  comparative 
health,  and  having  softened  it  in  warm  water,  proceed  to  make  a  section  there 
otj  in  the  same  manner  as  I  have  here  done. 

Fio.  1.  Section  op  the  Foot, 


This  portrait  of  a  section  of  the  healthy  hoof  was  taken  from  a  freshly 
severed  foot  of  a  five  year  old  horse,  recently  killed  in  full  health.  This  latter 
remark  veterinary  readers  will  know  how  to  appreciate,  when  comparing  this 
with  their  own  preparations,  which  may  have  been  derived  (as  generally  hap- 
pens) from  the  anatomy  of  diseased  subjects,  after  the  "blood"  which  should 
have  supplied  fresh  secretory  matter  has  been  long  turned  aside,  or  converted 
to  increase  deformity. 

To  the  general  observer,  the  foot  of  a  horse  inclosed  in  its  hoof  would,  in- 
deed, seem  hke  a  corpse  shut  up  in  its  coffin  :  and  there  is,  certainly,  no  mode 
of  arriving  at  a  knowledge  how  these  act  upon,  and  with,  each  other,  than  by 
dissecting  the  hoof  By  this  means  the  whole  arcana  of  its  construction  are 
laid  open,  but  in  no  manner  so  intelligibly  as  by  the  section  straight  up  and 
down  from  the  toe  up  to  the  coronet,  and  throughout  between  the  clefts  of  the 
frog  and  heel.  This  being  done,  the  vessels  which  supply  the  juices  for  reno- 
vating the  wear  and  tear  of  the  whole  exterior  are  plainly  bared  to  the  view: 
the  ligaments,  bones,  and  tendons,  show  their  means  and  manner  of  action  ; 
and,  above  all,  the  back  sinew  laid  flat  behind  the  smaller  pastern-bone,  and 
quite  so  at  passing  underneath  the  navicula,  and  at  its  insertion  in  the  bottom 
of  the  coffin-bone.  On  entering  the  hoof  it  acquires  the  term  tendo  palmaris 
among  the  learned,  but  this  course  only  serves  to  puzzle  the  general  reader. 

At  (a)  on  the  coffin-bone,  the  general  porosity  thereof  is  much  greater  than 
at  any  other  part,  being  the  avenue  or  receptacle  for  the  blood  which  is  diffused 
throughout  it,  except  on  the  surfoce,  or  border,  at  (bbb).  The  sha[)e  of  this 
bone  at  the  toe  (/)  is  worthy  of  note,  as  being  that  which  is  best  calculated  to 
give  firmness  of  tread,  fitting  with  the  greatest  nicety  to  the  shape  of  the  hoof; 
01  rather,  perhaps,  we  should  say,  that  the  shape  of  the  hoof  of  a  healthy  ani- 
mal should  ever  partake  of  that  which  we  have  before  us,  and  is  evidently  in- 
structive to  the  shoeing-smith  in  his  final  raspings,  to  keep  clear  at  the  toe. 
Deviations  from  this  rule,  bring  the  coffin-bone  nearer  the  surface  of  the  hoof, 
as  is  shown  in  fig.  3,  plate  3,  where  the  coffin-bone  (c)  and  the  wall  of  the 
hoof  (§•)  are  in  contact;  and  even  this  representation,  the  picture  of  the  Col- 
lege, shows  tnat  the  toe  of  the  bone  is  much  sharper  than  the  horn,  which  they 
rasp  away  so  much  at  (Z),  that  the  new  shod  animals  go  a  little  groggy  for  a 
fhort  time. 


MODE  OF  SEVERINO  A  FOOl.  IffJ 

Between  the  hoof  and  the  coffin-bone  interpose  an  aggregation  of  secretory 
vessels,  forming  a  juicy  elastic  substance,  that  prevents  concussion,  as  would 
neci'ssarily  happen  at  every  step  but  for  this  providence  of  nature.  1  have 
marked  it  (cc);  but  this  substance,  in  Uke  manner,  pervades  the  concurrence 
of  all  other"  bones  of  the  foot,  only  differing  much  in  quality,  and  in  structure 
a  little  :  between  the  shuttle  and  coffin-bones  it  is  more  vascular,  and  the  blood 
ia  slid  decidedly  arterial.  Underneath  the  coffin-bone  at  (ri),  it  becomes  more 
elastic,  thicker,"  and  striated,  resembling  pale  India  rubber,  which  qualities  in- 
crease towards  the  heel  at  (c).  These  latter  rest  upon  the  frog  (ff),  which  is 
horny,  or  perforable  with  a  point-knife,  so  far  as  (g),  where  it  joms  the  toe 
of  the  hoof,  more  abruptly  as  the  horse  is  most  worked,  or  otherwise. 

The  navicula  (/j,)  or  shuttle-bone,  as  it  has  been  called,  moves  in  the  midst 
of  much  elastic  substance,  resting  upon  and  pressing  the  back  sinew  flat  upon 
the  strongest  part  of  that  substance,  above  the  centre  of  the  frog.  This  littl« 
bone,  it  will  be  seen,  is  well  ada[)ted,  by  its  shape,  to  traverse  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  small  pastern  (i,)  and  the  lateral  edge  of  the  coffin-bone  (a,)  when- 
ever the  back  sinew  (A:,)  is  drawn  up  to  lift  the  foot,  as  it  does  from  off  the 
ground,  always  returning  into  its  place  as  the  foot  comes  down.  At  (Z)  is  the 
toe,  (m)  is  the  heel  of  tlie  foot,  and  at  (n)  is  the  near  side  cleft  of  the  insensi- 
ble frog.  At  (o)  is  the  coronet,  or  coronary  ring,  as  at  (p,)  the  lowest  end 
of  the  large  pastern  bone. 

At  (a)  when  the  bone  is  recently  cut  through,  no  difference  of  structure  is 
perceivable,  though  upon  stricter  examination,  it  will  be  found  at  the  central 
part  more  porous,  than  that  which  is  adjacent  to  the  other  bones;  the  hard- 
ness increases  towards  the  whole  surface  (b  b  6),  where  the  cutting  presents  a 
perfect  enamel.  But  the  contents  of  the  receptacle  at  (a),  I  have  proved  by 
experiment  to  be  unequivocally  the  same  glutinous  substance  (in  a  state  of 
preparation)  as  the  hoof  itself  This  process  of  nature  is  well  explained  by 
the  old  aphorism  that,  "arteries  entering  Iwne  engender  bone,  thase  of  mus- 
cle create  muscle,"  and  so  on ;  and  the  blood  deposited  in  the  coffin-bone,  and 
being  dispersed  over  the  internal  part  of  the  foot,  partakes  of  all  the  qualities 
of  bone,  membrane,  muscle,  and  skin — the  whole  combined  becomes  horn. 

If  my  advice  be  worth  any  thing — if  my  earnest  exhortations  to  investigate 
the  subject  effect  their  object,  every  man  who  reads  these  pages,  whatever  may 
be  his  station  in  or  about  the  stable  or  the  smithy,  will  not  fail  to  make  a  sec- 
tion, or  cut  down  the  middle  of  a  hoof  at  the  earliest  opportunity.  To  effect 
this  purpose,  the  now  industrious  operator  needs  little  more  preparation  than 
to  furnish  himself  with  a  cordwainer's  knife,  and  a  butcher's  saw  with  fine 
teeth  :  if  he  can  add  to  these  the  use  of  a  carpenter's  vice,  in  which  tti  fix  his 
subject,  he  will  much  accelerate  his  labour.  Having  secured  the  foot  upside 
downwards,  he  will  cut  down  between  the  cleft  at  the  heel  until  becomes  to 
the  bone  at  (6),  and  the  wall,  or  horny  part  of  the  hoof  (at  g)^  where  the  la- 
lH)ur  of  sawing  is  to  begin.  The  shuttle  bone  (/i)  he  will  feel  and  hear  rattle 
forward  and  backward  at  every  stroke — the  horn  yields  easily.  As  he  pro- 
ceeds, he  will  find  his  trouble  lessened  and  his  views  of  the  matter  iri  hand 
much  enlargea  by  driving  into  the  chasm  his  exertions  have  made,  some  two 
or  three  wedges  of  wood,  whereby  he  will  ascertain  that  the  stiffest  part  of  the 
horn  is  elastic,  even  though  he  should  not  have  adopted  the  precaution  of  soak- 
ing his  preparation,  as  recommended.  He  will  thus  be  convinced.,  that  the 
*i[)pIication  of  Bracy  Clark's  jointed  shoe  is  n^t  without  its  uses.  But  if  our 
Inquirer  ha?  soaked  his  horn  as  directed,  he  will  find  that  the  warm  water 
renders  it  more  elastic,  and  he  will  conclude  that  the  practice  of  permitting 
their  horses  to  stand  in  the  kciiiirls  during  the  issue  of  hot  water  from  brew 
fries,  die-houses,  rectifiers'  promises,  &c.,  must  soften  the  hoofs,  and  indispose 
thorn  for  immediate  concussion  over  the  rough  stones  of  our  paved  »treet& 


[08  HORN,  HOW  COMPOtlNDED:  CONCOSSlONa 

He  will  also  thus  discern  why  I  advise,  in  certain  cases,  the  enveloping  the 
whole  foot  whenever  the  appHcation  of  a  poultice  becomes  necessary  to  any 
part  of  it. 

On  completing  the  section,  he  will  discover  two  branches  of  arteries  which 
descend  into  the  foot  at  the  coronet  near  the  quarters  and  supplied  the  coffin- 
bone  (a),  that  occupies  the  cavity  of  the  horny  hoof,  with  fine  blood  for  its  re- 
production. In  other  words,  the  formation  of  new  horn  is  derived  from  the 
blood,  which  is  sent  hither  in  good  quantity,  and  pervades  the  internal  part  of 
the  coffin  bone  in  particular.  In  this  bone  the  operator  will  perceive  a  cavity, 
or  rather  three  hollows  communicating  with  each  other,  in  which  the  horny 
matter  is  generated.  Or,  probably,  this  is  the  reservoir  for  such  particles  of 
blood  as  are  suited  to  the  formation  of  hoof,  as  it  may  be  required  and  called 
for  by  the  process  of  nature,  and  the  demands  of  wear  and  tear,  of  rasping  and 
drawing  inordinately,  all  which  must  subtract  from  its  quantity,  and  leave  the 
bone  comparatively  hollow,  and  less  fit  for  resisting  the  hard  concussions  to 
which  it  is  liable  at  every  step.  This  fact  may  be  ascertained  by  keeping  a 
bisected  foot  for  a  few  months,  when  the  moisture  having  left  it  in  great  mea- 
sure, in  the  cavity  of  the  coffin-bone  will  be  found  a  yellowish  glutinous  sub- 
stance precisely  of  the  same  nature  and  colour  as  that  which  fills  the  space 
between  the  hoof  and  coffin-bone  at  cc^  in  the  section  at  page  166:  without 
odour  and  nearly  tasteless,  its  uses  are  evidently  the  supply  of  new  hoof. 

Seeing  this  curious  construction  of  the  foot,  we  are  compelled  to  allow  that 
numerous  accidents  may  also  occur  to  prevent  the  supply  of  blood  to  the  parts, 
to  say  nothing  of  its  unfitness  at  times  to  carry  on  its  proper  purposes.  The 
two  vessels  before  noticed  that  bring  this  supply  of  new  blood  descend  into  the 
foot  behind  the  small  pastern  bone,  and  pass  with  the  back  sinew  {k)  under- 
neath the  shuttle  bone  (/i),  as  may  be  noticed  in  the  section,  at  page  166. 
Here  it  enters  the  coffin-bone  at  the  sole,  by  an  indentation  of  the  bone  de 
signed  for  the  protection  of  the  vessels  passing  in  and  out.  From  the  recep- 
tacle in  the  coffin-bone,  after  concoction,  the  blood  issues  forth — part  of  it  to 
lubricate  and  nourish  the  shuttle-bone  and  its  adjacent  ligaments,  the  remain- 
der to  eflfect  similar  purposes  elsewhere,  but  the  greater  part  is  destined  to 
supply  the  horny  material  of  the  hoof. 

Those  "concussions"  at  every  step,  before  spoken  of,  as  affecting  the  action 
of  the  shuttle-bone  upon  the  posterior  point  of  the  coffin-bone,  occasion  trivial 
injury  at  every  step  in  quick  motion  ;  more  harm  arises  as  the  animal  is  much 
pushed  in  his  work ;  then  heat  and  fever  of  the  foot  supervene,  contractions 
follow,  with  a  train  of  evils  that  have  acquired  diflferent  names,  thirty  in  num- 
l»er,  but  which  I  have  reduced  by  three-fourths,  with  a  view  to  simplifying 
the  subject:  most  of  these  diflfer  only  in  situation.  Very  hard  concussions, 
or  a  single  injury  of  sufficient  magnitude,  produce  lameness  at  once,  which 
most  unaccountably  received  the  name  of  "strain  of  the  coffin-joint,"  and  un- 
der which  general  misconception  I  shall  shortly  give  it  a  moment's  considers 
tion. 


The  student  who  would  push  his  inquiries  farther  will  next  turn  his  atten- 
tion to  the  muscles,  ligaments,  and  tendons,  that  guide  the  foot ;  that  lift  it 
up,  and  suffer  it  again  to  meet  the  ground ;  that  may  perform  these  offices 
firm  and  effectively,  or  being  relaxed,  diseased,  or  ill-formed,  they  and  their 
functions  agree  not  with  the  well-being  of  the  foot.  Probably  he  will  find  it 
convenient  to  lay  open  this  part  of  the  arcana  of  progression  by  the  horse's 
i«g  (the  lower  part  of  it)  previous  to  severing  the  foot  itself,  seeing  thai  the 
subject  will  then  be  quite  fresh,  and  that  one  part  may  intelligibly  illusirate 


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FOOT  AND  LEO  DESCRIBED.  169 

the  other.  This  is  more  particularly  the  case  with  the  flexor  tendon,  or  back 
sinew;  which  he  will  ascertain  is  of  great  length,  descending  all  the  way  from 
the  hock,  or  back  of  the  knee,  behind  both  pastern  bones,  under  the  shuttle- 
bone,  and  is  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  coffin-bone. 

With  the  following  "description"  before  him,  he  will  study  the  figures  2 
and  3  of  plate  3;  and  after  removing  the  remainder  of  the  integuments,  and 
cleansing  the  bones,  he  will  then  perceive  the  articulation  of  these,  the  nian- 
•aer  of  their  working  in  and  upon  each  other;  and  as  he  proceeds  to  repeat 
the  investigation,  he  will  note  the  difference  that  exists  in  the  shape  of  a  leg 
taken  from  a  thorough-bred  horse  and  that  of  a  cart-horse;  the  one  small  and 
riat-sided,  or  sharp  before,  as  best  calculated  for  speed,  the  other  round  and 
heavy,  as  being  made  for  heavy  draught,  and  to  support  a  large,  muscular, 
and  bony  frame.  In  giving  this  advice,  I  presume  he  has  already  examined 
the  superior  part  of  the  limb,  though  the  lower  bones  and  their  covering  come 
more  immediately  under  notice  in  this  place. 

Description  of  Plates  2  and  3,  of  Anatomy  of  the  Horse's  Foot. 

These  figures  were  not  designed  or  corrected  by  me,  with  one  exception^ 
viz.  fig.  2,  of  jiate  3 ;  they  are,  however,  very  fair  representations  of  the  sub- 
jects studied,  and  depicted  by  members  of  the  College.  I  have  here  a  small 
objection  to  make  to  their  mode  of  enlarging  the  coffin-bone,  which  they  in- 
variably draw  much  too  big  in  proportion;  why,  I  never  could  learn.  In  fig. 
4  of  plate  2,  for  example,  where  the  whole  of  the  integuments  are  supposed 
to  be  removed,  the  coffin-bone  projects  inordinately  beyond  the  small  pastern, 
which  is  not  the  case  at  all  when  viewed  in  front,  or  at  the  back.  In  other 
respects  these  figures  s{)eak  intelligibly  without  further  explanation. 

Plate  2,  fig.  1.  Front  view  of  a  colt's  foot,  hoof,  skin  removed,  and  (a)  the 
sesamoid  bone,  (6)  the  large  pastern,  (c)  the  coffin-bone,  {d)  the  toe. 

Fig.  2.  Back  view  of  the  same — a  a  the  back  sinew,  or  flexor  tendon,  as  it 
appears  above  its  ligamentary  sheath  and  below  it,  descending  flat  into  the 
foot  underneath  the  coffin-bone  at  (c);  d  the  coffin-bone,  having  the  sensible 
sole  still  adhering  to  it,  cc,  the  lateral  cartilage;  b  is  the  sheath  in  which  the 
back  sinew  is  enclosed,  and  moves  at  every  step,  but  part  of  the  sheath  has 
been  removed  in  order  to  show  the  course  of  the  sinew. 

Fig  3.  The  whole  of  the  ligaments  is  here  laid  open  by  the  removal  of  the 
flexor  tendon,  whereby  is  seen  (at  a)  the  smooth  surface  of  the  sesamoid  bones 
over  which  the  tendon  is  ordained  to  pass ;  at  bb,  part  of  the  sheath  is  turned 
back,  at  c  is  the  hollow  part  of  the  sheath;  at  dd  the  ligament  that  connects 
the  small  pastern  to  the  bone  above  is  shown,  with  its  insertion  below  at  e, 
whereby  the  large  pastern  is  kept  in  position ;  ff  the  lateral  cartilages ;  g  the 
bottom  of  the  coffin-bone,  h  the  toe. 

Fig.  4  is  a  front  view  of  the  same,  but  with  all  the  integuments  removed; 
aa  the  sesamoids  ;  b  the  large  pastern  ;  c  the  small  pastern ;  d  the  coffin-bone, 
but  represented  rather  wider  than  ordinary. 

Plate  3,  fig.  1,  back  view  of  the  bones,  in  which  o  the  shuttle-bone,  is  secc 
that  works  loosely  behind  the  conjunction  of  the  small  pastern,  c,  and  coffin- 
bone,  d ;  but  the  small  pastern  (c)  has  been  lifted  or  strained  upwards  inordi- 
nately, as  the  lower  part  of  it  lies  concealed,  as  far  as  the  mark  (c)  in  the 
nealthy  subject,  behind  the  shuttle-bone.  The  shuttle  bone  may  be  seen  at  its 
middle  or  thickest  part,  in  the  "  section  of  a  healthy  foot,"  at  page  166 ;  and 
by  turning  the  cut  sideways,  the  perspective  will  be  found  sacrificed  to  no 
useful  purpose. 

Fig.  2.  View  of  the  foot,  with  the  hoof  only  removed,  showing  the  front  of 
»he  coffin-bone  at  6,  and  the  coronary  ring  just  above  it  at  c,  in  which  the  suh 


70  AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  LEG  AND  FOOT. 

Stance  is  treasured  up  that  constantly  supplies  the  material  for  new  horn  tc  la* 
foot  below.     At  aa  the  sesamoid  bones,  freshly  severed  at  the  fetlock  joint. 

Fig.  3.  A  section  of  a  foot,  agreeing  essentially  with  my  subject,  at  paffo 
1()G,  but  evidently  drawn  from  a  diseased  foot,  the  elastic  process  marked  cent 
that  picture  being  wanting  in  this,  and  the  shuttle-bone,  <i,  having  lost  its 
function;  neither  do  we  perceive  the  descent  of  the  back  sinew  {k  in  the  pre- 
ceding) to  its  insertion  at  the  coffin-bone.  At  a  is  the  lower  end  of  the  large 
pastern,  h  is  tiie  small  pastern,  c  the  coffin,  d  the  shuttle-bone,  e  the  cleft  of  the 
frog,  g  the  wall  or  hoof,  h  the  situation  of  the  sinew,  i  the  sensible  sole. 

Fig.  4.  Transverse  section  of  the  foot,  from  the  coronet  a  to  the  point  Oi 
the  frog  6,  having  the  wall  ce  on  each  side,  and  showing  the  divided  edge  of  the 
sensible  sole  d. 


CHAPTER  II. 
Disorders  of  the  Foot  and  Leg. 

Introductory  Observation. — All  those  derangements  of  the  limbs  which 
we  come  next  to  consider,  I  shall  divide,  for  the  reader's  more  ready  compre- 
hension, into — 1st,  those  of  the  leg,  and  2d,  diseases  of  the  foot :  for  it  does 
not  always  happen  that  affections  of  the  leg  alone  can  be  properly  denominated 
diseases,  whilst  those  of  the  foot  are  invariably  so.  I  before  observed,  that 
both,  or  either,  may  be  occasioned  by  accident,  derived  from  ancestry,  or  b« 
the  fault  of  misconstruction  and  consequent  misapplication  of  the  individual') 
powers.  They  may  he  also  considered  as,  1st,  those  of  the  bones,  2d,  of  the 
ligaments,  tendons,  and  muscles.  But  L  shall  not  so  subdivide  the  heads  of 
my  treatises  on  the  several  diseases,  since  each  will  appear  under  the  respec- 
tive heads  of  information,  besides  which  (as  will  be  seen  further  down),  when- 
ever the  bones  suffer  derangement,  original  or  acquired,  the  integuments  fol- 
low the  same  evil  course.  Enough,  however,  has  been  said  on  these  points  in 
the  first  chapter  of  this  volume. 

Rest  is  the  primal  remedy  for  all  acquired  disorders  of  the  limbs,  whether 
those  of  hard  work  or  of  accident ;  but  employing  the  animal  whilst  yet  too 
young,  is  an  universal  error,  which  is  but  seldom  remedied  by  allowing  it  rest 
when  lameness  once  lays  hold  of  him,  much  less  is  it  capable  of  being  cured.  The 
impolicy  of  this  practice,  the  fruitful  source  of  so  many  evils,  is  demonstrable 
by  the  custom  of  the  Arabs,  who  never  mount  a  lame  horse,  even  in  the  desert, 
nor  propagate  from  horse  or  mare  which  is  permanently  marked  with  the  ef- 
fects of  overwork.  One  remote  consequence  whereof  is,  that  the  foal  is  not 
entailed  with  a  predisposition  to  contract  readily  such  disorders  as  I  come 
shortly  to  treat  of;  whence  the  superiority  of  the  Arab  breed  in  this  respect. 
At  least,  the  fact  is  to  be  deplored,  that  most  of  our  stallions  of  the  wagon- 
horse  breed  are  worked  at  plough  and  in  the  team  at  two  and  three  years 
old,  too  much  for  their  tender  years,  and  permitted  to  cover  mares  at  this  very 
early  age  ;  the  result  of  this  luiiieiitable  cupidity  of  ownership  is,  that  their  get 
are  impregnated  willi  one  or  other  of  the  maladies  that  I  come  shortly  to  enu 
merate,  ere  they  reach  maturity ;  but  the  causes  and  symptoms  whereof  I 
have  shown  are  so  similar,  or  proceed  so  naturally  out  of  each  other,  that  they 
dilTfir  but  in  name  for  situation,  in  treatment  nothing.  Higher  bred  cattle 
arc  subjected  to  the  same  disadvantages  in  most  breeding  studs,  in  which  the 
breeders  prefer  to  derive  their  stock  from  parents  which  may  have  bee?) 
Buccessful  at  winning  three  year  old  slakes,  or  probably  strained  e  .?ery  mus 
cle  bone,  and  tendon  whilst  yet  yearlings.     We  owe  to  the  late  Sir  T    <"' 


LAMENESS,  TEST  FOR  ASCERTAINING.    QLTTTOR.  171 

Bunoury,  of  Bildeston,  the  introduction  of  this  practice  on  a  large  scaie,  which 

IS  so  evidently  harmful  to  the  rising  generation — of  horses. 


Lameness  is  universally  the  symptom  that  denotes  disordered  limb ;  it  is 
the  only  one  perceptihle  for  some  time,  until  its  continuance  throws  out  some 
appearance  on  the  surface ;  and  that  inquirer  who  can  ascertain  its  true  seal 
IS  most  likely  to  find  the  cause,  and  to  effect  a  cure.  For  instance,  lameness 
occasioned  by  disordered  bone,  as  in  ring-bone  and  bone-spavin,  is  almost  uni- 
versally ascribed  by  the  stable-men  and  humble  practitioners  to  strain  in  the 
stifle,  in  the  shoulder,  or  the  whirlbone ;  whereby  so  much  valuable  time  is 
lost  in  applying  the  proposed  remedies  at  the  wrong  place,  that  those  two  dis- 
orders in  particular  make  head  almost  irremediably  before  the  true  seat  of  ail- 
ment is  ascertained.  The  same  species  of  blunder  is  propogated  when  a  dis- 
ease happens  to  the  foot,  and  the  precise  cause  thereof,  even  when  well  known 
to  those  employed  about  the  stable,  is  kept  a  secret  from  the  owner  and  the 
doctor.  "  Let  them  find  it  out"  is  sometimes  heard  muttered  in  the  distance ; 
and  in  order  to  coni{)ly  with  the  unfeeling  permission,  we  pass  the  hand  down 
the  whole  leg  and  foot  from  the  top  to  the  sole,  compare  the  size  of  the  lame 
limb  with  the  corresponding  sound  one,  and  move  the  animal  about.  For 
without  this  examination  it  would  be  next  to  impossible  to  ascertain  the  pre- 
cise seat  of  the  disorder,  and  quite  so  to  apply  even  the  right  remedy  at  the 
proper  place.  As  an  illustration  of  this  position  by  its  reverse,  I  may  adduce 
the  coming  on  of  bone-spavin  as  that  kind  of  attack  which  we  can  ascertain 
with  the  greatest  precision  of  all  those  which  lie  concealed  from  our  view  and 
touch.  It  happens,  too,  that  this  is  one  of  the  few  disorders  of  the  leg  that 
admits  of  cure  by  early  applications,  as  it  is  also  that  which,  being  neglected, 
.enders  the  animal  wholly  useless.  When  a  horse  becomes  lame  of  a  hind 
leg  occasionally,  and  that  after  rest  only,  the  complaint  going  ofTon  taking  a 
short  exercise,  we  may  be  quite  sure  he  labours  under  incipient  bone-spavin, 
provided  no  other  distinct  cause  can  be  adduced  for  his  lameness;  but  should 
the  lameness  increase  with  exercise,  then  it  does  not  depend  upon  bone-spavin, 
but  some  other  malady.  Further  consideration  of  the  causes,  symptoms,  and 
cure  of  this  disorder  will  be  found  a  few  pages  lower  down. 


*^*  When  lameness  occurs  to  his  horse  unaccountably,  and  the  inquiring 
reader  turns  to  these  pages  for  information,  he  had  better  run  over  once  more 
the  whole  of  the  next  six  or  seven  heads  of  information  ;  their  great  similarity 
m  many  respects  dictates  the  propriety  of  this  additional  trouble,  as  most  of 
the  series  will  be  found  referrible  to  the  same  causes,  and  require  much  the 
same  treatment,  though  differently  situated. 

Throughout  the  vvhole  of  this  chapter,  the  reader  will  find  great  help  to  un- 
derstanding the  details,  iiy  carefully  consulting  the  delineations  of  the  leg 
Hnd  foot  on  plates  2  vMid  3,  and  the  cut  at  page  166,  with  the  description  of 
each.  References  are  not  always  made  in  words  at  length,  it  being  presum- 
fd  that  he  is  already  acquainted  with  the  preceding  pages,  to  which  he  is  now 
referred. 

aUlTTOR. 

Undpr  the  class  of  fistulous  aflections,  I  spoke  of  this  disease  at  page  125 
To  wnat  i*;  there  said  I  may  here  add  that  as  quittor  is  caused  by  sand-crirk. 


179  MILD  TREATMENT  PREFERABLE,    RINGBONE. 

by  A  tread,  or  the  prick  of  a  nail,  so  will  its  situation  be  determined  by  the 
precise  cause,  on  the  inside  of  the  coronet,  or  the  outside,  near  the  heel,  or 
otherwise,  as  the  cause  may  have  been  inflicted;  and  also,  that  the  cure  being 
efllectcd  by  harsh  means,  or  burning  remedies,  these  leave  the  foot  disposed  to 
contract  other  disorders  at  this  region,  as  ringbone,  &c.  Hence  it  follows,  that 
the  more  moderate  the  means  employed  to  get  rid  of  this  disorder,  the  less 
probability  is  there  of  the  patient's  contracting  some  other.  Therefore  it  is 
advisable  to  try  the  milder  remedies  first,  unless  the  quittor  is  of  long  stand- 
ing and  of  very  bad  sort.  The  extent  of  each  sinus,  and  the  course  it  pur- 
sues, is  denoted  by  the  colour  of  the  soft  parts  of  the  foot,  being  black  or  livid, 
or  else  scarcely  tinged,  according  to  its  virulence.  In  order  to  pursue  this 
examination  niore  accurately,  it  will  be  necessary  to  stop  the  circulation  of 
the  blood  above,  by  tying  a  ligature  tight  round  the  fetlock  joint,  whereby  the 
skin  of  the  healthy  parts  below  will  appear  white,  and  thus  more  distinctly  ex- 
pose the  nature  of  the  sinuses.  The  pledgets  that  are  to  be  introduced  for 
the  destruction  of  the  {)ipes  may  thus  be  selected  of  a  larger  or  smaller  size, 
as  the  calibre  of  the  sinus  is  greater  or  less  ;  as  also  may  the  quality  of  the 
caustic  application  be  made  stronger  or  weaker,  as  the  virulence  may  require. 
Some  hastily  use  the  knife,  and  lay  open  the  pipes  freely  along  their  whole 
course;  and  if  it  approach  near  the  bottom  of  the  foot,  the  coffin-bone  is  usu- 
ally affected  witb  rottenness  (caries).  This  they  hesitate  not  to  scrape  off, 
though,  if  the  patient  be  of  strong  and  vigorous  constitution,  exfoliation  will 
take  place  without  extending  the  operation  so  far.  Indeed,  it  seldom  hap- 
()ens  that  more  is  required  than  to  give  the  disorder  free  vent  at  the  coronet, 
whereby  the  necessity  of  operating  underneath  is  superseded  ;  for  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  ascent  of  the  hoof  making  particles  from  the  sole  will  bring  away 
to  the  orifice  of  the  ulcer  any  offensive  matters  from  below ;  and  this  process 
of  nature  effects  the  cure.  Whenever  a  sinus  leads  towards  the  back 
tendon,  or  the  joint,  much  care  should  be  taken  not  to  injure  either  with  knife 
or  caustic,  for  a  bad-looking  seam  is  then  left  behind,  with  lameness  that  ter- 
n:iiiates  in  anchylosis,  or  stiffening  of  the  tendon,  or  growing  together  of  the 
small  pastern  and  the  coffin  joint  (a)  and  the  shuttle-bone  (/i),  in  the  cut  at 
page  166. 

RINGBONE. 

Causes. — At  times  a  badly  cured  quittor,  at  others  ill-shapen  foot ;  which 
occasions  that  concussion  of  the  hoof  and  small  pastern  bone  at  their  conjunc- 
lion,  which  causes  the  latter  to  swell  at  the  coronet.  Cart  and  wagon  horses 
with  short  upright  hoofs,  that  do  not  sufficiently  secure  the  articulation  of  the 
t\)ffin  and  pastern  bones  against  injury,  are  most  liable  to  this  disease. 

Symptoms. — Lameness  is  sometimes  the  first  intimation  we  have  of  the  ex- 
isUiice  of  ringbone,  which  is  at  first  neglected,  and  only  ascertained  by  pass- 
ing the  hand  down  over  the  part.  As  usual  with  most  diseases  of  the  foot, 
•he  attendant  commonly  ascribes  the  lameness  to  a  strain  higher  up — of  the 
shoulder  generally,  as  ringbones  afflict  the  fore  foot  oftener  than  the  hinder 
one.  It  consists  in  the  ossification  of  the  cartilage  in  front  of  the  foot,  which 
extends  in  time  to  the  lateral  parts  also. 

Remedies. — These  may  be  ai)plied  to  relieve,  but  no  cure  is  to  be  found  foi 
ringbone.  As  high-heel  usually  accompanies  the  short  upright  hoof,  the  con- 
cussions of  toe  foot  may  be  lessened  by  lowering  the  heels.  Apply  blistering 
omtment  to  the  seat  of  the  disease,  and  firing  may  also  be  employed  with  ad- 
vantage. 


\ 


WlNDGALLS-TIIOllOUGIIPIN— SPAVIN,  ITS  VARIETIES. 
WINDGALLS. 

These  appear  a  little  above  the  fetlock,  on  each  side  of  the  back  sinews,  and 
consist  of  small  puffy  swellings,  that  occasion  no  immediate  inconvenience 
but  prove  that  the  animal  has  been  strained  in  his  work,  unless  it  has  beer, 
occasioned  by  his  having  been  put  to  it  too  early  in  life.  They  might  be  oc- 
casioned by  the  sinus  of  a  tumour,  pointing  towards  the  pastern  joint,  having 
been  cured  too  harshly,  whereby  the  joint  oil  issues  forth  upon  their  being 
|.ricked. 

Blistering,  and  a  run  in  the  straw- yard,  are  the  only  remedies,  though  expe- 
riments are  often  tried  (when  it  is  found  necessary  to  sell  the  animal)  with 
preparations  of  muriatic  acid,  and  muriate  of  ammonia  diluted  in  water.  Sa- 
turate a  roller  bandage  herewith  frequently,  and  partial  absorption  takes  place. 

THOROUGHPIN 

Is  of  the  same  nature  as  the  foregoing,  arises  from  the  same  cause,  and  is 
equally  devoid  of  immediate  consequence  to  the  animal's  going.  It  consists 
of  a  soft  flexible  swelling  on  the  inside  of  the  hock  joint,  as  well  as  the  out- 
side, immediately  opposite  each  other ;  whence  it  obtains  the  name  of  thorough- 
pin,  being  supposed  to  go  through  the  joint.  When  one  of  those  tumours  is 
pressed  it  yields,  and  the  fluid  it  contains  is  thereby  forced  into  that  on  the 
other  side ;  when  the  pressure  is  removed  it  immediately  returns  to  the  same 
state  as  before. 

This  disorder  has  no  other  effect  upon  the  animal's  going,  or  value,  than  its 
appearance  amounts  to,  as  it  conveys  the  informationof  its  having  bef.n  work- 
ed too  hard,  and  too  early  in  life,  as  do  all  these  minor  evils  we  are  now  con- 
sidering. How  this  is  effected,  I  have  shown  in  the  15th  and  16th  sections 
of  the  first  book,  at  pages  18 — 20.  Like  unto  the  other  disorders  of  this  "lass, 
blisters  and  rest  are  the  only  remedies :  apply  the  blistering  liniment  composed 
of  cantharides  and  spirits  of  wine. 

SPAVIN. 

Bog  spavin  is  the  more  conmion,  blood  spavin  but  rare.  Both  varieties,  as 
Well  as  bone  spavin,  owe  their  origin  to  hard  work  in  early  life,  in  the  same 
manner  as  just  adduced  in  cas-^s  of  windgall,  and  thoroughpin.  Bog  spavin 
.s  caused  by  the  joint  oil  of  the  hough  issuing  into  the  membrane  that  sur- 
rounds it,  and  stagnating  under  the  vein  causes  this  to  swell.  The  old  reme- 
dy of  taking  up  the  vein  by  ligature  should  be  abandoned  as  a  long  and  tedi- 
ous mode  of  cure :  the  circulation  has  then  to  force  a  new  channel,  in  doing 
which  irritation  of  the  parts  adjacent  is  the  means  of  cure,  by  promoting  ab- 
sorption;  where.as  the  same  eflect  might  be  produced  by  blistering,  as  in  the 
two  correspondent  disorders  just  named  above. 

BONE  SPAVIN. 

H'his  disorder  consists  in  a  bony  enlargement  at  the  upper  end  of  the  shank- 
l  one,  inside  of  the  hock-joint,  or  a  liUle  below  it.  It  belongs  to  the  hind  leg 
only ;  and  if  not  undertaken  in  time  becomes  incurable. 

At  the  seat  of  this  disorder  the  leg  is  composed  of  three  bones,  which  fit  to- 
gether into  one  common  cavity  at  the  hock  ;  and  notwithstanding  they  appear 
as  close  together  as  one  bone,  yet  possess  separate  motion  to  give  elasticity  to 
the  animal's  tread,  and  assist  him  in  the  act  of  progression,  as  may  be  observed 
in  the  working  of  his  haunclies  when  the  horse  is  going  at  full  speed,  or 
mailing  a  standing  leap.  By  mounting  the  colt  whilst  too  young  to  l)ear  tbo 
17 


174  CURB— WHAT,  AND  HOW  CURED. 

•uperincumbent  weight,  by  pushing  him  hanl  in  his  work,  as  well  as  by  work 
inw  young  cattle  at  plough,  a  practice  some  breeders  of  heavy  horses  inju- 
diciously adopt,  these  bones  get  strained  asunder,  as  it  were,  and  inflammation 
takes  place. 

As  almost  every  one  knows,  by  misusing  young  colts  in  the  manner  just  de- 
scribed, they  become  cat-hammed,  if  they  do  not  derive  that  particular  mal-con- 
formation  from  parentage,  as  before  hinted  (p.  164,)  and  is  more  scientifically 
accounted  for  in  the  first  chapter  of  Book  I.  Generally  it  happens  that 
horses  so  formed  are  good,  easy  goers,  brisk  and  active  ;  but  though  well  adapt- 
ed for  light  weights,  are  utterly  incapacitated  from  undertaking  horseman's 
weight  at  speed,  until  they  are  full  mouthetl.  If  heavily  mounted,  or  hard 
driv'en  earlier  in  Ufe,  they  invariably  throw  out  a  curb  or  spavin.  The  shoe- 
incr-smith  frequently  contributes  to  the  contraction  of  bone-spavin  without 
knowing  it,  by  turning  up  the  heels  of  his  shoes  in  frosty  weather  unevenly. 
In  the  same  manner,  when  the  inside  heel  preserves  its  roughness  longer  than 
the  outer  heel,  it  is  clear  that  this  last  must  bear  lowest,  and  further  contribute 
to  the  evil  strain  that  cat-hammed  horses  are  ever  liable  to,  about  the  hock. 
Cow-houghed  is  but  another  name  for  the  same  mal-conformation. 

Symptoms. — Inflammation  is  scarcely  perceptible  at  first,  or  any  other 
symptom;  and  as  it  is  vitally  necessary  that  we  should  apply  the  remedy  thus 
early,  we  must  employ  the  discriminating  test  described  at  page  171.  K  the 
existence  of  adhesion,  which  constitutes  bone-spavin,  be  not  discovered  in  the 
manner  proposed,  the  disorder  proceeds  until  it  may  be  perceived  upon  com- 
paring the  hocks  together.  At  first,  the  inflammation  is  but  trivial,  when  the 
horse  is  also  lamest ;  but  when  time  has  been  allowed  to  unite  the  bone,  the 
heat  and  enlargement  increase,  and  the  spavin  is  incurable,  but  the  lameness 
is  less. 

Cure. — At  the  commencement  only  it  may  Imj  effected  easily,  by  simply 
blistering  the  part  all  round  the  hough,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  raise  the  blistei 
to  a  good  extent.  Generally,  in  bad  cases  it  would  be  advisable  to  repeat  the 
blister;  in  which  event  let  the  former  one  be  first  well  cleansed  away  with 
Goulard's  extract,  diluted  with  water.  But  should  the  duration  of  lameness 
and  degree  of  swelling  give  reason  for  apprehending  that  the  adhesion  is  un 
commonly  extensive,  let  the  part  be  fired  previously  to  blistering.  Be  careful 
to  keep  the  horse's  head  up  whilst  the  blister  is  operating,  and  subsequently 
dress  with  hog's  lard ;  but  do  not  use  any  greasy  applications  previously  to 
blistering,  as  these  only  tend  to  harden  the  skin,  and  so  obstruct  the  perspira* 
tion  and  absorption  which  promote  the  cure. 

Making  the  shoe  thin  on  the  outside  at  the  heel  relieves  the  pressure  when 
the  horse  is  worked  :  the  contrary  form  of  shoe  is  conducive  to  all  diseases  of 
the  leg  bones. 

CURB. 

Cause. — Inflammation  in  the  sheath  of  the  back  sinew  (6,  fig.  2,  plate  2,)  a 
little  below  the  point  of  the  hock,  where  the  sheath  is  attached  to  the  muscle. 
Like  spavin,  curb  mostly  affects  young  horses  of  the  cpw-hocked  built,  whose 
legs  stand  too  much  under  the  body,  and  which  have  been  worked  prema- 
turely hard,  as  in  cases  of  bone-spavin.  Indeed,  the  two  diseases  bear  so 
much  resemblance  to  each  other,  in  cause  and  symptoms,  except  only  as  to 
situation,  that  I  ff  ol  no  difficulty  in  referring  the  reader  to  the  preceding  page 
for  my  description  of  these,  only  premising  that  he  can  not  discover  the  coming 
of  a  curb,  by  any  other  means  than  lameness,  and  comparing  the  two  legs  to 
each  other  sidewise,  when  a  diffused  swelling  may  be  seen,  but  very  little  heal 
fclt^  by  reasQn  of  the  disorder  being  deep-seated 


SFLENT,  REMEDIES  FOR.  175 

0»  t. — II  may  be  effectually  removed  at  first,  by  blistering,  as  in  cases  tf 
oone-spaviii;  but  when  the  disease  has  lasted  a  long  time,  firing  must  be  re- 
smted  to  with  the  same  precautions  as  those  before  recommended.  Ease  may 
be  affoi  j.'d  by  adding  to  the  thickness  of  the  heels  of  the  shoe. 

SPLENT 

May  be  looked  upon  as  a  disorder  of  the  fore-legs,  tliough  occurring  on  th«» 
hind  one.j,  at  times. 

Cau!<c. — Working  of  young  horses  before  they  have  acquired  sutficient 
stamina,  or  on  labour  which  is  much  beyond  their  strength,  as  in  case  of 
spavin,  curb,  &c.  to  wliich  the  reader  is  referred,  and  the  concussion  which 
the  leg  receives  at  every  stop  upon  hard  ground,  stones,  &c. 

Sympioms. — Frequent  lameness,  that  goes  off  and  returns  without  appa- 
rent cause  for  either,  before  the  s[)Ient  shows  itself  upon  the  shank-bone,  which 
it  does  above  the  knee,  inside.  Similarly  hereto,  it  affects  the  bone  of  the  hind 
leg,  and  then  acquires  the  name  of  bone-spavin.  Inflammation  of  the  skin  is 
soon  felt,  and  the  horse  goes  lame  until  the  splent  is  completely  thrown,  and 
afterwards  he  does  as  well  as  ever,  except  retaining  the  splent  mark,  perhaps ; 
but  severe  cases  occur,  that  do  not  terminate  so  favourably.  Such  happens 
when  the  shank  bone  has  received  the  concussion,  that  causes  the  enlarge- 
ment and  rupture,  which  constitutes  the  disease,  at  the  hinder  part  of  the  leg, 
where  it  meets  with  tendons  or  the  suspensor  liganumt — (See  back  view,  plate 
2,  fig.  2,  3.)  The  lameness  and  the  inflammation  are  then  greatest,  and  the 
splent  requires  our  careful  attention. 

Remedy. — But  should  not  the  horse  throw  out  the  splent  on  this  last  men- 
tioned dangerous  part,  ami  become  lame,  he  will  yet  suffer  much  in  all  ordi- 
nary cases;  for  the  enlargement  of  the  bone  strains  the  membrane  which  covers 
it  tightly,  as  described  in  Book  1.  sect.  17.  p.  20.  For  this  purpose  apply  a 
warm  stimulating  embrocanon.  which  affords  relief  in  the  more  favourable 
cases;  but  when  the  splent  rises  under  the  ligament  or  tendon,  blistering  or 
firing  must  be  res(trte<J  to.  The  latter,  however,  is  proper  only  in  extreme  cases, 
and  only  to  be  adopted  when  blistering  is  found  inadequate  to  the  purpose ;  if 
the  swelling  is  hot  and  tender,  firing  wrould  have  the  effect  of  enlarging  the 
whole  bone  of  the  leg,  and  even  the  blistering  liquid  is  improper  when  this 
symptom  is  highly  prevalent.  Rather  let  the  heat  subside,  or  assist  it  in  doing 
so  by  means  of  Goulard's  extract,  diluted  with  water,  frequently  applied. 
When  this  has  reduced  the  heat,  employ  the  following 

Liquid  Blister. 

Cantharides  pulverised,  4  drachms. 

Mix  with  sweet  oil  to  the  consistence  of  treacle,  and  apply  the  same  twice 
during  the  day ;  thus, — Let  the  hair  be  clipped  off  close  from  the  part,  and 
all  round  the  leg,  and  the  blister  well  rubbed  with  the  hand  for  five  or  ten 
minutes  If  this  does  not  cause  further  swelling  and  a  discharge  of  a  clammy 
nature,  a  third  application  of  the  liquid  blister  becomes  necessary.  After  a 
day  has  elapsed,  dress  two  or  three  days  with  hog's  lard,  and  the  patient  may 
be  walked  about,  to  get  rid  of  the  stiffness.  It  may  be  proper,  after  this, 
farther  to  reduce  the  heat  by  more  applications  of  the  Goulard's  extract,  as 
above. 

Shoeing  is  su[)poscd  to  occasion  splents  sometimes,  it  being  the  practice  with 
•nost  smith?  to  make  the  inner  heel  of  their  shoes  thinner  than  the  outer;  and 
die  inn«r  heel  being  also  lower  than  the  outer,  occasions  the  splent  bone  tc  re- 


ITfi  SCURVICAL  ERUPTIONS.    STRAINS. 

ceive  the  concussion  more  sharply  than  the  outer  one;  for,  as  I  before  observe^ 
«plents  oftener  occur  on  the  inside  of  the  leg  than  on  any  other  part  of  it. 

MALLENDERS  AND  SALLENDERS. 

Scurvy  eruptions  on  the  bend  of  the  knee-joints,  or  on  the  correspondint 
bend  in  the  hock  joint;  the  first  mentioned  term  being  applied  to  those  erup- 
tions that  appear  upon  the  fore  leg,  the  second,  sallender,  is  confined  to  thosti 
of  the  hinder  leg.  A  crack,  wilh  much  soreness,  accompanies  both. — The 
cause  may  be  found  in  the  gross  habit  of  body,  attended  by  suppression  of  somf 
evacuation,  as  stool,  urine,  or  perspiration ;  therefore,  to 

Cure  the  patient,  restore  the  defective  evacuation  by  giving  one  of  the  two 
purging-balls  prescribed  at  pages  86,  87,  according  to  circumstances ;  or  a  urine- 
ball,  or  the  emetic  tartar,  at  page  65,  or  113,  in  smaller  doses,  and  the  scurf 
decreases  until  it  wholly  disappears. 

Let  the  hair  be  cut  off  close  from  the  part  affected,  and  the  scurf  well  wash- 
ed with  strong  soap-suds,  and  then  rub  over  it  daily,  of  the 

Ointment  for  Scurvy  Eruption. 

Red  precipitate  powder,  half  an  ounce. 
Hog's  lard,  2  ounces.     Mixed  well  together. 

Sometimes,  a  poultice,  m  which  is  introduced  acetated  litharge,  becomes  ne 
cessary  when  the  eruption  is  divided  by  a  gaping  crack,  which  the  ointment 
may  have  occasioned.  The  blue  ointment  is  employed  by  some  instead  of 
the  above  ointment. 

STRAINS.— LAMENESS. 

These  are  the  most  deceptions  class  of  ailments  attributed  to  the  foot  of  the 
horse ;  for  many  such  are  spoken  of  in  the  most  confident  manner  which  do 
not  exist  in  reality,  whilst  others  could  not  possibly  happen  to  the  parts  indi- 
cated by  the  names  they  commonly  bear ;  yet  shall  I  fall  into  this  old  method 
of  titling  the  various  affections  of  the  limbs,  in  order  to  make  myself  more  gene- 
rally understood.  Our  neighbours,  and  rival  veterinarians,  the  French,  in  the 
instructions  issued  to  their  smiths  of  the  army,  went  a  little  farther  in  their 
complaisance  to  error :  "  All  swellings  of  the  tendons  from  the  knee  to  the 
coronet  or  from  the  hock  to  the  heel,  show  an  extension  or  strain  of  the  in- 
tegument. Take  off  the  shoe  and  pare  the  foot."  In  fact,  their  practice  of 
giving  rest  in  all  cases  of  strain,  which  often  effects  a  cure  with  very  little 
further  assistance,  could  not  be  more  assuredly  complied  with  than  by  thus 
taking  off  the  shoes;  for  the  Marechallerie  were  ill  able  to  retain  their  sick 
horses  in  quarters  upon  urgent  occasions  of  active  service,  unless  they  co\ild 
demonstrate  the  fact  upon  the  view  to  their  superiors.  By  this  general  mode 
of  forming  their  judgment  as  to  the  cause  of  all  swellings  before  or  behind,  we 
may  perceive  they  included  all  "extensions"  of  the  bone  in  their  notions  of  a 
strain,  and  treated  spavin,  splent,  curb,  strain  of  the  tendons  and  ligaments,  all 
in  the  same  manner  at  first.  Of  these  latter-mentioned  we  come  next  to  con- 
wder  the  distinguishing  symptoms  and  most  appropriate  methods  of  cure ;  and 
1  will  here  candidly  allow,  at  setting  out,  that  our  neighbours  took  a  correct 
viovv  of  the  general  cause  of  all  lameness  :  those  strains  which  occasion  in- 
flammation of  the  ligaments,  tendons,  and  muscles,  always  communicate  fever 
to  the  foot,  whence  arise  thrush,  canker,  sand  crack,  &c.  &c.  We  very  im- 
[jroperly,  as  far  as  precision  is  concerned,  terni  all  lameness  of  th  j  tondona 


SPECIES  OF  LAMENESS.  177 

&c.  a  strain,  though  it  may  arise  from  any  other  cause,  as  frequently  happens. 
viz.  a  blow  given  by  the  toe  of  the  hind  foot,  in  hunting  over  heavy  lands, 
when  the  fore  foot  is  detained  too  long  in  the  ground,  coming  in  contact  with 
rolling  stones  in  leaping,  the  kick  of  another  horse,  &c. 

STRAIN  OF  THE  BACK  SINEW  AND  LIGAMENTS. 

Cause. — Back  sinew  i:?  the  vulgar  name  for  the  tendon,  which  the  reader 
will  find  depicted  in  a  section  of  the  foot  at  page  166,  and  marked  (k).  It  as- 
cends behind  the  small  pastern  (t)  and  large  pastern,  up  to  the  knee-bend  of 
(he  fore  leg,  or  the  hock  joint  of  the  hind  one,  respectively.  In  plate  2,  fig.  2. 
at  (a),  this  sinew  is  again  shown,  where  it  emerges  out  of  the  heel,  and  enters 
its-  sheath  (6),  to  which  it  is  attached  in  a  certain  degree,  by  means  of  very 
fine  nieinhrano,  adhering  from  side  to  side,  and  capable  of  distention  or  re- 
laxation. The  sheath  itself  is  attached  to  the  two  pasterns,  of  which  it  thus 
becomes  the  tendon  or  support;  whence  the  back  sinew  and  its  sheath,  or 
flexor,  together  obtain  the  plural — tendons.  Within  the  sheath  is  secreted  a 
fluid,  intended  for  lubricating  and  defending  the  parts  during  the  very  great 
action  to  which  they  are  liable  in  every  eflfort  of  progression.  As  happens  in 
all  other  secretions,  this  one  sometimes  fails  to  produce  enough  for  the  intend- 
ed purpose,  when  the  sinew  and  its  sheath  adhere  together,  or  at  least  do  not 
act  with  freedom;  the  consequence  whereof  is  lameness  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  which  may  be  temporary  only,  or  become  permanent,  according  to  ca*- 
cumstances.  If  the  dryness  and  adhesion  be  trivial,  as  happens  after  hard 
work  and  a  night's  rest,  the  horse  upon  getting  warm,  loses  the  lameness  this 
deficiency  has  occasioned,  for  the  secretion  has  been  thereby  renewed,  and 
the  lubrication  is  now  supplied  in  sufficient  quantity ;  but  the  horse  falls  lame 
again  next  day,  probably,  and  if  he  can  not  be  allowed  rest,  'tis  7  to  1  that  he 
becomes  permanently  lame.  In  this  respect  the  French  beat  us  hollow  (as 
just  before  remarked),  though  they  do  not  profess  humanity  so  sensitively  as 
the  English  ;  and  even  the  Arabs,  though  robbers  by  profession,  by  habit,  and 
inclination,  are  too  sensible  of  what  is  due  to  a  faithful  animal  in  distress,  tc 
travel  on  lame  horses.     The  same  fact  was  before  adverted  to  at  page  170. 

Symptoms. — That  sort  of  strain  which  consists  of  relaxation  of  the  back 
sinews  shows  itself  by  the  horse  going  low  upon  his  pasterns,  in  consequence 
of  his  "  carrying  high,"  or  being  trotted  constantly  in  harness.  Occasional 
lameness  sometimes  ensues  in  that  fore  foot  which  beats,  or  has  the  lead  at 
setting  out — generally  the  off  one;  inflammation  of  the  whole  foot  may  be 
felt  by  comparison  with  the  heat  of  its  fellow,  which  is  aptly  enough  termed 
"  fever  of  the  foot"  by  the  old  farriers.  This  is  a  very  puzzling  kind  of  lame- 
ness, no  other  symptom  than  those  presenting  itself  for  us  to  ascertain  the  ex- 
act cause  ;  and  of  course  the  less  observant  persons  are  very  likely  to  apply  the 
wrong  medicine,  and  render  the  horse  a  disservice  instead  of  doing  him  good. 
The  lameness  sometimes  goes  off  without  any  treatment  whatever  but  rest; 
it  is,  however,  more  frequently  accompanied,  or  followed,  by  some  disease  ot 
the  sole,  in  consequence  of  the  secretion  of  horn  in  the  foot  being  obstructed. 
Sand-crack,  thrush,  corns,  are  among  these  evils,  arising  from  supernatural 
heat. 

Whenever  it  so  happens,  that  the  secretion  does  not  restore  to  the  enthe 
tendons  their  original  motion,  it  follows  that  some  part  adheres  to  another  • 
inflammation  is  the  consequence,  and  the  horse  becomes  worse  and  worse 
every  day  he  is  put  to  work,  the  lameness  never  leaving  him  altogether. 
When  the  adhesion  begins  extensively,  the  inflammation  and  sweiUng  are 
equally  so;  the  pain  is  then  very  great,  and  the  lameness  complete  and  per- 
manent. This  denotes  the  disorder  called  "  strain  of  the  back  sinews."  lu 
17* 


IT^  APPLICATIONS  IN  EXTENDED  STRAINS. 

very  bad  cases,  or  where  a  slight  attack  has  continued  some  time,  the  ligament 
that  passes  between  the  back  sinew  and  the  pastern  bones  becomes  greatly 
diseased,  and  conducts  the  inflammation  to  the  foot,  affecting  alike  the  sole^ 
the  cofl[in-bone,  and  the  hoof,  with  heat. 

"Fever  in  the  foot"  is  that  low  state  of  the  symptoms  which  arises  from  a 
slight  attack  which  has  been  neglected;  the  more  virulent  attack  must  come 
under  separate  notice. 

Cure. — Rest  is  indispensable;  foment  the  entire  foot  with  warm  bran- 
water,  or  make  the  whole  into  a  poultice  sufficient  to  envelope  the  foot  all 
over,  as  high  as  the  inflammation  may  extend,  which  is  sometimes  as  far  up 
as  the  fetlock.  When  the  heat  is  greatest  at  the  sole,  and  the  fever  extends 
no  higher  than  the  coronet,  a  stuffing  of  cow-dung  will  reduce  the  heat  con- 
siderably; it  may  be  secured  by  thin  splinters  of  wood,  and  changed  twice  the 
first  day  or  two— once  a  day  afterwards.  Introduce  a  strong  solution  of 
nitre,  and  let  it  be  strong,  as  you  can  not  employ  much  of  it.  Both  legs  should 
be  stuffed  at  the  sole,  though  the  sound  one  (if  one  only  be  affected)  does  not 
require  changing.  Let  the  animal  have  a  loose  stall  during  any  stage  of 
strain,  or  disorder  of  the  limbs.  Look  after  his  evacuations,  and  cause  them 
to  be  regular :  a  simple  fever  (or  inflammation)  of  the  foot  depending  very 
often  upon  nothing  more  than  one  or  the  other  of  these  being  stopped, 
which  affects  the  whole  animal  system  sometimes,  to  say  nothing  of  a  single 
limb. 

Violent  strains*  and  swelling  above  the  fetlock  joint,  when  the  lameness  is 
very  great,  require  strong  physic ;  and  the  inflammatory  symptoms,  when 
running  very  high,  with  a  quick  and  irregular  pulse,  should  be  lowered  by 
bleeding.  Apply  fomentations  of  bran,  or  a  poultice  of  the  same,  or  of  oat- 
meal in  which  saturnine  lotion  has  been  introduced,  as  much  as  it  will  bear. 
When  the  great  heat  of  the  part  has  caused  dryness  of  the  poultice,  saturate 
it  externally  with  the  saturnine  lotion,  either  by  soaking  cloths  in  it,  and 
spreading  these  all  over  the  part  affected,  or  in  a  poultice  as  above. 

Afler  this  treatment  has  reduced  the  inflammatory  symptoms,  but  not  the 
swelling  and  lameness,  apply  opodeldoc,  which  may  be  made  as  under,  viz. 
No.  1.  Embrocations.  If  this  does  not  fully  succeed  in  the  course  of  three 
or  four  days,  recourse  must  be  had  to  No.  2 :  and  if  this  does  not  prove  suffi- 
ciently stimulating,  apply  the  mild  blister  No.  3. 

Embrocations  for  Strains. — No.  L 

Spirits  of  wine,  6  ounces, 
Camphor,  half  an  ounce. 
Soap,  2  ounces. 

Dissolve  the  camphor  in  half  the  spirits;  mix  the  remainder  with  the  soap^ 
and  then  put  both  together.  Rub  the  parts  assiduously  twice  or  three  times 
during  the  day. 

No.  2. 

Crude  sal  ammoniac,  2  ounces, 
Vinegar,  1  quart. 

•  The  won!  strain,  as  here  employed,  is  evidently  used  in  the  wrong  sense :  ft  shookl  b» 
fprain,  i.  e.  bent  or  twisted  out  of  its  proper  position.  To  strain  or  stretch  any  thing  long  to  a 
fnater  length,  as  when  the  back  sinew  is  strained  or  elongated  so  as  to  permit  the  pasteroa  to 
•to|ie  w  bend  down,  as  in  mild  cases  of  "breaking  down,"  would  be mor«  accurate. 


DANGER  OF  RELAPSE,    FIRING.    IRON  DEFENCR  179 

Mix  in  a  bottle,  and  rub  the  parts  twice  daily.  Let  a  long  bandage,  dipped  \v 
the  embrocation  just  prescribed,  be  passed  tightly  round  tne  parts,  beginning 
at  the  bottom  and  making  it  fast  above  the  knee,  or  the  hock,  as  the  case  may 
be.     Moisten  the  bandage  after  it  is  on. 

No.  3. 

Cantharides,  in  powder,  1  drachm. 
Spirits  of  wine,  2  ounces. 

Mix,  and  rub  it  on  the  part.  Although  this  acts  as  a  very  mild  blister,  the 
horse's  head  must  be  tied  up  for  a  few  hours  while  it  is  operating. 

A  course  of  treatment  that  has  been  followed  in  this  manner  steadily,  and 
with  due  caution,  seldom  fails  to  restore  the  animal  to  a  comparative  sound- 
ness, if  not  completelv  so  :  though  the  swelling  may  remain  after  the  lameness 
has  ceased,  it  generally  subsides  when  the  convalescent  animal  can  be  per- 
mitted to  walk  out  for  a  little  exercise,  which  should  take  place  gradually,  and 
the  use  of  a  loose  stall  allowed,  than  which  there  is  not  in  the  whole  catalogue 
of  remedies  a  more  certain  adjunct  to  be  found.  Going  out  too  early  after  ap- 
parent recovery  is  very  likely  to  bring  on  a  relapse,  and  a  relapse,  as  every  one 
knows,  is  always  more  diffjcult  to  remove  than  the  original  disorder.  Time 
IS  required  for  "the  injured  parts  to  recover  their  former  posture  and  strength, 
if  that  event  ever  arrive.  Firing  may  be  employed  after  a  while,  but  is  very 
often  resorted  to  prematurely,  before  the  tendons  and  ligaments  have  recovered 
jx>sition,  or  absorf>tion  has  reduced  the  muscular  parts  to  their  former  size,  and 
restored  their  action.  When  three,  or  four,  or  five  months  of  moderate  laoour 
give  reason  for  believing  that  these  events  have  taken  place,  firing  is  likely  to 
prove  highly  serviceable  by  hracing  the  whole  together  in  a  tight  skin,  much 
resembling,  and  greatly  excelling  the  long  bandage  prescribed  with  embroca- 
tion No,  2,  in  p,  178,  The  reader  of  discernment  will  please  to  note,  that  if 
the  said  artificial  bracing  be  found  to  lessen  the  lameness  in  that  early  stage 
of  the  disorder,  no  less  will  the  bracing  of  the  natural  skin  by  firing  be  found 
beneficial  when  healthy  action  is  restored,  but  not  perhaps  ^he  former  strength. 


CHAPTER  III. 


SHOEING. 


Terms  and  phrases,  in  all  matters  connected  with  the  arts  of  life  should 
convey  a  good  and  most  distinct  notion  of  the  thing  spoken  of.  This  does  not 
always  happen  in  our  day,  formerly  never,  and  proved  a  vast  stumbling-block 
to  the  advance  of  science;  but  whoever  termed  the  horse-shoe  an  "iron-de- 
fence, was  a  happy  fellow,  and  deserves  well  at  our  hands,  inasmuch  as  hia 
appellation  is  goodly  descriptive  of  the  thimr  intended,  and  tells  plainly  what 
a  snoe  ought  to  be  in  reality.  If  not  made  of  sufficient  quantity,  and  of  o 
proper  material,  it  proves  inadequate  to  defend  the  hoof  from  injury;  if  made 
too  hea^y,  or  ill-shaped,  the  shoe  becomes  the  cause  of  grievous  offence,  of 
pain,  heat  and  contraction  of  the  horn,  with  its  train  of  evils.  Any  workman 
may  learn  by  practice,  and  therefore  every  one  ought  to  know,  at  least,  when 
too  much  or  too  little  is  applied.  Some  feet  have  the  wall  very  thick,  and  the 
shoe   will  require  a  good  bearing ;  if  very  thin,  it  can  not  carry  a  heavy 


idO  EDUCATION  OF  THE  SMITH.    FOREIGN  SMITHS. 

slioe^  though  it  stand  most  in  need  of  defence.  Again,  the  horn  of  some 
horses'  feet  is  so  well-tempered  and  stout,  that  they  might  be  permitted  to  go 
without  shoes  without  danger,  if  not  worked  upon  stony  roads.  Time,  how- 
ever, and  hard  work,  occasion  brittle  hoof,  and  distortions,  with  numerous 
disorders  that  attach  to  the  foot  generally,  or  belong  to  the  sole  only. 

When  these  ailments  begin  to  show  their  eflects,  the  shoeing-smith  must 
adapt  his  work  according  to  the  new  pattern  thus  cut  out  for  him,  and  here 
begins  his  ingenuity ;  in  some  cases  he  will  even  have  to  adopt  a  different 
shaped  defence  for  the  same  set  of  feet;  but  in  all  cases,  and  under  every  cir- 
cumstance, he  nm.st  fasten  them  on  lirmly  to  the  horny  wall  of  the  foot  by 
nailing  and  clencliing.  By  paring  the  sole  inordinately,  the  bones  within  are 
pressed  out  of  position,  and  the  wall  having  now  no  resistance  in  the  horny 
sole  to  keep  it  expanded,  it  contracts  and  becomes  shapeless  and  diseased. 
Partial  parings  overmuch  produce  partial  accidents  from  without,  and  engen- 
der diseases  within,  which  have  received  a  great  number  of  names  according 
to  the  situation,  but  all  having  their  origin  in  this  or  some  such  injury,  and  all 
producing  contracted  hoof  and  sole.  The  importance  of  avoiding  this  baleful 
practice  may  be  deduced  from  the  great  anxiety  of  our  ancestors  to  particu- 
larize, by  so  many  different  names,  this  single  disease  of  the  sole  arising  from 
contracted  hoof  For  whenever  constitutional  diseases  fall  into  the  foot,  they 
never  aliect  the  sole,  or  any  part  of  the  bottom,  unless  attracted  thither  by 
accidents  or  contraction  of  the  hoof,  by  reason  of  this  paring  and  rasping  away 
of  the  natural  defence. 

Under  each  of  these  heads  of  information,  I  shall  presently  place  before  the 
operative  reader  a  few  plain  and  intelligent  precepts,  accompanied  by  some 
admonitions;  for  most  assuredly,  that  teacher  who  contents  himself  with  tell- 
ing the  learner  what  is  necessary  to  be  done  has  but  half  performed  his  duty, 
if  he  leave  uncorrected  certain  long  standing  errors,  which  he  knows  to  exist, 
and  to  have  received  the  sanction  of  ages  that  were  confessedly  working  in  the 
dark,  as  regards  horse-shoeing  above  all  other  operations.  But  the  method  of 
performing  this  operation  is  avowedly  not  to  be  taught  in  its  rudiments,  upon 
paper.  Practice  is  indispensable,  manual  labour  requisite ;  and  much  of  it, 
conducted  by  an  intelligent  mind  well  versed  in  books,  is  necessary  towards 
forming  the  proficient  shoeing  smith.  Hitherto,  however,  from  the  nature  of 
the  black-smith's  trade,  its  laboriousness,  and  the  deficiency  of  general  educa- 
tion down  to  a  late  period,  most  of  the  operatives  in  this  branch  of  mechanical 
labour  were  precluded  from  acquiring  the  additional  information  that  books 
contain,  after  they  had  once  adopted  their  future  calling.  Error  and  prejudice 
laid  fast  hold  of  our  ancestors,  for  ages;  !»ut  the  prevailing  national  desire  of 
acquiring  the  minor  school  endowments  promises  a  different  result  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  and  on  this  occasion,  when  Science  has  been  disrobed  of  her  cloak 
and  the  niceties  of  Art  are  sought  in  language  that  all  can  comprehend. 

The  shoes  affixed  to  the  feet  of  their  horses  by  the  continental  farriers  diflfer 
materially  from  our  own  and  from  each  other ;  which  proves  that  no  fixed 
principle  is  acknowledged  by  either  of  them;  though  the  English  and  the 
French  assimilate  together  the  nearest  of  any,  and  are  those,  1  apprehend, 
that  approach  nearest  to  perfection  ;  notwithstanding  the  controversies  and 
bold  assumptions  of  superior  wisdom,  and  the  "patents"  that  enabled  a  few 
persons  here  to  give  themselves  airs,  and  to  set  up  pretensions  they  have  mi- 
serably failed  to  substantiate.  The  jointed  shoe,  for  instance,  of  Goldfinch, 
and  of  B.  Clark,  which  is  the  best  modification  of  the  old  semi-oval  defence 
for  healthy  feet,  was  preceded  a  whole  century  by  the  French  author  of  "Lg 
Chi,i'al "  a  folio  French  work,  noticed  by  Mr.  Bee  in  the  Annals  of  Sporting, 
fox  1823. 


FULLERING-A  NEW  METHOD.  18| 

Practical  Precepts. 

rhe  Shoe.  In  quantity  or  size,  the  common  defence  of  the  full-grown 
norse's  foot  is  made  nearly  half  an  inch  thick  at  the  toe,  but  near  the  heel  cne 
fourth  lebs;  here,  also,  it  must  be  made  narrower  by  the  half  than  at  the  toe, 
where  it  is  an  inch  wide,  and  so  continues  round  to  the  quarters,  lessening 
away  towards  the  heel,  where  it  is  but  half  an  inch  wide.  Very  near  the 
outer  edge  a  groove  is  made,  not  too  deep,  but  sloping  from  the  side  next  the 
rim,  in  order  to  throw  the  heads  of  the  nails  slanting,  when  the  final  hammer- 
ing down  takes  place.  A  practice  prevails  of  making  this  groove,  called  ful 
lering,  much  too  close  to  the  edge ;  and  to  so  great  an  extent  does  this  mista  • 
ken  notion  prevail,  that  he  who  could  so  make  it  nearest  to  the  edge  without 
cracking  the  rim  was  long  considered  the  best  workman.  This,  however,  is 
not  the  most  approved  method  of  our  times;  for  the  nail-holes  that  are  to  be 
})unctured  in  this  groove  are  thus  brought  too  near  the  edge  of  the  horn,  so 
that  the  nails  do  not  hold  fast,  unless  driven  and  clenched  high  up  on  the 
hoof,  which  also  is  an  exploded  part  of  practice.  Neither  should  the  fullering 
l)e  continued  round  the  toe,  nor  to  the  quarters,  lest  you  weaken  the  defence 
where  its  protection  is  most  required. 

Iron  is  the  only  material  proper,  and  the  toughest  is  the  best  defence,  as  it 
affords  a  small  degree  of  elasticity  in  action,  is  least  likely  to  crack,  and  is  ca- 
pable of  being  hardened  at  the  wearing  points  at  will.  The  toe  alone  is  usu- 
ally hardened  at  the  time  of  making,  unless  in  winter,  when  it  may  be  found 
necessary  to  turn  down  the  heels,  termed  frosting,  when  these  may  also  be 
hardened,  or  steeled. 

Some  persons  frost  all  their  shoes  in  winter,  by  fullering  them  all  over  the 
ground  surface ;  but  this  rough  soon  wears  away,  or  is  of  little  service  from 
the  first.  On  turning  the  heel  down,  a  cripphng  gait  is  produced  if  the  rough 
be  long,  especially  with  heavy  horses,  having  low  hoofs,  which  may  be  coun- 
teracted, so  long  as  the  roughing  lasts,  by  turning  down  the  toe  also,  and  steel- 
ing both.  But  then  the  necessity  of  frequently  removing  the  shoe,  and  thus 
impairing  the  wall  or  crust,  may  be  remedied  by  making  screw-holes  in  the 
ground  surface  of  the  heels,  and  providing  a  suitable  supply  of  screws  with 
steel  heads,  that  may  be  applied  and  screwed  on  fresh  every  day  if  need  be. 
Sizes  of  course  would  vary  according  to  that  of  the  horse  and  shoe. 

Shape.  For  sound  feet,  both  surfaces  of  the  English  shoe  are  made  per- 
fectly flat,  the  inner  rim  being  thinner  than  the  outer.  The  shoe  extends  all 
round  the  edge  of  the  wall  or  crust,  which  it  is  desirable  to  defend,  and  termi- 
nates where  the  bar  and  crust  join  at  the  heel,  A  curve  upwards,  at  the  toe, 
to  prevent  tripping,  though  sanctioned  by  authority,  and  carried  to  an  extreme 
by  Goodwin,  and  others,  is  seldom  desirable,  even  with  heavy  horses,  or  those 
which  go  close  to  the  ground,  and  is  well  met  by  a  modification  of  the  Ger- 
man and  French  method,  of  forming  the  shoe  wider  than  ours,  and  conse- 
quently less  pointed  at  the  toe.  The  toe  being  then  rasped  close  to  the  shoe, 
no  tripping  takes  place  on  that  account. 

The  French  form,  or  shape,  differs  from  our  English  shoe,  in  being  made 
mder  and  approaching  nearer  to  a  semicircle,  and  instead  of  being  flat  next 
to  the  hoof,  is  hammered  hollow,  which  renders  the  ground  surface  convex; 
1  mode  of  proceeding  that  suits  admirably  with  their  coarse  footed  horses,  and 
comparatively  harmless  roads  fmeaning  neir  petit  chemin,  and  the  sides  of 
their  grand  chemins],  but  is  inadmissible  in  England,  excepting  perhaps  with 
our  agriculturist  owners  of  the  like  ordinary  cattle.  They  also  make  theii 
shoes  as  thick  at  the  heel  as  at  the  toe,  which  is  a  transgression  against  the 
general  precept,  at  page  180,  that  1  can  not  reconcile  with  propriety  :  what  ia 
more  again<;t  the  French,  they  take  little  heed  of  hardening  either  toe  orheel 


fj?2  -  IMPROVED  SHOE  AND  FULLER. 

A.n  aJjustin-f  curve  iipwards,  which  they  give  to  the  toe,  could  add  nothing 
lo  tke  security  of  a  horse's  going  along  safe  on  our  roads,  whatever  it  might 
do  on  theirs;  but  thair  system  of  punching  and  nailing  is  altogether  so  excel- 
lent as  to  deserve  imitation  more  extensively  than  it  has  hitherto  been  honour- 
ed with,  and  is  described  with  due  discrimination  lower  down.  The  horn  at 
the  toe  would  of  course  be  made  of  a  fit  shape  to  receive  such  a  form  of  shoe 
as  the  French ;  and  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  it  affects  the  toe  of  the  cof- 
fin-bone in  process  of  time,  which  also  becomes  curved  upwards,  precisely 
after  the  form  thus  factitiously  given  to  the  horn,  and  doubtless  gave  rise  to 
the  discrepant  representations  adverted  to  at  page  16G. 

On  finishing  off  fine  work,  let  the  inside  of  the  edge  or  rim  of  the  hinder 
shoes  be  well  bevelled  off  towards  the  ground,  and  rounded,  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  coming  in  contact  with  the  fore  foot:  with  horses  that  are  apt  t(j 
forge,  the  necessity  of  keeping  the  fore-shoe  heel  short,  so  that  it  may  not 
project  beyond  the  natural  heel,  should  never  be  lost  sight  of.  So,  of  the  in- 
side of  the  fore  shoes  to  prevent  cutting  :  let  these  also  be  filed  off,  sloping,  to- 
wards the  ground,  though  not  so  far  as  the  heels. 

An  improved  form  of  shoe,  preferable  to  both  the  foregoing,  has  been  re- 
cently introduced,  whicli  is  an  assimilation  of  the  French  and  English  shoes. 
Instead  of  adhering  to  the  old  practice  of  fullering  the  ground  surface  of  the 
common  English  shoe,  to  admit  of  punching  the  nail  holes  therein,  it  is  the 
improved  practice  to  hollow  that  surface,  and  leave  a  shoulder  towards  the 
outer  rim  as  a  protection  to  the  nail  heads.  This  is  performed  by  a  tool  re- 
sembling the  head  of  a  hammer,  one  face  whereof  is  well  represented  by  the 
aimexecl  figure ;  the  lower  part  at  (a)  being  placed  on  the  work,  as  is  b 
usual  in  fullering,  but  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  from  the  edge;  the  /"■ 
hammer  is  ap|)lied  at  (6),  which  leaves  at  (a)  the  desired  shoulder,  and  \J 
along  that  surface  so  far  as  nailing  is  necessary,  a  hollowness  equal  to  a. 
the  inner  slope  of  the  tool.  This  hollow  is  not  in  fact  any  more  than  a  wider 
fuller,  extending  the  width  of  the  shoe,  excepting  the  width  of  the  rim  left  at 
the  outer  edge ;  though  some  do  further  prolong  the  hollowing  all  round  the 
toe,  and  to  within  half  an  inch  of  the  heel,  whereby  they  leave  a  slight  caulk- 
ing that  never  incommodes  the  animal,  but  which  may  be  increased  in  quan- 
tity and  hardness  towards  winter.  The  operation  of  hollowing  the  ground 
surface  just  described,  produces  a  slight  convexity  upon  the  foot  surface  three- 
fourths  of  the  shoe's  width,  leaving  the  outer  fourth  still  flat  to  receive  the 
bearing  of  the  horn.  Hereby  the  distance  between  the  sole  and  the  inner 
rim  is  increased,  and  is  moreover  less  likely  to  retain  stones,  gravel,  or  tilth, 
than  is  the  usual  flat  surfaced  shoe,  and  possesses  all  the  advantages  of  the 
seated  shoe  of  old  Osmer,  that  has  been  claimed  by  some  of  our  moderns. 
Moorcroft  took  great  pains  to  recommend  the  seated  shoe,  but  finding  some 
difficulty  in  getting  them  manufactured,  he  set  up  a  machine  for  puncturing 
out  the  hollows,  that  quite  failed  of  success,  because  the  power  employed  was 
only  equal  to  cutting  soft  iron,  and  this  was  found  inadequate  to  the  required 
wear,  we  are  told.  Why  he  did  not  subsequently  harden,  or  "  steel"  the  toe 
and  heels,  seem  surprising. 

Healthy  feet  are  those  alone  which  I  have  kept  in  view  hitherto ;  the  bar- 
shoe,  concave  and  seated  shoes  being  contrivances  for  ill-formed  and  diseased 
feet,  req'ire  separate  notice. 

Objec.lons  have  certainly  been  raised  against  this  mode  of  forming  shoes, 
that  seem  plausible  enough  at  first  glance:  not  so  fast,  however;  for  upon  cool 
examination  they  vanish.  The  objectors  aver,  that  because  we  can  not  im- 
part the  desired  freedom  of  expansion  to  the  whole  of  the  foot,  forsooth,  we 
are  not  to  allow  it  at  any  part :  if  we  can  not  get  all  we  want,  we  are  to  reject 
whut  is  within  our  reach.     One   >f  these,  who  is  likewise  the  last,  tells  us, 


GOLDnNCIl'S  JOINTED  SHOE.  183 

•  In  orJer  to  admit  of  expansion  aiul  relaxation  of  the  hoof  by  a  joint,  it,  \v..ult] 
l>e  necessary  to  make  the  nail  holes  wide  enough  to  allow  suthrient  play  be- 
tween the  shoe  and  the  nails  [!],  thus  producing  an  effect  similar  to  the  end 
play  of  carriage  springs.  But  even  supposing  (says  he)  this  provision  were 
made,  the  shoe  would  soon  tear  out  the  nails." 

The  jointed  shoe. — A  form  of  shoe  was  propounded  for  cutting  the  shoe 
into  three  or  more  several  parts ;  then  lining  the  foot  surface  with  leather,  and 
fastening  on  the  shoe  in  the  usual  manner,  witU  nails  that  were  inserted  into 
each  part.  But  this  contrivance  though  plausible,  did  not  answer,  inasiruch 
as  the  leather  had  not  sufficient  strength  to  stand  the  wear  and  tear. 

Mr,  Bracy  Clark  may  have  been  the  real  inventor  of  the  jointed  shoe  that 
bears  his  name,  for  aught  1  know,  but  he  labours  under  the  disadvantage  of 
being  preceded  by  about  a  century,  by  a  French  author;  so  that  his  battered 
saying  that  his  great  discovery  !  forms  "a  basis  for  the  repose  of  the  profes- 
sion," however  elegant  in  expression,  becomes  nonsense  to  our  ears,  who  con- 
cede nothing  to  simple  gentility,  and  less  than  that  to  self-complacent  egotism. 
"Clark's  shoe,"  in  its  various  modifications,  differs  nothing  from  the  generali- 
ty of  shoes,  except  in  being  divided  at  the  toe,  and  fastened  again  by  means 
of  a  pin,  screw,  or  rivet.  The  toe  would  require  to  be  made  thicker  than 
usual,  let  me  suggest,  to  prevent  the  rivet's  parting,  and  to  secure  each  head 
of  it  in  a  counter  sink;  one  half  the  thickness  of  the  toe  is  to  be  cut  away  on 
one  side  at  the  ground  surfece,  and  from  the  foot  surface  of  the  other  half,  re- 
sembling what  is  termed  in  carpentry,  a  mitre;  and  these  being  l>rought close 
together,  a  hole  should  be  drilled  or  pnncheil  through  both,  and  let  the  rivet 
employed  be  the  size  of  the  hole.  Whatever  degree  of  rigidity  the  workman 
mightrestore  to  the  entire  shoe,  it  is  ])lain  that  the  great  weight  of  the  horse 
would  very  soon  strain  the  rivet,  so  as  to  cause  it  to  relax  therefrom,  and  al- 
low the  heels  to  expand  by  so  much.  That  this  -f^'^-  3. 
might  extend  over  a  larger  jiart  of  the  front  of  the 
hoof,  Mr.  Clark  preferred  nailiiit^  the  shoe  pretty  far 
back  towards  the  quarters,  which  I  reckon  among 
the  mistaken  notions  of  the  whole  class  of  improvers. 
But,  mark  the  dissonance  of  our  teachers!  the  next 
inventor  or  improver  ran  into  the  other  extreme,  er- 
roneously punching  and  nailing  up  intolerably  near 
to  his  rivtes  or  pins,  for  he  has  two  of  them,  as  per 
marginal  cut. 

This  representation  of  the  shoe  invented  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Goldfinch 
exhibits  a  modification  of  "  Clark's  patent."  Like  it,  the  necessity  of  making 
the  shoe  thicker  at  the  toe  than  usual  with  the  ordinary  shoes  is  evident.  The 
patent  was  enrolled  in  October  1821,  granting  to  Lieutenant  Colonel  Henry 
Goldfinch,  of  Hythe  in  Kent,  an  exclusive  right  for  fourteen  years;  and  his 
s[)ccification  of  its  advantages  and  novelty,  and  the  manner  of  making  it,  ap- 
pears to  be  as  follows  :  "  The  separation  is  to  be  made  in  any  indented  form, 
and  the  two  parts  fastened  together  with  pins.  It  is  further  proposed  to  at- 
tach the  shoe  to  the  horse's  hoof  by  driving  the  nails  obliquely,  as  in  the  French 
manner  of  shoeing.  With  this  view,  the  nail-holes  are  to  be  punched  about 
one-thir<l  to  half  the  width  of  the  shoe  distant  from  the  outer  edge,  and  tend- 
ing in  a  slanting  direction  outwards."  In  this  latter  recommendation  I  cor- 
dially join  the  colonel :  he  was  the  first  writer  who  noticed  it,  and  is  the  mode 
of  punching  and  nailing  before  alluded  to,  and  hereafter  described  as  the  only 
wise  course.  Since  1821  it  was  adopted  by  the  more  intelligent  smiths  of  the 
metropolis,  and  is  hereafter  minutely  described.  One  main  blunder  whicn 
the  colonel  commits  is  evidently  intended  to  correct  the  visible  insecurity  oi  tu# 


194  SPECIFICATION  OF  COLEMAN'S  SHOR 

•hoe  at  the  joint :  his  holes  are  punched  so  near  his  patent  joint  as  to  restore 
tlie  rigid  immobility  the  patent  pretends  to  amend. 

Coleman's  patent  shoe  for  giving  pressure  to  the  frog  continues  in  use 
(though  ill  a  very  limited  degree),  notwithstanding  the  demonstrability  of  its 
inapplication  to  frogs  already  diseased.  But,  in  the  hands  of  the  professct 
himself,  and  any  practitioner  tolerably  habile  in  his  profession,  I  was  free  to 
allow,  from  the  very  first,  it  might  be  rendered  available — ^but  not  in  ordinary 
hands  ;*  with  these  it  has  failed  of  success — in  some  cases  from  the  want  of 
an  assortment  adapted  to  the  various  kinds  of  feet ;  a  defect  that  may  be 
now  remedied  in  some  measure. 

Under  these  new  circumstances,  and  seeing  that  Mr.  Coleman's  opinions 
as  to  pressure,  and  the  diseases  consequent  upon  the  absence  of  it,  are  em- 
bodied in  his  specification,  drawn  up  to  obtain  this  patent  (for  the  professor 
has  several),  he  may  be  allowed  to  speak  for  himself  on  this  ever  interesting 
sul)ject.  He  says,  "  the  improvement  proposed  in  this  patent  is  to  prevent 
contraction,  and  to  relieve  contracted  feet,  contracted  frogs,  flat  soles,  corns, 
sand-cracks,  thrushes,  canker,  and  quittors,  and  also  to  prevent  cutting." 

The  patentee  observes,  that  the  *'  fore  feet  of  horses  in  their  natural  state 
are  nearly  circular,  but  from  the  ordinary  shoe  worn  in  this  country,  which 
keeps  the  frogs  from  off"  the  ground,  the  hoofs  of  horses  with  light  fore-quar- 
ters are  generally  found  to  be  more  or  less  contracted,  and  this  in  proportion 
as  the  frogs  are  more  elevated,  and  support  little  weight ;"  whence  the  cause 
of  those  diseases.  To  remedy  this  defect,  and  to  afford  the  necessary  expan- 
sion to  the  hoof  the  patentee  proposed  the  annexed  forms,  observing  that  no 
specific  form  of  shoe  can  be  suited  to  all  horses  under  all  circumstances,  and 
to  every  sort  of  road ;  it  being  necessary  to  alter  the  shoes  of  the  same  horse 
at  different  periods. 

The  construction  of  the  professor's  shoe  will  be  seen  in  figures  4,  5,  6. 

Fig.  4.  rig.  5.  Fig.  6. 


"  The  bar  of  iron  down  the  middle  of  the  shoe,  called  the  frog-bar,  is  made 
broader  than  the  frog,  and  welded  to  the  shoe.  This  bar,  when  the  cleft  of 
.!.«  frog  is  diseased,  is  slit  open  in  the  middle."  But  all  that  I  have  seen  in 
o<=«  are  without  the  slit  represented  in  the  margin ;  and  the  welding  on  of  the 
bar  is  greatly  objectionable,  inasmuch  as  the  chief  strain  is  at  the  junction  of 
the  bar  with  the  shoe  or  tip,  and  I  have  often  seen  the  bar  break  off  here,  or 
else  draw  the  nails,  and  throw  the  patent  shoe  altogether. 

Of  preparing  the  hoof. — The  general  principb  of  all  shoeing  is  to  support 
the  foot  off  the  ground  by  means  of  the  wall  or  crust,  so  that  the  frog  shall  not 
eome  in  contact  with  the  hard  plain  road,  whilst  it  may  be  allowed  to  receive 
|»ressure  from  soft  ground :  the  first  prevents  injuries  and  resists  wear  and  tear, 

•The  »Qlnieci  received  lengthened  notice,  in  tlie  Annals  of  Sporting,  for  April,  A822,  y  246. 


THE  HOOF,  HOW  PREPARED.  IgQ 

ne  latter  promotes  the  secretion  of  healthy  horn ;  the  proper  degree  of  pre»- 
ure  being  received  by  the  heel,  frog,  and  bars.  Whatever  is  here  said,  the 
*tre  foot  is  still  kept  in  view,  unless  the  hinder  foot  is  particularly  mentioned , 
and  occasion  will  present  itself  for  the  distinction,  as  there  is  great  differcnc* 
oetween  the  two,  as  regards  heavy  draught  cattle.  Greater  heat,  fever,  and 
aifections  of  the  lungs  also  cause  the  fore  feet  to  contract  disorders  unknown 
at  the  hind  feet ;  whilst  a  tardy  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  the  conseque' .( 
relaxation  of  the  animal  system,  to  say  nothing  of  the  evils  incurred  by  heavy 
drags  against  the  collar,  produce  affections  peculiar  to  the  hind  feet.  Some 
thin^'  more  is  said  of  this  kind  of  variation  at  page  12,  Book  I. 

When  very  much  flaky  or  rotten  horn  presents  itself,  the  sole  should  then 
be  pared  the  least,  for  this  is  a  proof  that  great  heat,  or  inflammation,  affects 
the  whole  sensible  foot,  and  that  the  hoof  is  then  too  brittle.  When  the  flaki- 
ness  is  trivial,  run  over  the  whole  surface  with  thebutteris,  or  knife,  but  go  no 
deeper  than  the  removal  of  the  loose  flakes.  La  Fosse  and  Moorcroft  were 
both  in  the  right  when  they  told  us  that  paring  the  sole  inconsiderately  is  "the 
chief  cause  of  contraction,"  for  the  sole  is  thus  rendered  less  capable  of  resist- 
ing the  pressure  of  the  wall  on  all  sides,  and  of  the  coffin-bone  within,  inso 
much,  that  were  the  paring  carried  to  an  extreme,  this  bone  would  protrude 
at  the  sole  and  come  upon  the  ground  for  want  of  sufficient  resistance. 
Whenever  a  smith  applies  his  thumb  to  the  sole,  and  then  cuts  again  until  he 
causes  it  to  bend  under  the  pressure,  let  him  be  admonished  that  he  contri- 
butes his  aid  towards  contraction  of  the  foot,  and  some  one  or  other  disease  of 
the  sole.  He  has  but  to  cut  away  a  little  more  to  arrive  at  the  sensible  sole, 
which  would  produce  blood,  and  ruin  the  horse  by  a  quicker  mode  than  thumb- 
ing and  cutting. 

The  frog  seldom  requires  the  knife;  never  after  the  removal  of  a  shoe 
which  has  allowed  it  to  come  upon  un paved  ground ;  for  then  the  wearing 
away  is  carried  on  naturally  ;  but  if  not  so,  the  rough  and  rotten  outside  must 
1)6  taken  away,  which  some  smiths  effect  by  first  tearing  away  the  slips,  or 
exfoliation,  and  then  paring  the  mealy -looking  part  underneath.  Hereupon 
the  well  recognised  healthy  horny  frog  makes  its  appearance,  but  is  by  no 
means  to  be  meddled  with.  The  cleft  is  to  l>e  cleared  out  by  means  of  a  knife 
having  a  sharp  return  at  the  extremity;  but  it  must  be  evident  that  if  the  cleft 
has  incurred  no  foulness,  nor  the  frog  grown  luxuriantly,  neither  the  one  nor 
the  other  will  require  the  least  reduction.  I  will  not  say  a  word  on  the  neces- 
sity of  removing  the  rotten  overgrown  horn  at  the  toe,  and  round  to  the  quar- 
ters, so  as  to  obtain  a  prober  seat  or  bearing  upon  the  shoe,  this  being  an  affair 
within  every  one's  compass ;  but  the  rasping  should  always  proceed  with  the 
shoe  before  the  workman's  eyes,  unless  when  he  may  find  it  necessary  to  take 
It  to  the  fire  for  the  purpose  of  making  alterations.  The  habit  of  doing  this  to 
a  nicety  with  a  single  heat  may  be  acquired  without  going  to  the  fire  half  a 
dozen  times,  as  I  have  seen  done ;  least  of  all  should  the  shoe  be  tried  on  hot, 
that  the  most  ignorant  of  workmen  may  see  where  it  bears  most,  or  the  least 
industrious  lessen  his  labour  by  softening  the  horn.  Ruinous  consequences 
attend  the  application  of  fire  to  the  feet,  and  yet  I  remember  the  period  when 
it  was  the  common  practice  to  place  a  shovel  of  hot  coals  on  brittle  hoofs  to  ease 
the  workman's  labour! 

When  a  foot  is  fitted  to  receive  the  shoe,  the  bottom  resembles  somewhat 
the  hollow  and  rim  of  an  oval  dish.  On  being  placed  on  a  plane  surface,  the 
frog  and  heels  bear  equally ;  but  when  the  shoe  is  applied,  the  frog  is  raised 
by  as  much  as  the  thickness  of  the  shoe  may  be  at  the  heel.  At  the  heels,  for 
about  an  inch  of  its  length,  the  rim  of  the  shoe  is  to  project  beyond  the  out' 
«ide  of  the  hoof. 
18 


19g  PREPARED  SOLE.    NAILING. 

Take  good  heed  that  the  inner  edge  of  the  shoe-heel  bear  not  on  the 
ground  more  Vhan  the  outer,  but  the  contrary. 

Nailing,  a  very  important  operation,  requires  much  previous  study  of  the 
formation  and  functions  of  the  internal  sensible  parts  of  the  foot,  many  inju- 
ries being  inflicted  by  penetrating  those  parts  to  the  quick,  and  thereby  occa- 
sioning them  to  fester,  as  we  shall  see  presently,  when  treating  of  the  diseases 
incident  to  the  sole.  A  good  aphorism  has  it  thus — "  If  it  were  possible  to 
keep  the  shoe  in  position  without  nailing,  we  should  then  have  arrived  at  per- 
fection in  the  art  of  shoeing  ;  it  follows  that  the  less  number  of  nails  that  are 
driven  consistent  with  safety,  is  the  most  commendable  practice."  I  believe 
it  was  Mr.  Bracy  Clark,  in  the  plentitude  of  his  many  inventions,  who  once 
proposed  to  fasten  on  the  shoe  by  enveloping  the  whole  hoof  in  an  iron  de- 
fence, and  fastening  it  by  screws ;  but  the  scheme  failed  for  a  most  obvious 
reason — its  weight  increased  the  offence  adverted  to  elsewhere  (page  179). 
But  I  will  not  speculate  on  novelties,  nor  further  object,  simply  contenting 
myself  with  taking  the  evil  or  puncturation  as  one  that  is  inevilable,  though 
capable  of  alleviation.  All  hands  agree  that  the  less  nailing  we  could  suffice 
with,  the  less  chance  there  would  be  of  driving  into  the  quick — hence  the 
firmer  each  nail  is  driven,  the  less  liable  is  the  shoe  of  loosening,  and  this  good 
never  can  be  effected  unless  the  nails  fit  the  holes  so  nearly  as  to  prevent  shift- 
ing, and  also  pass  through  a  good  portion  of  the  horn.  Doubtless,  a  couple 
of'nails  on  each  side  would  be  sufficient  to  retain  a  light  shoe  for  a  short  time, 
if  the  work  be  not  heavy,  and  allow  that  desirable  expansion  of  the  heel  which 
all  agree  promotes  the  secretion  of  new  horn,  and  the  health  of  the  foot;  but 
we  employ  double  the  number  in  common  work,  and  seven  altogether  in  the 
*'  improved  shoe." 

As  before  remarked,  the  fullering  usually  practised  upon  the  common  shoe 
is  so  near  the  edge,  that  the  rim  sometimes  breaks  off  of  high-tempered  iron: 
whilst,  if  it  be  soft,  the  punching  inevitably  drives  out  a  bulge  that  the  smith 
seeks  to  reduce  by  hammering,  which  again  contracts  the  size  of  the  nail- 
holes;  the  latter  error  occasions  the  nails  to  break  off  in  driving;  the  former 
leaves  the  heads  exposed  to  be  knocked  off,  or  readily  worn  away ;  and  by 
either  the  security  of  the  shoe  is  diminished  greatly  and  dangerously.  Be- 
sides which  objection  to  the  old  method  of  fullering,  there  is  a  corresponding 
necessity  imposed  upon  the  workman,  of  clenching  high  up  on  the  hoof,  which 
increases  the  danger  of  puncturing  the  sensible  internal  parts  of  the  foot.  This 
entire  objection  to  the  narrow  fuller,  or  groove,  is  fully  remedied  by  adopting 
the  proposed  manner  of  punching  the  nail-holes  farther  in  from  the  edge,  thus 
takintr  firm  hold  of  the  whole  thickness  of  the  horn,  and  dnving  out  sooner 
and  clenching  lower  than  is  ordinarily  practised — say,  within  3  quarters  of  an 
inch  of  the  shoe  in  all  cases. 

The  nail  commonly  used  is  much  too  long  in  the  shank  for  any  kind  of  shoe, 
and  too  thin  near  the  head  ;  but  should  be  of  the  same  thickness  throughout 
from  the  head  so  far  as  the  pointing  takes  place.  The  material  must  be  of  the 
toughest  quality,  equal  to  Swedish,  insomuch  as  the  nail  may  bear  bending 
forward  and  backward  half  a  score  times  without  breaking ;  it  should  have  a 
counter-sink  head  to  match  with  the  second  punch-holes,  and  the  hammering 
which  the  head  receives  before,  at,  and  after  driving,  sufficiently  hardens  it  to 
resist  the  immediate  effects  of  wear.  Do  not  point  the  naiis  too  much,  lest 
Ihev  splinter  in  the  driving,  nor  make  two  or  three  punctures  before  you  drive 
home  each  nail :  both  these  practices  proclaim  the  clumsy  workman. 

Punching. — As  before  intimated,  the  nail-holes  should  be  punched  at.  fai 
from  the  ou.ei  edge  of  the  shoe  as  the  v  '1  is  thick.  A  small  punch  of  the 
pize  of  the  nail's  shank  is  to  be  first  driven  smartly  and  visibly  through,  but 
not  so  deep  as  to  raise  a  burr  on  the  hoof  side.     Then,  open  the  hole  with  i 


NAILING  SECURELY  AND  SAFELY.  187 

pritchel ;  and  a  large  counter-sink  punch,  the  size  of  the  nail-head,  is  then  tr 
be  emploved,  but  not  driven  so  deep  as  the  small  punch  ;  the  first  being  of  the 
size  of  the  nail-shank,  the  second  is  to  receive  a  small  part  of  the  head.  This 
mode  is,  of  course,  best  adapted  to  the  "improved  shoe"  recommended  at  page 
182,  where  a  shoulder  and  groove  supply  the  place  of  fullering.  But  in  every 
form  of  shoe,  and  every  modification  of  naihng,  the  manifest  advantage  cf  ad- 
mitting the  nail-head  to  a  rest  or  protection  from  rude  concussions  agajrist  the 
ground,  must  be  evident,  when  the  counter-sink  part  of  the  head  is  allowed 
to  lie  deep  in  the  shoe. 

The  number  of  nail-holes  has  hitherto  been  eight,  but  a  better  practice  pre- 
vails in  some  forges  of  driving  seven  nails  only,  three  on  the  inside,  four  out- 
side ;  whereby  the  fourth  nail  outside  is  thrown  so  much  farther  back  than  the 
third  nail  inside.  More  play  is  thus  allowed  for  expansion  at  the  quarters : 
and  if  the  pui.ching  and  driving  be  performed  eflfectively,  the  hold  thus  ob- 
tained will  be  found  fully  adequate  to  any  service  to  which  the  greater  num- 
ber of  nails  is  applied.  The  safety  of  the  shoe  depends  more  upon  the  nails' 
passing  through  good  sound  horn,  and  filling  up  the  punch-holes  in  the  shoe, 
ihan  upon  their  number.  A  good  workman  can  hear  when  the  nails  thus 
tellf  by  the  sound  of  driving.  After  punching,  the  smith  must  not  apply  heat 
or  a  hammer  to  the  shoe,  with  a  view  to  reduce  any  bulge,  or  burr,  which  the 
punch  may  have  occasioned ;  for  this  exploded  practice  spoils  the  shape  and 
size  of  the  holes,  upon  the  fitness  whereof  wholly  depends  the  security  of  the 
shoe.  Indeed,  good  and  proper  iron  does  not  readily  incur  either  of  those  ob- 
jectionable forms,  nor  will  it  break  or  chip  off  at  the  fuller-edge  (when  such  a 
plan  is  adopted)  like  ordinary  metal. 

Driving  the  nails  home  properly  includes  no  small  share  of  skill.  Former- 
ly, he  who  could  drive  highest  into  the  crust  without  occasioning  lameness 
was  reckoned  the  best  workman,  whilst  the  French  method  of  driving  both 
into  sole  and  crust  is  an  error  in  the  contrary  extreme,  and  argues  no  little 
slovenliness  and  disregard  of  the  construction  of  the  sensible  part  of  the  foot. 
As  may  be  seen  and  accounted  for  by  reference  to  the  section  at  page  166, 
immediate  lameness  is  not  always  likely  to  succeed  the  pricking  of  the  sensi- 
ble part  at  cc,  but  matter  may  form  underneath,  and  lameness  ensue  at  a  fu- 
ture day,  unless  upon  removal  of  the  shoe  it  issue  forth  at  once  in  the  shape 
of  blood.  The  hoof,  which  may  have  lost  the  elastic  substance  of  this  sensi- 
ble part  through  age  or  infirmities,  as  represented  at(g-)  fig.  3,  plate  3,  is  usu- 
ally "  pricked  to  the  quick"  at  once,  and  flinches,  or  goes  crippling  away  from 
the  smithy. 

According  to  the  most  improved  modern  mode  of  punching  and  nailing,  the 
nail  should  enter  at  the  conjunction,  nearly,  of  the  sole  and  crust,  so  as  to  pe- 
netrate almost  the  whole  thickness  of  the  crust,*  and  be  driven  slanting  out- 
wards, so  that  the  clinch  be  little  more  than  half  the  usual  distance  above  the 
shoe.  If  the  nail-holes  be  punched  too  near  each  other,  and  the  driving  be 
performed  by  a  workman  who  drives  and  draws  his  nails,  and  then  peers  into 
the  punch- holes,  then  points  his  nail  and  drives  again — however  well  his  work 
may  appear  when  put  out  of  hand,  he  will  but  have  prepared  the  hoof  for  fresh 
injuries  at  the  next  shoeing :  after  this  treatment  portions  of  the  hoof  are  apt 
to  come  away,  and  the  smith  is  thus  compelled  to  fasten  on  his  defence  by  the 
toe,  or  at  the  quarters,  and  so  produce  fresh  offence  and  incurable  lameness. 

Do  not  nick  the  hoof,  as  is  too  commonly  practised,  previous  to  turning  the 
clenches;  as  most  feet  can  not  afford  to  lose  so  much  of  their  natural  support, 
and  even  tiie  stoutest  foot  ought  not  to  be  subjected  to  the  loss  of  so  much  of 
its  main  strength.  Neither  rasp  off  the  clinch,  by  way  of  finish,  for  the  sam« 
reason,  but  hammer  it  down  like  the  head  of  a  rivet. 

•  As  shown  in  the  figure  of  Goklflnch'a  shj^  at  page  183, 


188  NEW  MODK    DISEASES  OF  THE  FOOT. 

Ml  R.  B.  Teast  recommends  a  construction  of  the  foot  surface,  that  seems 
rory  well  calcuhted  to  attain  his  object,  the  preventing  contraction  and  amend- 
ing the  several  evils  arising  therefrom,  by  raising  a  ndge  along  the  whole  ex 
tent  of  the  shoe  so  far  as  the  heels,  exclusively,  thus  making  an  inclined  plane 
outwards  of  the  thickness  of  the  wall  or  crust  of  the  hoof.  The  punching 
and  nailing  takes  j)lace  at  this  ndge,  thus  affording  secure  driving  for  the  nails, 
and  a  safe  hold  upon  the  iron.  Withinside,  the  shoe  is  convex  on  both  sur- 
faces, but  admits  of  modification,  at  will,  on  the  ground  surface.  The  hoof 
must  be  prepared  to  receive  this  form  by  paring  away  the  horn  lower  on  the 
inner  part  than  on  the  outer  side,  or  external  edge  of  the  wall ;  in  fine,  so  as 
to  corresjjond  with  the  form  of  the  shoe.  At  least,  this  is  what  I  understand 
in  the  course  of  reading  a  series  of  very  obscurely  written  "Practical  Obser- 
vations" on  the  subject ;  for,  although  the  plan  seems  admirable,  none  of  my 
connexions  have  seen  it  in  actual  use,  notwithstanding  I  called  at  his  forge  for 
that  purpose.  This  was  in  1821,  soon  after  the  promulgation  of  Mr.  Teast's 
plan. 

By  the  means  proposed,  the  hoof  is  spread  outwards  at  every  step,  so  as  to 
afford  expansion  to  the  heels,  and  avoid  pressure  upon  the  sole;  an  advantage 
for  such  horses  as  are  weak  or  thin-soled  that  is  at  once  obvious  and  gratify- 
ing. His  idea  of  giving  pressure  to  the  convex  sole,  by  making  his  shoe  with 
the  whole  foot  surface  inclining  outwards,  is  more  vague,  since  all  that  is  re- 
quisite is  attained  by  the  first  method. 

Notwithstanding  the  French  method  of  punching  has  been  spoken  of  in 
terms  of  approbation,  and  their  mode  of  driving  and  clenching  low  is  recom- 
mended to  imitation,  let  it  not  be  supposed  that  in  other  respects  they  make 
the  best  shoeing-smiths  in  the  world,  but  the  contrary.  Their  finest  shoeing 
is  sad,  slovenly  work  to  look  at ;  and  this  very  excellence  of  theirs  is  more  at- 
tributable to  laziness  than  to  design  or  plan.  As  one  instance  of  this  undesir- 
able quality,  they  assign  two  men  to  placing  the  shoe,  a  lacquey  holding  the 
foot  and  bringing  the  tools,  whilst  le  marechal  himself  hammers  it  on  with 
much  pomp.  In  Portugal  they  employ  three,  which  includes  the  gallegot^ 
or  porter. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  FOOT. 


When  these  can  not  be  traced  distinctly  to  any  specific  cause,  they  are 
fairly  attributable  to  ailment  of  the  whole  system  dropping  into  the  legs,  and 
"fever  in  the  feet"  decidedly  so,  in  my  opinion,  when  both  are  so  afflicted. 
Therefore  it  was  that  I  noticed  this  disease  along  with  "strain  of  the  tendons,'' 
to  which  1  attribute  its  origin,  as  much  as  to  other  causes  of  general  heat  of 
the  foot.  Indeed  the  whole  structure  of  the  foot  of  the  horse  is  so  peculiarly 
curious  that  it  almost  deserves  a  separate  study,  but  we  must  always  keep  in 
mind,  whilst  considering  its  ailments,  that  the  great  irritation  kept  up  by  its 
extreme  action  is  readily  communicable  from  the  one  to  the  other,  so  that  vye 
can  not  intelligib\y  separate  the  leg  from  the  foot,  when  speaking  of  the  ail- 
ments of  either,  notwithstanding  1  have  thought  proper  to  begin  this  chapter 
with  the  disorders  that  are  situated  higher  up,  and  mean  to  close  it  with  such 
AS  on'y  make  their  appearance  below. 

But  there  remains  still  another  distinction  that  may  as  well  be  drawn  here, 


IflRUSlI,  OR  FKUSII— CAUSE  AND  SYMPTOMS.  18<J 

•v'fore  T  entei  into  other  particulars,  as  to  fore  foot  and  hind  foot.  In  all  the 
little  dissertations  which  I  have  ventured  upon  in  this  book,  and  elsewhere,  as 
to  the  structure  of  the  foot,  and  all  the  dissections  I  have  made  from  time  to 
time.  I  have  taken  the  fore  leg  and  foot  only,  with  one  unimportant  exception. 
I  know  not  why  this  preference  was  first  made  ;  I  believe  it  to  be  general,  but 
is  of  very  little  importance.  For  the  hind  foot,  though  a  little  smaller,  and 
somewhat  more  upright  in  form,  corresponds  exactly  in  all  its  parts  with  the 
fore  one,  until  age  and  deformity  comes  on;  the  back  sinew  descending  frona 
the  hough  behind  the  pastern  bones,  until  its  insertion  underneath  the  coffin 
bone  of  the  hind  leg,  in  the  same  manner  as  before  described,  as  pertaining  to 
the  knee  and  bones  of  the  fore  leg.  Further,  I  believe  the  name  given  by  the 
(earned  to  this  sinew  in  the  hind  leg  differs  from  that  given  to  it  in  the  fore- 
leg, that  being  tendo  plantaris,  this  one  the  tendo  palmaris  ;  a  distinction  that 
became  necessary,  perhaps,  that  they  might  be  enabled  to  make  themselves 
understood  by  each  other,  when  speaking  of  this  important  tendon  as  belong- 
ing to  the  one  or  the  other  leg. 

When  we  reflect  upon  this  strict  accordance  between  the  structure  of  the 
fore  foot  and  the  hind,  and  then  look  over  and  lament  the  numerous  disorders 
that  the  first  is  liable  to,  whilst  the  hinder  one  is  comparatively  free,  it  gives  us 
reason  to  pause.  But  without  entering  upon  an  elaborate  investigation  of  this 
diirerence  as  to  health,  I  come  to  the  conclusion  that  we  ought  to  attribute  dis- 
eases of  the  feet,  as  I  have  already  those  of  the  body,  to  excessive  heat  of  the 
vascular  system,  promoted  by  the  great  exertions  the  animal  is  put  to,  and  the 
rude  concussions  the  fore  feet  in  particular  endure  at  every  step ;  thus  creating 
heat  and  attracting  hither  any  evil  humours  that  may  afflict  the  body  gene- 
rally 

FRUSH,  OR  THRUSH. 

A  running  of  matter  at  the  cleft  of  the  frog  was  formerly  called  "  a  running 
(rush ;"  the  moderns,  however,  write  it  "  thrush."  But,  to  fritsh,  being  old 
English  for,  to  break,  or  crack,  or  crush,  like  the  cracking  of  walnuts,  1  pre- 
fer that  term  before  thrush. 

Cause. — Depraved  habit  of  body  and  disordered  pulse  always  accompany- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  frush,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  ascribing  its  origin  to 
that  remote  cause,  especially  as  it  is  proved  to  be  a  deep-seated  morbid  accu- 
mulation ;  aided  more  immediately,  perhaps,  by  an  injury  received  whilst  tra- 
velling, either  by  the  bruise  of  a  stone,  or  the  insertion  of  gravel  at  the  parts. 
This  latter,  however,  is  not  a  necessary  cause  of  frush,  though  the  gravel  and 
3irt  work  into  the  ulcer  as  soon  as  it  opens ;  for  the  lurking  approach  of  the 
Jisease  towards  this  consummate  symptom  may  be  ascertained  by  turning  up 
the  hoof  and  pressing  the  cleft,  which  will  give  pain  and  occasion  the  animal 
to  flinch  :  inflammation  has  already  begun  at  the  insertion  of  the  back  sinew 
in  the  bottom  of  the  coffin-bone,  where  the  branches  of  crural  artery  also 
enter  the  bone,  at  the  bottom  whereof  is  the  sensible  sole  which  separates  il 
from  the  horny  sole.  See  this  structure  of  the  foot  described  at  page  166, 
&c.  Filthy  stables  promote  frush,  and,  when  the  cure  may  be  nearly  effect- 
ed, cause  relapse  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten. 

Symptoms. — The  earliest,  as  just  said,  isdenoteo  by  tenderness  at  theclefl, 
accoQipanied  by  sharp,  quickened  and  irregular  pulse,  as  usual  in  all  cases  of 
local  inflammation,  being  at  the  same  time  both  cause  and  effect.  Of  course 
it  follows,  that  as  the  disorder  in  the  sensible  frog  proceeds  towards  maturity, 
the  blood  feels  and  tells  of  that  fact  by  increased  disorder  of  the  pulsation. 
These  timely  indications  being  neglected,  as  usually  happens,  if  the  animaJl 
be  then  put  along  over  stony  or  newly -dressed  roads,  the  first  discovered  symj>. 
18* 


190  DRESSING  FOR  THRUSH. 

torn  w'll  then  be  nis  tumbling  down  through  acute  pain.  The  cleft  openi^ 
and  an  issue  of  a  most  offensive  kind  presents  itself. 

Cure. — If  not  speedily  taken  in  hand,  canker  will  be  the  consequence  of  • 
neglected  frush.  But,  as  scarcely  one  in  ten  will  take  the  precaution  to  as- 
certain, from  the  state  of  his  pulse,  when  the  horse  is  likely  to  acquire  this  or 
any  other  inflammatory  disease,  it  may  be  deemed  impertinent  in  me  to  say, 
tnatthe  preventive  of  frush  in  its  worse  state  may  be  found  in  purging  phy- 
sic and  a  cooling  regimen,  as  prescribed  for  general  inflammatory  and  febrile 
complaints,  set  down  at  the  commencement  of  book  2,  pages  59,^  63,  &c. ;  for 
this  disease  frequently  depends  on  some  untimely  suppressed  evacuation,  as 
the  urine,  stool,  or  perspiration ;  then  let  these  be  restored  by  giving  the  dia- 
phoretic powders,  purging  or  urine  balls,  according  to  circumstances.  A  very 
much  hurried  pulse  would  of  course  point  out  the  necessity  of  immediate 
bleeding ;  for  the  animal  so  suffering  in  the  vital  function  must  necessarily 
contract  disease  of  some  kind  or  other;  and  that  particular  organ  or  member 
which  may  he  least  able  to  bear  it  is  sure  to  feel  its  effects  soonest.  This  is  as 
likely  to  happen  to  a  horse  with  defective  frog,  as  to  its  size,  texture,  or  shape, 
as  to  any  other  part  of  him.  Then,  let  the  careful  owner  examine  and  find 
out  the  least  perfect  part  of  his  horse,  let  him  watch  it  closely  in  all  its  weak- 
ness, and  endeavour  to  detect  the  first  symptoms  of  illness,  that  he  may  aid 
nature  and  restore  her  functions,  before  these  run  riot  beyond  the  help  of  art. 

When  the  frog  has  been  pared  away,  and  the  filth  of  the  sore  removed, 
wash  it  with  a  solution  of  vitriolated  copper,  and  apply  a  pledget  dipped 
in  tar  or  turpentine  at  the  opening.  If  the  case  be  a  bad  one,  the  wash  may 
be  made  stronger  by  the  addition  of  a  few  drops  of  vitriolic  acid  to  the  solu- 
tion ;  and  the  tar  may  be  poured  into  the  opening  whilst  warm.  Place  dry 
tow,  and  keep  it  in  position  by  means  of  splints.  Repeat  this  tar  dressing 
every  other  day,  until  the  injured  parts  slough  off.  Purging  physic  will  tS 
necessary  to  complete  the  cure. 

CANKER. 

Evidently  a  corruption  of  the  word  cancer,  as  applied  to  a  running  sore  in 
human  ailments,  it  is  yet  well  silently  to  permit  the  innovation,  the  better  to 
keep  the  two  practices  separate,  in  small  as  well  as  more  extended  affairs. 

Causes. — Precisely  the  same  as  those  which  produce  the  frush,  only  making 
Hs  appearance  at  various  parts  of  the  sole,  frog,  «fec.  Sometimes  the  canker  is 
but  an  aggravated  frush  a  very  bad  or  neglected  cure  becoming  in  my  estima- 
tion a  canker,  and  next  to  incurable ;  whereas  a  frush,  taken  in  time,  is  easily 
cured.  Our  French  neighbours  write  of  the  two  under  the  same  head,  of  can- 
cer, let  them  be  seated  wheresoever  they  may. 

The  symptoms  are  those  of  frush,  extended  also  to  the  bars  of  the  frog,  the 
heel,  the  sole,  &c. ;  and  so  is  the 

Cure ;  with  this  addition,  that  the  paring  must  be  carried  on  to  the  extremity, 
baring  all  the  diseased  parts,  though  these  extend  over  the  whole  bottom  of  the 
foot  Cut  away  the  proud  flesh  to  the  quick,  and  when  it  has  bled  a  little^ 
apply 

The  Powder. 

Sulphate  of  copper,  1  ounce, 
Corr.  sublimate,  4  drachms. 
Prepared  chalk,  1  ounce. 

Mix  and  sprinkle  it  over  the  exposed  surface.    If  the  disease  makes  a  hollftW 


CANKER— TREATMENT.  GROOVED  SHOR  191 

between  the  hoof  and  the  coffin-bone,  the  powder  must  be  introduced  there  by 
means  of  a  spatula,  or  flat  piece  of  wood,  with  a  bit  of  tow  on  it ;  but  do  not 
leave  the  tow  behind,  as  that  might  produce  a  fresh  disorder.  Butter  of  anti- 
mony is  preferred  by  some  to  the  foregoing  powder,  because  it  is  a  hquid  and 
acts  more  generally ;  but  it  operates  only  for  a  short  time  before  its  effects 
cease,  being  killed  by  the  moisture  of  the  disease  it  was  meant  to  destroy. 
Bind  up  the  foot  until  the  following  day,  when  the  application  must  be  re- 
peated, after  wiping  away  roughly  as  much  as  possible  of  the  diseased  parts. 

As  it  is  found  of  some  importance  to  the  cure,  that  the  foot  should  be  kept 
as  much  as  possible  from  wet  and  filth,  and  seeing  that  the  mode  of  tying  on  a 
great  bundle  of  tow  in  cloth,  in  the  manner  now  in  vogue,  often  fails,  a  light 
shoe,  adapted  to  the  present  shape  of  the  foot,  should  be  put  on,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  sustaining  the  dressings,  &c.  which  may  be  found  necessary  to  put 
on.  The  shoe  has  another  advantage  over  the  tying  fashion,  inasmuch  as  it 
allows  of  the  animal  to  place  his  foot  fairly  on  the  ground,  a  position  that 
mainly  conduces  to  the  cure  by  promoting  the  secretions,  especially  when  at 
length  he  can  move  about.  Let  the  shoe  be  narrow-webbed,  with  a  groove  ou 
the  inside  edge,  so  as  to  admit  of  a  tin  slider  being  shoved  in  and  drawn  out, 
when  you  desire  to  examine  the  under  surface  of  the  foot  to  change  the 
dressings,  &c.  Such  a  shoe  will  obviate  the  complaints  usually  raised  by 
our  stable  attendants,  that  they  can  not  keep  on  the  dressings,  nor  preserve  the 
foot  from  damp,  which  always  retards  the  cure ;  for  they  are  most  of  them 
bunglers  at  bandaging,  owing  to  the  very  little  practice  which  falls  to  the  share 
of  any  one  person  among  the  whole  fraternity.  Splents  of  wood  may  supply 
the  place  of  tin,  when  this  latter  may  not  be  at  hand. 

Whenever  the  cankered  parts  slough  off,  and  leave  a  more  healthy  appear- 
ance, the  powder  need  no  longer  be  applied  at  those  particular  places.  Upon 
these  lay  on  a  dressing  of  tar,  in  which  has  been  introduced  about  a  tenth 
part  of  blue  stone,  powdered.  Let  as  much  pressure  be  given  to  the  sole  as 
can  be  contrived,  to  prevent  the  granulation  of  new  flesh  coming  on  too  lux- 
uriantly, which  is  otherwise  very  likely  to  happen,  on  the  edges  of  the  wound 
particularly.  In  this  respect,  the  grooved  shoe  will  be  found  eflfectually  ser- 
viceable. If,  notwithstanding  all  your  care,  the  edges  will  grow  too  fast,  touch 
that  part  with  lunar  caustic  ;  and  in  case  the  horny  substance  grows  over  the 
still  cankered  parts,  it  must  be  again  pared  away  and  laid  bare.  Perhaps  the 
animal  is  young  and  vigorous  in  other  respects,  and  his  system  probably  would 
promote  the  secretion  of  new  horn  quicker  than  an  older,  or  less  healthy  horse  ; 
this  difference  should  teach  us  to  employ  some  digestive  for  the  dressings,  which 
has  less  tendency  to  promote  the  growth  of  new  horn  than  tar  has,  which 
would  be  found  more  proper  for  old  horses.  For  the  younger  animals,  let 
turpentine  be  substituted,  mto  which  has  been  mixed  a  small  portion  of  vitri- 
olated  copper. 

From  what  has  been  said,  the  reader  will  perceive  the  dressings  require 
changing  with  some  degree  of  judgment  and  discrimination,  and  that  they 
should  not  be  passed  over  or  delayed,  as  he  values  the  horse;  for,  upon  this 
marked  attention  alone  depends  the  cure,  and  such  a  cure  as  shall  prevent  a 
relapse.  Of  course  he  will  not  fail  to  take  care  of  the  evacuations,  as  in  case 
of  frush ;  nor  that  the  earliest  exercise  the  animal  takes  be  proportioned  to  the 
amount  of  disease  he  has  undergone  in  an  inverse  ratio. 

Prevention. — As  we  have  seen  that  inflammation  is  the  immediate  cause 
of  all  disorders  of  this  class,  and  seeing  that  the  irritation  which  produces  this 
has  been  brought  on  by  distress  of  the  parts  for  the  want  of  due  pressure  on 
the  frog,  any  one  whose  eyes  are  open  may  see  the  necessity  of  paring  down 
the  heels  so  that  the  frog  may  have  a  bearing,  when  the  horse  is  walked  over 
field  or  turf  for  example.     For  hereby  it  will  be  seen,  on  turning  to  the  brief 


193  SAND-CRACKS;  REMEDIES. 

description  I  thought  proper  to  give  at  the  beginning  of  this  book,  pages  167 
1G9;  &c.  of  the  internal  conformation  of  the  foot,  that  the  healthy  action  of  the 
parts  upon  each  other  is  only  to  be  kept  up  by  the  pressure  of  the  sensible 
frog. 

"  When  the  frog  is  not  sufficiently  pressed  upon,  (says  Mr.  Coleman)  it 
becomes  soft  from  the  accumulation  of  the  fluid  which  it  naturally  secretes  in 
great  abundance  from  the  fatty  [elastic]  substance,  which  lies  immediately 
under  the  tendon."  This  view  of  the  process  tallies  tolerably  well  with  my 
own  examination  of  the  subject,  at  the  pages  just  referred  to,  and  elsewhere. 

SAND-CRACK. 

When  suffered  to  continue,  the  cure  is  attended  with  great  difficulty,  and 
the  disorder  may  therefore  be  divided  into  two  stages  or  degrees,  like  many 
other  affections  of  the  horse.  The  name  of  sand-crack  is  derived  from  the 
worst  of  these  states,  when  sand,  gravel,  or  dirt,  has  got  into  the  crack,  which 
constitutes  the  disease. 

Cause. — Brittle  hoof  will  occasion  sand-crack  of  a  very  bad  sort,  but  the  ac- 
companying cause  is  the  cessation  of  the  function  of  supplying  matter  for 
forming  new  horn  in  the  vessels  leading  from  the  coronet.  This  may  aiise 
from  an  external  injury  at  the  coronet,  or  severe  treatment  for  some  other  dis- 
order of  the  foot,  as  a  running  frush.  As  the  hoof  is  always  hot,  one  main 
cause  of  sa\id-crack  is  referred  to  heated  roads,  to  travelling  in  deep,  hot, 
sandy  countries ;  scantiness  of  water,  and  removal  out  of  a  cold  to  a  very  hot 
climate,  as  from  England  to  India  (East  and  West),  are  all  known  to  cause 
the  heat  and  brittlenoss  which  accompany  sand-crack. 

Symptoms. — A  split  or  crack  in  the  hoof,  on  the  inside  quarter  of  the  fore 
foot,  for  the  most  part,  but  often  on  the  front  of  it,  down  towards  the  toe,  and 
occasionally  on  the  outside,  and  also  near  the  heel.  Sometimes  it  appears  on 
the  hind  foot,  on  the  front  of  it,  and  prevails  with  us  generally  in  hot  weather. 
Sand-crack  is  either  superficial  and  easily  remedied,  or  deep  and  extensive, 
requiring  much  attention,  and  an  operation  or  two  in  its  different  stages. 

Cure. — It  will  be  seen  that  a  slight  crack  may,  by  working  the  animal,  be- 
come one  of  the  worst  species.  Pare  away  the  rotten  parts,  if  such  be  found, 
and  make  a  transverse  incision  across  the  upper  part  of  the  crack  ;  wash  out 
the  sand  or  dirt,  apply  daily  tincture  of  tar,  with  a  pledget  of  tow,  and  give 
the  horse  rest.  Bind  round  the  hoof  tight  with  listing,  and  stop  up  the  sole 
with  cow-dung,  and  this  treatment  will  suffice  in  ordinary  cases.  But  when 
the  crack  extends  so  high,  that  there  is  no  room  left  for  making  this  incision 
across,  to  stop  the  progress  of  the  crack,  the  disorder  has  assumed  its  worst 
aspect :  the  edges  of  the  crack  internally  now  press  upon  the  sensible  part,  or 
laminated  substance  that  holds  the  coffin-bone  and  hoof  together,  and  inflam- 
mation succeeds,  if  blood  does  not  issue  forth.  If  the  crack  affects  the  coro- 
net, you  may  draw  one  side  of  it  down  to  the  quick  about  an  inch  with  good 
effect,  but  no  farther,  as  that  would  occasion  the  hoof  to  divide  more  readily. 
Rest,  however,  will  restore  adhesion  to  the  upper  part  of  the  crack,  and  when 
this  has  taken  place  extensively,  the  operation  of  cutting  across,  or  of  firing  it 
across  with  one  fine  only,  may  be  performed  with  every  prospect  of  success ; 
for  as  t'ne  hoof  grows  down,  which  it  does  from  the  coronet,  this  transverse  ar- 
tificial crack  you  have  made  intercepts  the  material  for  forming  horn,  on  its 
inside,  and  thus  contributes  greatly  to  fill  up  the  chasm  below.  To  increase 
♦his  supply  of  the  horny  material,  let  the  coronet  be  anointed  with  a  solution 
of  tar  and  tallow  and  hog's  lard  daily,  which  should  be  extended  to  the  horny 
part  of  the  hoof 

Stopping  has  oeen  mentioned  as  necessary  to  be  adopted  on  the  first  o' 


CAUSES  OF  CORNS,  HGG,  &c  l^ 

mildest  attack,  being  very  conducive  to  recovery  of  the  lost  function  of  seTet- 
ing  the  proper  horny  material.  This,  of  course,  will  be  attended  to  in  every 
other  stage  of  the  disorder,  whereby  moisture  is  applied  to  the  dry  brittle  hooi^ 
and  conveyed  to  its  most  sensible  part  internally.  On  the  uses  and  advan- 
tages of  this  simple  remedy  I  took  occasion  to  say  a  few  words  when  speaking 
of  frush  at  page  190,  and  reconmiend  the  application  of  a  web-shoe  grooved, 
as  an  excellent  auxiliary  to  the  cure,  liy  kee[)ing  on  such  dressings  as  might 
be  found  necessary;  and  by  allowing  of  speedy  removal,  it  will  also  save  much 
time  and  labour  to  that  description  of  persons  who  are  seldom  inclined  to  be- 
stow too  much  of  either.  A  number  of  other  contrivances  may  be  adopted  to 
apply  the  same  remedy — for  aflToriling  cool  moisture  to  the  hoof,  the  readiest 
of  which  is  the  leading  him  forth  to  a  shaded  place,  and  there  tethering  him 
up,  where  he  might  stand  upon  the  natural  sod,  grass,  clay,  or  soft  ground, 
without  a  chance  of  running  about  to  make  the  case  worse,  as  would  inevita- 
bly happen.  In  default  of  this  convenience,  a  good  substitute  is  the  sponge 
boot,  with  bran  poultice  to  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  foot  from  toe  to  heel. 
In  all  cases  remember  to  keep  out  the  sand,  gravel,  or  dirt,  which  is  ever 
likely  to  insinuate  '"'self  and  protract  the  cure,  and,  if  not  otherwise  come-at- 
able,  an  opening  must  be  made  for  that  purpose  by  cutting  down  one  side 
of  the  crack,  as  before  recommended.  Proud  flesh  will  be  found  at  this  part 
of  the  opening,  which  must  be  dressed  with  a  solution  of  blue  vitriol. 

If  the  crack  be  near  the  heel,  merely  thinning  the  horn  and  taking  off  that 
part  which  bears  upon  the  shoe,  will  assist  the  cure ;  and  whatever  shoe  may 
be  put  on,  care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  the  crack  from  bearing  on  it :  the 
bar  shoe  for  heavy  horses  is  esteemed  indispensable,  and  some  ftrriers  apply 
it  invariably.  Others  again  fire  the  foot,  from  the  upper  half  of  the  hoof,  above 
the  crack,  to  the  fetlock  joint.  This  is  certainly  decisive  practice,  as  the 
hoof  is  renewed  with  new  horny  matter,  being  so  supplied  as  to  thrust  oft' the 
old  one ;  but  all  violent  remedies  should  be  avoided  until  the  milder  ones  have 
been  tried  and  failed,  which  will  not  be  the  case  with  those  means  I  have  re- 
commended above. 

The  bearing  of  our  EngUsh  shoe  being  commonly  on  the  outer  surface  of 
the  hoof,  promotes  the  crackling  and  chipping  off"  of  the  wall.  Mr.  Teast's 
shoe  (see  page  188)  is  admirably  calculated  to  prevent  this  disorder,  but  is  no- 
wise calculated  to  cure  it,  when  once  the  ruin  has  fsiirly  commenced. 

THE  CORN. 

Causes. — I  shall  not  repeat  what  is  already  said  on  the  two  first-mentioned 
appearances  a  few  pages  higher  up,  but  merely  add,  that  distortion  and  undue 
pressure  on  the  sensible  sole  occasions  that  irritation  which  brings  on  inflam- 
mation of  its  edge,  where  the  shuttle-bone,  or  heel-bone,  presses  down  upon  it 
at  every  step,  and  causes  the  utmost  bending  that  the  minute  elasticity  of  the 
hoof  allows  of;  but  contraction  of  the  heel,  which  accompanies  hot,  brittle,  and 
inelastic  hoof,  prevents  its  bending  duly  and  truly,  and  lateral  pressure  upon 
the  quarters  follows.  The  sole  being  thus  unduly  pent  up,  the  circulation  is 
obstructed  in  its  passage  to  and  from  the  cavity  of  the  cofl!in-bone,  and  a  de- 
posite  of  blood,  which  soon  becomes  offensive  matter,  is  the  consequence.  Bad 
shoeing,  whereby  the  heels  are  pinched,  also  when  the  ragged  hoof  is  left, 
which  may  have  contained  particles  of  sand,  will  cause  irritation,  and  end  in 
corn,  or  figg. 

Symptoms. — The  mischief  thus  commenced  within  shows  itself  between 
the  bar  and  the  crust,  or  wall  of  the  hoof,  in  a  dirty-red  tumour,  with  greatly 
increased  heat.  Lameness,  in  a  degree  proportioned  to  the  badness  of  the 
corn,  is  usually  the  first  sympl-^m  that  directs  our  attention  to  the  sole      Figg 


194  TREATMEN^f:  DISCRIMINATION  NECESSARY.    STRAINS. 

is  but  another  name  for  the  same  kind  of  corn  when  situated  close  to  the  bar 
of  the  fn»g,  a  little  farther  back  in  the  hollow  of  the  sole.  Pain,  very  acute  on 
ihe  touch ;  or,  when  the  horse  treads  on  a  hard  substance,  he  issues  a  moan, 
or  grunt :  it  is  that  sound  in  which  his  voice  is  aptly  likened  to  the  complaint 
of  the  human  sufferer. 

Cure. — Although  oftentimes  very  troublesome,  returning  again  and  again 
when  the  farrier  apprehends  he  has  cured  it  radically,  yet  no  affection  is  easi- 
er of  a  partial  remedy,  or  effected  by  more  ordinary  means.  Deceived  by  the 
name,  perhaps,  resembling  the  hard  excrescence  called  a  corn,  on  the  human 
foot,  they  proceed  at  once  to  "  pare  the  corn  out  to  the  quick,  till  the  blood 
starts;"  but  they  heedlessly  put  on  the  same  shoe  upon  the  same  thick  heel 
and  hard  hoof  which  first  brought  about  the  malady,  and  the  lameness  returns. 
Let  the  heel  of  the  shoe  be  cut  off  on  the  side  that  is  afflicted,  or  if  both  sides 
have  corns,  a  bar  shoe  is  recommended  as  giving  pressure  to  the  frog.  The 
heels  are  then  to  be  rasped  away  free  from  any  contact  with  the  shoe ;  if  they 
are  thick  and  hard,  this  v^'ill  give  them  play — if  thin  and  tender,  they  will  thus 
be  freed  from  pressure.  The  thick  heel  is  most  commonly  affected,  and  should 
be  softened  by  an  extensive  poultice  that  is  to  cover  the  whole  foot,  after  the 
corn  has  been  pared  and  treated  with  butter  of  antimony.  Tar  is  then  a  very 
desirable  application,  or  Friar's  balsam;  and  if  inflammation  is  again  discover- 
ed, poultice  the  foot  once  more.  Fire  is  applied  by  some,  but  thehoof  is  perma- 
nently injured  by  the  actual  cautery ;  and  whatever  good  is  achieved  is  thus 
counterbalanced  by  the  evil.  Vitriolic  acid  mixed,  carefully,  with  tar,  in  the 
proportion  of  one-tenth  of  the  former  to  nine-tenths  of  the  latter,  will  promote 
the  absorption  upon  which  the  cure  depends. 

But  in  some  desperate  bad  cases,  the  matter  has  already  formed  within,  most 
offensively,  and  discharges  at  the  coronet  by  means  of  that  curious  process  of 
nature  which  I  described  at  a  preceding  page,  as  affording  the  coronet  the 
material  for  forming  new  horn  to  supply  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  hoof.  Upon 
paring  away  the  horny  sole,  which  now  becomes  necessary,  the  offensive  mat- 
ter will  be  found  to  have  spread  itself  underneath  the  sensible  sole,  which  will 
ooze  forth  and  give  immediate  relief  to  the  coronet.  Let  so  much  of  the  horny 
sole  as  lies  loose  from  the  sensible  sole  be  pared  away,  and  a  dressing  of  tar, 
or  of  Friar's  balsam,  be  applied  as  before  directed ;  and  if  inflammation  is  again 
discovered,  apply  a  poultice ;  should  the  growth  of  horn  be  found  too  luxuriant, 
discontinue  the  tar. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Of  Strains  Generally. 

STRAIN  OF  THE  COFFIN-JOINT. 

Cause. — As  previously  observed,  lameness  of  the  foot  does  not  consist  in  a 
strain  of  the  joint  within  the  hoof,  but  is  refcrrible  to  general  concussion  of 
all  the  parts,  and  is  rather  a  strain  of  the  back  sinew  at  its  conjunction  with 
thebotton?  of  the  coffin-bone.  Inflammation  and  accelerated  circulation  fol- 
low, and  numbness  of  the  foot  succeeds :  these,  if  not  remedied  betimes,  arc 
followed  by  ossification  of  the  tendon,  of  the  ligament  of  the  small  pastern,  and 
Jie  cartilaginous  process  at  (/),  fig.  3,  plate  2,  also  becomes  bone.  That  the 
ioint  of  the  coffin-bone  with  the  pastern-bone  may  be  strained,  is  very  pro- 
bable; but  no  injury,  blow,  or  concussion,  can  affect  it,  which  does  nM  at  the 


WHERE  SEATED.    SHOULDER,  HOW  AFFECTED.  !<)£ 

•ame  time  affect  all  the  component  parts  of  the  foot.  Thin  hoof  and  sole  are 
most  liable  to  this  injury. 

Symptoms. — Sudden  lameness,  that  is  always  increasing,  and  has  scarcely 
an  intermission,  without  any  appearance  to  account  for  it  on  the  limb;  and 
the  persons  who  permit  the  horse  to  incur  this  disorder  by  their  carelessness 
seldom  have  the  candour  to  acknowledge  that  they  know  the  cause  to  ho  a 
tread,  a  rolling  stone,  or  a  stumble,  and  the  doctor  is  left  to  "find  it  out." 
ii,.most  every  one  imagines  the  lameness  to  reside  higher  up,  as  in  the  shoul- 
der or  the  hip  joint.  Great  heat  and  tenderness  of  the  part  soon  come  on ; 
the  latter  symptom  may  be  ascertained  by  striking  the  hoof  in  front  with  a 
key  or  small  stone,  when  the  animal  will  flinch  considerably  more  than  when 
the  corresponding  foot  is  struck  in  the  same  manner.  When  the  horse  wouW 
stand  at  ease,  he  usually  does  so  with  his  toe  pointing  forwards,  so  as  to  keep 
the  pastern  in  a  straight  line  with  the  leg,  and  thereby  take  off  the  tension  or 
pressure  upon  the  back  sinew  and  ligaments :  the  inflammation  shortly  after 
reaches  the  upper  part  of  the  sinew,  as  may  be  ascertained  by  passing  the  hand 
down  over  it  when  the  patient  flinches. 

Cure. — Blistering  at  the  coronet  and  fetlock  repeatedly  will  reduce  the  in- 
flammation within.  A  poultice  covering  the  whole  foot  also  tends  to  the  same 
effect,  which  will  be  further  assisted  by  paring  the  sole,  if  it  be  not  already  too 
thin  :  reduce  the  frog  also,  and  do  the  same  for  the  corresponding  foot. 

Formerly  they  pared  the  toe  tolerably  close,  and  bled  it  there,  by  making  a 
longitudinal  incision :  the  usual  application  of  tar,  &c.  then  completed  the 
cure.  But  this  is  an  operation  that  is  seldom  performed  with  sufficient  exact- 
ness, the  incision  being  too  often  made  unwisely  deep,  so  that  other  diseases 
were  thus  generated  at  some  future  day.  Others,  again,  passed  a  seton  through 
the  heel  to  the  hollow  of  the  frog,  taking  care  not  to  touch  the  sensible  sole. 
A  third  set  apply  the  actual  cautery,  which  comes  least  recommended  of  either 
of  the  remedies  just  described;  especially  when  we  consider  that  the  actual 
disease  is  very  often  mistaken  for  some  other ;  a  remark  that  implies  how  much 
caution  should  be  used  in  first  ascertaining  the  exact  seat  of  the  lameness,  its 
cause  and  symptoms,  ere  we  set  about  the  cure  by  such  violent  means. 

STRAIN  OF  THE  SHOULDER. 

Horses  that  are  weak  before,  and  low  footed,  with  an  unsteady  tread,  are 
most  liable  to  contract  this  disorder,  which  consists  in  a  twist  or  sprain  of  the 
strong  muscles  that  attach  the  shoulder  to  the  body.  1  think  the  horse  is  very 
liable  to  incur  this  disaster,  in  a  petty  degree,  whenever  his  progression  is  ac- 
celerated to  the  utmost  of  his  powers ;  but  we  must  guard  ourselves  against 
placing  entire  reliance  upon  the  hastily-delivered  opinions  of  empirics,  who 
boldly  pronounce  when  they  hope  to  deceive,  and  expect  belief  from  the  cre- 
dulous. 

Cause. — Much  the  same  as  those  which  occasion  concussions,  blows,  and 
numbness  of  the  foot,  with  their  consequences,  which  we  consent  to  call 
"strain  of  the  coflSn-joint,"  without  the  most  distant  possibiHty  of  knowing 
whether  this  misfortune  ever  has  happened.  When  the  horse  is  subjected  to 
any  rude  accident,  as  a  kick,  or  being  thrown  down,  or  slipping  on  pavement, 
ice,  &c.,  or  treading  on  a  loose  stone,  he  is  very  likely  to  incur  strain  of  the 
muscles  of  the  shoulder.     See  conformation  of  the  shoulder,  in  chanter  1  n. 

10.  .  F  ,  p. 

Symptoms.— Bedded  by  swelling  upon  the  chest,  oi  at  the  top  of  the  shou- 
der ;  but  we  think  it  desirable  to  ascertain  whether  the  accident  has  taken 
place  before  this  symptom  becomes  apparent.  Lameness  immediately  suc- 
ceeding any  or  either  of  those  accidents,  which  may  be  distinguished  from  a 


196  SWIMMING  FOR  STRAINED  LIMBS. 

Strain  lower  down  by  the  animal's  drawing  his  toe  along  the  ground,  from  m 
ability  in  the  part  to  lift  it  off  the  ground  ;  but  when  he  throws  out  the  foot  in 
a  semicircle,  described  by  the  segment  at  page  11,  this  shows  that  the  hurt  is 
chiefly  confini^d  to  the  lower  part  of  the  shoulder  near  the  elbow.  Taking  up 
the  foot  and  bending  the  limb  will  further  prove  the  existence  of  strain  in  the 
shoulder,  if  the  animal  evince  pain ;  whereas,  if  it  lie  in  the  foot,  and  not  in 
the  shoulder,  the  lame  leg  can  be  moved  as  supple  as  the  sound  one.  The 
difficulty  of  ascertaining  the  real  seat  of  lameness  is  sometimes  so  very 
great,  being  entirely  invisible,  as  to  put  us  upon  all  sorts  of  expedients  to  find 
out  the  real  seat  of  the  disorder.  For  this  purpose,  hold  up  his  head  high, 
and  after  comparing  and  finding  no  difference  in  the  shape  of  his  two  shoul- 
derj,  let  go  the  head,  when  he  will  be  observed  to  flinch  upon  bringing  it  to- 
wards the  affected  side.  Let  a  person  rattle  some  corn  in  a  sieve  at  a  distance 
behind,  now  on  this  side,  now  on  that,  and  he  will  be  observed  to  evince  pain 
at  turning  the  neck  so  as  to  strain  the  affected  side;  not  so  it  the  pain  be  in 
the  foot,  of  course.  As  the  horse  will  step  short,  and  also  throw  out  his  leg 
somewhat  in  a  semicircle,  when  he  has  received  a  prick  in  shoeing,  this  latter 
rgn  is  not  to  be  taken  as  finally  indicative  of  "  strain  in  the  shoulder,"  until 
the  foot  has  been  examined,  and  the  shoeing -smith  questioned  as  to  his  skill 
and  carefulness. 

Cure. — If  the  injury  be  considerable,  as  when  the  horse  has  been  thrown 
down,  he  should  be  bled  at  once,  in  the  plate  vein  when  it  is  local,  but  in  the 
neck  when  the  injury  has  been  more  general.  A  laxative  ball,  or  a  purgative, 
must  follow  as  a  matter  of  course,  proportioned  to  the  actual  state  of  his  bodj 
at  the  time.  A  fotnentation  of  camomile  flowers,  or  of  scalded  bran,  should 
be  applied  largely  and  assiduously  at  the  chest  and  inside  the  elbow,  and  these 
remedies,  with  rest  from  all  labour  and  exercise,  generally  perfect  the  cure. 

When  the  swelling  is  great,  but  not  extensive,  as  in  the  case  of  a  kick,  spi- 
rits of  wine,  in  which  a  fourth  of  its  weight  of  camphor  has  been  dissolved, 
should  be  rubbed  in.  This  will  supersede  the  necessity  of  walking  the  horse 
too  early,  with  the  hope  of  recovering  the  '*  use  of  his  limb,"  by  promoting  the 
lymphatic  absorption.  A  rowel  is  sometimes  employed,  when  the  heat  and 
swelling  are  very  high,  v^ith  good  effect ;  but  the  old  system  of  previously 
boring  and  blowing,  and  laying  on  "  a  charge,"  is  exploded  as  barbarous  and 
inutile.  On  the  symptoms  abating,  let  the  convalescent  horse  have  a  loose 
stall,  and  in  proportion  as  his  action  may  be  free  from  lameness,  so  should  be 
regulated  his  return  to  walking,  to  exercise,  and  to  work.  Before  he  can  be 
fit  for  his  former  occupation,  it  generally  is  found  best  to  give  the  horse  a  run 
at  grass;  but  previously  he  may  try  his  powers  in  a  contracted  plot  of  ground 
in  the  homestead,  to  prevent  his  indulging  too  freely  in  exercise,  seeing  that 
he  is  very  liable  to  a  relapse,  which  is  generally  more  difficult  to  overcome  than 
the  original  attack. 

Swimming  the  horse  "for  strain  in  the  shoulder  joint,"  was  a  favourite  re- 
medy formerly,  but  is  deservedly  exploded,  although  we  could  be  certain  that 
the  joint  intended  to  be  cured  were  the  elbow.  This  accident,  however,  does 
not  happen  often :  1  never  saw  a  marked  case,  and  merely  deem  it  pt^ssible ; 
yet  has  the  practice  still  its  advocates.  And  it  may  be  serviceable  in  other  re 
spects,  as  the  muscles  are  thus  brought  into  play,  and  the  whole  limb  employ 
ed  in  quite  different  kind  of  action  to  that  of  walking  on  terra  firma.  Some 
persons  submit  their  horses  to  bathing,  by  entire  submersion  ;  an  operation 
that  was  performed  most  adroitly,  about  thirty-five  years  ago,  by  a  stableman 
named  Denis  Lawler,  in  the  bay  of  Dublin.  His  manner  was  to  ride  his  horse 
to  a  convenient  depth  of  water,  and  then  jumping  forward  suddenly  on  the 
animal's  head,  thus  souse  it  head  foremost  to  the  bottom.  The  feat  caused 
great  marvel  at  the  time ;  but  not  so  the  total  disappearance,  upon  one  occa 


OF  LAMENESS  BEinND.     STRAIN  OF  TIIE  BACK.  jO^ 

sion  jf  the  performer:  poor  Denis  is  supposed  to  have  received  a  kick  ^o  the 
Dottom,  and  his  body  drifted  out  to  sea,  as  his  Howth  friends  heard  no  more 
of  him  after  that,  though  "New  Harbour"  underwent  thorough  repair  since 
Lawler's  last  kick. 

STRAIN  OF  THE  WHIRL-BONE  (HIP-JOINT). 

A  supposititious  disorder,  that  is  more  frequently  found  to  I  e  a  tardy  attack 
)f  bone  spavin,  that  is  slow  in  coming  forward,  and  upon  which  M.  la  Fosse 
n,is  thought  proper  to  be  very  facetious  :  "a  horse  has  the  spavin,  or  he  has 
h  not,"  says  he;  "for  it  is  not  hke  a  jack-in-a-box,  that  waits  to  make  his 
appearance  when  you  pull  the  string."  Either  sjiavin  or  strain  of  the  whirl- 
bone,  he  concludes,  must  be  the  disorder  of  the  hind  leg,  when  the  animal 
draws  its  toe  along  the  road,  as  described  just  above  as  being  a  symptom  of 
strain  in  the  fore  leg.  When  the  animal  has  received  injury  in  the  region  of 
the  hip,  the  camphorated  spirits  recommended  in  a  preceding  page  (I9GY 
should  be  applied  ;  but  if  the  heat,  swelling,  and  tension,  do  not  abate  by  this 
treatment,  blister  the  parts  with  the  mild  blister,  No.  3,  at  yiage  179.  This 
application,  with  rest,  is  adequate  to  any  ordinary  case  of  hip-joint  accident. 

STRAIN  OF  THE  STIFLE. 

Simple  "lameness"  would  better  designate  this  so-called  strain.  The 
same  remedies  as  those  prescribed  for  whirl-bone  strani  will  apply  to  this  part ; 
also  fomentations,  physic,  and  if  the  case  be  inveterate,  a  rowel,  &c.  <fec.  one 
after  another.  Camphorated  spirits,  or  ultimately  a  mild  blister,  are  useful  and 
proper,  according  to  the  circumstances  just  set  down. 

STRING-HALT. 

A  catching  up  of  the  hind  leg  at  every  step  the  horse  takes,  constitutes  wliat 
s  termed  string-halt.  It  is  one  of  the  incurables;  but  this  consideration  shall 
not  deter  me  from  observing,  that  this  over-action  of  the  hind  leg  may  be 
brought  about  by  art,  or  ratlier  the  ingenuity  of  man  operating  upon  a  known 
function  of  nature. 

The  cause,  naturally  arising,  is  very  obscure  ;  liut  the  horse-exhibitioners, 
having  occasion  for  much  show  at  their  amphi-theatric  courses,  sought  to  bring 
on  this  "high  show"  by  jjuncturation.  Vo  them  let  the  secret  belong ;  it  is 
barbarous  and  unseemly. 

STRAIN  OF  THE  BACK 

When  the  immediate  covering  of  the  bones,  described  in  Book  I.  at  page 
19,  become  relaxed,  and  thereby  fail  to  hold  the  joints  together  sufficiently 
firm,  the  consequence  naturally  arising  I'rom  this  circumstance  is,  that  they 
bend  a  little  out  of  place,  at  every  movement  the  animal  makes,  and  the  least 
accident  confirms  the  strain,  or  sprain.  Merely  straining  or  stretching  will 
effect  this  evil  at  times,  though  that  be  no  greater  than  an  eflbrt  to  relieve  na- 
ture by  a  motion. 

Cause. — Mostly  affecting  draught  cattle  of  the  heavy  kind,  and  principally 
incident  to  cities  and  towns,  where  dray  and  cart-horses  are  obliged  to  turn 
short  upon  slippery  stones,  we  may  ascribe  this  disorder  to  what  is  called  a 
wrench,  or  tvi-ist  in  the  liunuin  j)ractice.  The  steady  pull,  unattended  by  a 
turn,  is  not  likely  to  occasion  hurt  of  the  back,  be  it  ever  so  hollow^  originallv: 
because  the  eflbrt  that  is  made  to  pull  a  great  weight  causes  the  Joints  to  prt>k< 
19 


ic>8  FOUNDER,  \'AR!aU.?  NOTIONS  AS  TO  ITS  CAUSES. 

straight  against  each  otlier,  every  capsule  licing  than  filled  with  Us  next  cc.r- 
respoiuling  convex  bone. 

Symptovis. — A  kind  of  separate  motion  for  the  hind  quarter,  compared  tc 
the  fore  one,  of  which  the  exact  perceptible  division  is  the  s^eat  of  the  injuKy. 
Sometimes  it  appears  as  far  back  as  the  lonis,  ))iit  when  farther  forward  than 
the  twelfth  spinous  process,  (at  G.  2-1)  on  the  frontispiece,  it  alTects  the  respi- 
ration, and  with  it  other  vital  functions,  and  the  animal  suffers  in  his  general 
health.  It  may  be  muscular  or  ligamentary,  or  compounded  of  both,  in  which 
cases  the  parts  adapt  themselves  to  the  derangement  that  has  taken  place,  by 
thickening  their  substance,  and  the  first  lameness  decreases  greatly:  in  this 
event  the  horse's  condition  is  not  at  all  affected.  While  stahng,  his  efforts 
are  somewhat  ludicrous  ;  as  are  also  all  attempts  to  make  a  trot  of  it  when  out 
of  harness.  These  symptoms  have  deceived  some  jjcrsons  into  the  belief, 
that  the  one  or  the  other  exertion  has  caused  the  stiain  ;  whereas  it  is  only  the 
earliest  demonstration  of  it  to  the  observer. 

Remedies  applied  tnu'ly  may  assist  nature,  but  the  lameness  never  can  be 
cured  completely,  if  the  wrench  or  sprain  has  been  of  a  violent  sort,  as  in 
case  of  "strain  in  the  shoulder,"  let  the  animal  be  bled  to  a  good  extent,  i.  e. 
from  three  to  five  quarts,  according  to  the  quantity  or  degree  of  viojence  the 
animal  has  sustained;  for  it  usually  hap[)ens  that  it  has  been  strained  all  over, 
in  various  parts.  Two  dray-horses,  which  were  employed  ;n  pulling  beer 
butts  from  the  cellar  of  a  public  house,  being  backed  too  close  to  the  steps,  fell 
in,  the  weight  of  the  hinder  horse  dragging  in  the  fore  one  upon  him.  Much 
contusion  vvas  the  consequence,  as  well  of  the  accident  itself  as  in  dragging 
them  out;  they  were  in  fact  strained  all  over,  so  that  they  could  scarcely  stand 
for  a  while.  Bleeding  copiously,  however,  to  the  amount  of  six  quarts,  re- 
duced the  tendency  tcTinflammalion  ;  and  although  they  might  be  pronounce  I 
hurt  all  over,  and  the  hind  horse  in  particular,  both  did  well  after  physicking, 
and  a  few  days  of  light  work. 

I  have  found  a  fomentation  of  hot  vinegar  of  very  great  service,  in  a  wel' 
marked  case  of  recent  strain  ;  the  plan  recommended  by  White,  of  administer 
ing  it  by  means  of  a  woollen  cloth  or  rug,  steeped  and  loosely  wrung  out,  be- 
ing followed.  A  fresh  sheep-skin,  just  tiaycd,  was  applied  immediately,  and 
the  lameness  sensibly  lessoned,  after  two  days,  ap[)lying  the  fomentation  four 
or  five  times. 

FOUNDKR 

Is  a  disorder,  or  rather  a  complication  of  disorders,  of  the  fore  feet.  Some  con- 
troversy has  crept  into  our  books  of  farriery  latterly,  as  to  what  really  is  found- 
er :  and  whilst  some  would  confine  their  consideration  of  the  subject  to  the 
foot  only,  others  follow  the  fashion  of  grooms,  and  ascribe  the  incurable  lame- 
ness that  has  no  visible  specific  cause,  to  an  affection  of  the  chest.  Hence 
"chest  founder"  of  the  stables,  and  the  "body  founder"  of  White.  "Shoulder- 
Ehook"  is  a  provincialism  of  the  smithy,  when  the  farrier  can  perceive  "no 
thing  amiss"  with  the  feet — so  far  as  he  can  see,  feel,  or  understand.  Sur- 
hatiniT  was  another  name  given  to  the  symptom  we  now  recognise  as  founder, 
ot  a  tTme  when  it  was  the  practice  to  divide  and  subdivide  every  disorder  uiidei 
manv,  useless,  and  unmeaning  appellations. 

Oause. — Hard  work,  bad  shoeing,  age  and  ill-usage,  eiUier  of  which  pro- 
duce so  many  other  disorders  pertaining  to  the  horse  in  his  domesticated  state, 
precede  foundei  ;  for,  we  never  meet  with  it  unless  the  animal  has  been  so 
treated  or  kept,  and  1  look  upon  it  rather  as  a  com{)lication  or  elTect  of  several 
diseases  of  the  foot.  Some  of  these,  we  have  seen,  are  liable  to  be  mistaken 
for  others;  therefore  do  thev  get  maltreated,  imperfectly  cured,  o'   retain  th« 


SYMiTOMS  OF  FOUNDEil.  1Q'^» 

se(.i3s  of  future  disease ;  and  founder  is  the  name  given  to  that  which  is  other- 
wise inscrutable,  has  no  other  origin,  and  is  badly  defined  by  all  writers  and 
talkers  upon  the  subject.  Out  of  this  dilemma  I  do  not  at  present  attempt  to 
-escue  it:  1  care  not  for  terms,  unless  insomuch  as  they  can  assist  us  to  un- 
avel  the  character  of  a  disorder.  Contracted  heel  is  the  slow  cause  of  most 
Cases  of  founder,  whereby  the  quarters  press  on  the  coffin  and  shuttle  iuinc 
And  thus  })revent  the  action  of  the  latter,  which  is  very  great  at  every  step, 
and  is  mainly  conducive  to  the  proper  secretion  of  the  horny  material  before 
spoken  of  pretty  much  at  large.  To  "a  chill"  is  generally  attributed  the  im- 
mediate cause  of  founder ;  and  indeed  the  poor  animal  which  has  suffered 
severely  at  the  hands  (or  spurs)  of  his  master  is  most  o[)en  to  acquire  any  il! 
which  chill  or  coUl  may  inflict.  When  this  chill  takes  place,  the  attack  is  sud- 
den and  usually  violent. 

Inflammation  always  attends  the  first  symptom  of  founder,  if  it  be  not  an 
immediate  cause  thereof,  arising,  1  have  no  doubt,  from  the  waste  or  destruction 
of  the  secretion  marked  (c)  (c)  in  the  cut  at  page  166.  To  this  conclusion  I 
am  come  the  more  positively,  by  reason  of  the  absence  of  those  secretory  ves- 
sels in  the  feet  of  old,  foundered  or  otherwise  diseased  horses;  which  secre- 
tions were  designed  to  furnish  the  material  for  forming  new  horn  and  giving 
elasticity  to  the  tread.  Fig.  3,  plate  3,  at  (g)  shows  the  progress  of  incipient 
founder,  where  those  vessels  are  represented  as  nearly  dried  up,  and  adhesion 
has  begun  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  hoof  and  the  cofRn-bone.  What  nmst 
follow,  but  brittle  hoof,  battered  feet,  or  surbating,  want  of  elasticity  in  the 
sensible  frog  and  tendon,  accompanied  by  inflammation,  which  is  a  cause,  if 
not  caused  by  founder? 

But  young  hoi  ses  sometimes,  while  breaking  in,  by  the  violence  that  ia 
deemed  necessary,  are  foundered  by  the  rough  rider,  through  the  rupture  ot 
forcing  asunder  the  connexion  between  the  hoof  and  coffin-bone,  just  spoker. 
of.  l"n  such  cases,  the  animal  being  vigorous  and  the  foot  replete  with  juices, 
the  coronet  is  greatly  affected  by  oozing  out  there,  in  its  blood  and  lyrnph  state. 
If  youth  and  general  good  health  should  bring  the  animal  through  his  suffer- 
ings, its  feet  will  ever  after  bear  external  marks  of  the  internal  injury. 

Si/mptoms. — Curved,  wrinkled,  or  striated  hoofs,  ever  attend  those  animals 
which  have  been  so  over  strained  in  youth,  appearing  as  if  the  horn  had  oeen 
carved  or  indented;  which  arises  from  the  coronet  furnishing  the  horny  ma- 
terial too  luxuriantly,  before  it  has  received  sufficient  concoction  within  the  cof- 
fin-bone, as  before  described,  at  p.  168.  Lameness  in  one  or  both  fore-feet, 
with  evident  pain,  and  great  heat  in  the  whole  foot,  attend  founder  in  every 
case.  At  the  first  attack  of  acute  or  violent  founder,  the  horse  is  observed  very 
restless  in  his  fore  feet,  which  he  endeavours  to  ease,  by  alternately  changing 
position,  and  lying  down  when  he  should  be  feeding.  He  brings  his  hind 
legs  far  under  his  belly  for  the  same  purpose,  and  if  he  is  roused  by  hunger  or 
mandate  he  lies  down  again.  Considerable  alteration  takes  place  in  the  pulse, 
which  indicates  fever,  and  the  patient  breathes  short  with  pain.  The  pro- 
gress  of  those  symptoms  is  very  rapid,  seldom  occupying  more  than  a  day  ot 
two. 

The  slower  or  chronic  founder  begins  with  apparently  rheumatic  pains  and 
awkwardness  of  going,  for  which  he  usually  receives  the  whip.  After  a  while, 
nattcning  sometimes  appears  on  the  front  of  the  hoof,  and  the  heels  contract* 
the  older  animals  have  now  short,  brittle,  shining  hoofs,  with  the  small  pastern 
bone  deeper  sunk  than  heretofore;  the  hollow  of  the  sole  is  converted  into  the 
convex,  or  pumice  foot,  so  that  the  animal  can  scarce  find  foot-hold  on  the 
ground,  but  will  slip  and  slide  about.  He  is  then  considered  groggy,  that  is  to 
eay,  "like  a  drunkard,"  and  may  last  many  years  :  this  is  chest  founder,  and 
iKleed  the  whole  limb  is  usually  affected  up  to  the  very  ebest. 


2C0  REMEDIES;  JOLNTED  SI  JOE. 

Whethei  the  attack  be  of  the  acute  or  the  chron.c  Kind,  it  dies  if  not  re 
licved;  for  the  coffin-bone  becomes  rotten,  and  the  hoof  is  cast  off  without  the 
possibihty  of  ever  being  renovated.  In  some  constitutions,  nature  lends  its 
aid  in  critically  raising  a  tumour  at  the  coronet,  the  breaking  whereof  and  the 
discharge  of  offensive  matter  effects  a  cure.  The  same  sort  of  critical  tumour 
as  denoting  the  crisis  of  general  fever,  or  inflammation,  was  noticed  at  page 
114,  "Critical  Abscess." 

Remedy. — As  soon  as  discovered  takeoff  the  shoe,  note  well  the  condition 
of  the  sole,  the  heat,  and  other  symptoms,  for  according  as  these  vary,  so  must 
the  remedies  be  changed.  Draw  the  soles  a  little  with  the  buttress  if  founJ 
too  thick,  not  otherwise ;  rasp  the  heels  anil  quarters,  which  will  ease  the  pain 
occasioned  by  the  binding  of  the  hoof,  and  give  room  for  the  action  of  the  foot; 
a  fact  that  may  be  ascertained  by  !)ending  it  at  the  pastern,  forwards  and 
backwards,  before  the  operation,  and  trying  the  same  experiment  afterwards. 
Apply  a  bran  poultice  warm  to  the  whole  loot  daily,  but  do  not  add  to  it  any 
greasy  or  oily  substances  as  is  too  often  practised.  I'he  sponge  boot  may  be  em- 
ployed with  advantage,  made  large.  After  three  or  four  days,  that  the  horn 
has  recovered  hs  former  consistency,  put  on  the  shoe  gently,  and  walk  the 
patient,  to  try  in  how  much  he  is  now  lame;  and  if  the  attack  has  been  a 
slight  one,  he  may  recover  with  very  little  more  treatment  than  a  turn  out  in  a 
meadow  will  afford.  Otherwise  the  feet  must  be  stopped,  and  kept  moist  and 
cool,  as  directed  in  case  of  Canker,  at  page  191. 

In  all  cases,  (except  where  the  foot  is  pumiced,  or  the  sole  is  very  thin),  the 
jointed  shoe  of  B.  Clark,  or  of  H.  Goldfinch  (page  183),  will  be  found  ser- 
viceable, as  being  well  calculated  for  giving  play  or  action  to  the  parts  of  the 
foot,  which  jiroduce  the  secretion  that  is  so  salutary  to  the  renovation  of  new 
hoof;  but  which  the  disorder  we  call  "binding  of  the  hoof"  has  sadly  pervert- 
ed into  an  offensive  and  harmful  matter. 

The  proper  secretion  of  the  juicy  elastic  substance,  for  the  formation  of  new 
hoof,  being  essential  to  the  restoration  of  the  horse,  and  as  the  lameness  will 
not  wholly  subside  unless  this  process  goes  on  healthily,  resort  must  be  had  to 
blistering,  provided  he  still  goes  lame  any.  This  should  extend  from  the  coro- 
net and  quarters  to  the  knee,  and  be  repeated,  taking  care  to  keep  the  heels 
open  and  the  sole  stopped.  The  good  effects  to  the  sole  that  will  be  found  to 
result  from  blistering,  shows  the  connexion  or  companionship  that  exists  be- 
tween the  legs  and  feet,  as  I  took  occasion  to  observe  at  a  former  page. 

But,  as  to  drawing  the  sole,  as  before  recommended  generally,  there  is  one 
exception  :  if  the  lameness  and  other  symptoms  come  on  after  an  inflammatory 
fever  of  the  whole  system,  then  we  ought  to  look  upon  it  as  an  effect  of  the 
fever  seeking  to  throw  off  its  dregs  thus  critically  ;  and  a  swelhng  and  dis- 
charge at  the  coronet  may  be  expected  soon  to  take  place  that  should  be  en- 
couraged, and  treated  as  simple  abscess,  not  fistulous.  When  this  is  the  case 
the  bar-shoe  is  better  adapted  to  keep  the  parts  in  position,  that  the  discharge 
may  proceed  temperately. 

In  default  of  sending  the  sick  horse  to  a  meadow,  he  may  be  allowed  to 
stand  on  a  clay-made  floor  in  an  outhouse  by  day,  or  any  slip  of  soft  ground- 
but  by  no  means  adopt  the  plan  of  putting  the  patient  upon  litter  that  is  damp, 
and  is  therefore  half  rotten  and  heating.  A  number  of  contriva))ces  for  af« 
fording  coolness  and  natural  pressure  to  the  sole  and  frog,  besides  the  forego 
kng,  have  been  resorted  to,  and  among  these  the  admixture  of  vinegar,  alegar, 
verjuice,  or  solution  of  nitre  with  the  clay,  with  the  stopping,  «fcc.  are  well 
calculated  to  answer  the  purposes  intended.  Rubbing  the  knees  with  turpen- 
tine is  also  serviceable. 

Physic  would  not  of  course  be  neglected  at  the  earliest  stages  of  lameness, 
4<lapted  to  the  previous  state  of  the  patient's  bodily  health,  and  calculated  to 


DIPOSTURES  mACnSED.    tHENCn  MODE  OF  EXAJSnNING  A  HORSE.    20? 

lower  the  access  of  inflammation,  which  so  much  pain  must  naturally  pro- 
duce. Either  of  the  three  evacuations  being  suppressed,  or  imperfectly  per- 
formed, must  be  restored,  and  a  purgative,  a  urine-ball,  or  a  diaphoretic 
powder  be  administered  as  occasion  requires,  and  opportunity  presents  itself: 
of  course,  neither  of  those  will  be  given  while  the  animal  is  out  of  doors. 


PRECAUTIONS  NECESSARY  TO  BE   OBSERVED  ON  BUY 
ING  A  HORSE. 

Much  as  hath  been  said  of  the  make,  shape,  and  proportion  of  the  various 
breeds  of  horses  in  Book  I.,  some  few  precautionary  hints,  still  more  familiar, 
seem  desirable  in  this  place.  Of  the  several  points  of  inquiry  to  which  pur- 
chasers apply  themselves,  the  age  of  the  animal  is  ever  considered  the  most 
deserving  of  attention  ;  the  state  of  its  legs,  bodily  health,  and  eye  sight,  coming 
next  in  order,  if  general  appearance  does  not  precede  every  other.  On  each 
of  those  heads  I  ofter  a  few  words  of  advice,  most  of  which  are  tolerably  well 
recognised,  though  seldom  in  print,  as  most  of  those  who  deal,  in  horse-flesh 
acquire  their  knowledge  from  experience  rather  than  books.  Before  all  things^ 
the  new  horse-dealer  should  guard  against  imposition,  and  not  *'  look  at  a 
horse"  where  he  has  got  to  withstand  two  or  three  masked  advisers.  To  be 
sure,  no  one  desirous  of  a  nag  would  submit  to  the  imposition  of  a  cart-horse 
instead  ;  but,  next  to  this  kind  of  gross  attempt,  the  thorough-paced  dealera 
practise  deceit  of  every  species,  and  throw  obstacles  in  the  way  of  cool  exa- 
mination, especially  when  we  come  to  investigate  the  seat  of  any  actual  defect. 

General  appearance :  an  idea  of  a  good  horse. — And  first,  that  we  may 
make  no  blunders,  and  the  younger  portion  of  readers  be  thinking  of  one  part 
of  him,  whilst  I  am  talking  of  another,  let  the  annexed  plate  of  "  Terms  com- 
monly made  use  of  to  denote  the  external  parts  of  the  horse,"  be  kept  con- 
stantly in  sight,  so  that  there  be  no  mistake  of  that  sort. 

Previous  to  stating  our  own  old  English  notions,  it  may  not  be  useless  to 
quote  the  instructions  with  which  the  purchasers  of  cavalry  for  the  French 
military  service  travelled  (as  [  believe)  over  that  country.  Its  coincidence 
with  our  own  opinions  and  practices  is  at  least  curious,  though  on  such  a  topic 
no  Englishman  whatever  requires  instructions  from  a  foreigner,  if  his  own  as- 
sertions are  to  be  taken  for  genuine.  "  The  persons  sent  to  purchase  horses 
should  not  only  keep  in  mind  the  colour,  height,  and  price  of  horses  for  which 
he  is  to  treat ;  but  also  the  usual  defects  of  the  country,  that  he  may  guard 
against  them ;  these  are,  faulty  sight,  flat  hoof,  too  brittle,  or  too  soft,  and 
affections  of  the  lungs. 

"  Those  things  being  well  thought  on,  the  purchaser  will  look  at  the  horse 
sideways  at  a  tolerable  distance :  he  will  choose  him  as  nearly  as  possible  one 
tenth  longer  than  he  is  high,  measuring  from  the  breast  to  the  quarter,  and 
from  the  withers  to  the  ground,  so  that  if  the  horse  be  five  feet  high,  his  length 
should  be  five  feet  and  a  half. 

"  Preserving  the  same  situation,  he  will  see  1st,  If  the  horse  has  a  small 
head,  not  too  fleshy,  perfectly  free  from  tumours,  and  well  placed,  neither  cai 
tying  it  too  low  nor  too  high ;  2nd,  If  he  has  not  an  ill-shaped  neck,  with  hia 
windpipe  hanging  too  low,  or  bending ;  3rd,  Whether  his  withers  be  either  too 
sharp  or  too  large,  with  fleshy  shoulders ;  4th,  Whether  he  is  not  hollow  back- 
ed ;  5th,  Whether  his  chest  be  well  formed,  neither  too  round  nor  too  flat , 
6th,  Whether  he  be  low-bellied,  with  a  small  sheath ;  7th,  Whether  he  be 
touched  in  the  wind ;  8th,  If  his  fore  legs  are  not  too  slender,  or  his  hock  do 
not  bend  forwards  too  much;  9th,  If  the  tendons  or  back  sinews  be  not  ailing, 
i.  e.  either  sore  to  the  touch,  or  else  stift-jointed  ;  10th,  Whether  the  animal 
06  not  either  long-jointed,  or  short-jointed;  11th,  Whether  he  be  strained  i:i 
19* 


202  BIGHT  ENGLISH  NOTIOWS  OF  A  GOOD  HORSE. 

Ine  pastern  joint,  going  low ;  12th,  Wiiether  flat-hoofed,  with  low  heels ;  13th, 
Whether  he  be  not  narrow  at  the  hind  quarters ;  14th,  Whether  he  has  not 
spavin,  windgall,  or  curb,  ring-bone,  or  thorough-pin,  or  is  likely  to  cut.  Exa- 
mine his  sole  and  heel  for  thrush,  canker,  or  corn,  and  if  contraction  has  taken 
place." 

Having  thus  before  us  the  Frenchman's  precautions,  we  come  to  the  Eng- 
lishman's long  accepted  description  of  a  good  horse,  and  nothing  else.  His 
head  ought  to  be  lean,  of  good  size,  and  long;  his  jowls  thin  and  open;  his 
ears  small  and  pricked  ;  or,  if  they  be  somewhat  long,  provided  they  stand 
upright  like  those  of  the  fox,  it  is  usually  a  sign  of  mettle  and  toughness.  His 
forehead  long  and  broad  :  not  marefaced,  but  rising  in  the  middle  like  that  o* 
a  hare,  the  feather  being  placed  above  the  top  of  his  eye,  the  contrary  being 
thought  by  some  to  betoken  approaching  blindness.  His  eye  full,  large,  an? 
bright ;  his  nostrils  wide,  and  red  within ;  for  an  open  nostril  betokens  good 
wind.  His  mouth  large,  deep  in  the  wykes,  and  hairy.  His  windpipe  big, 
unconfined,  and  straight  when  he  is  reined  in  by  the  bridle,  for,  if  it  bends  like 
a  bow  (or  cock-ihrottled),  it  very  much  hinders  the  passage  of  his  wind.  His 
head  must  be  so  set  upon  his  neck,  that  there  should  be  a  space  felt  between 
the  neck  and  the  jowl;  for,  to  be  bull-necked  is  uncomely  to  sight  and  preju- 
dicial to  the  horse's  wind.  His  crest  should  be  firm,  thin,  and  well-risen ;  his 
neck  long  and  straight,  yet  not  loose  and  pliant,  which  our  north  countrymen 
term  withy  cragged ;  his  breast  strong  and  broad ;  his  chest  deep  at  the  girth, 
his  body  of  good  size  and  close  ribbed  up  to  the  stifle ;  his  ribs  round  like  a 
barrel,  his  fillets  large,  his  quarters  rather  oval  than  broad,  reaching  well  down 
to  the  gaskin'^,.  His  hock  bone  upright,  not  bending ;  which  some  do  term 
sickle-houffLed,  and  think  it  denotes  fastness  and  a  laster.  His  legs  should 
be  c!ean,  nat,  and  straight ;  his  joints  short,  well  knit,  and  upright,  especially 
at  the  pattern  and  hoofs,  with  but  little  hair  at  his  fetlock ;  his  hoofs  black, 
strong,  and  hollow,  and  rather  long  and  narrow  than  big  and  flat.  His  mane 
and  tail  should  be  long  and  thin  rather  than  very  thick,  which  some  think  a 
mark  of  dullness. 

Some  do  aflfect  a  small  head  at  all  hazards,  thinking  none  other  belongs  to 
B  good  horse,  but  much  will  depend  upon  how  it  is  set  on  ;  if  that  be  upon  a 
crane-neck,  as  usually  happens  when  very  small,  he  will  carry  unsteady,  with 
tail  up  as  a  counterbalance ;  and  if  large  head  arise  from  thickness  of  the  jowl, 
this  will  also  be  a  real  deformity  and  interfere  with  his  safe  going :  hard  mouth- 
ed usually  accompanies  the  great  big  head  at  the  jowl.  Expanded  forehead 
is  quite  a  different  thing,  and  belongs  to  neither  of*  those  objections,  but  on  the 
contrary  is  a  redeeming  sign  of  good  breeding  for  any  kind  of  faulty  head,  or 
long  or  short,  or  thick  or  thin.  The  crest  being  slightl)^  curved  is  always  ac- 
companied by  distinctly  marked  windpipe.  No  horse  with  a  bad  shoulder  can 
carry  his  rider  with  ease  and  pleasure  on  the  road,  though  a  large  one  be  re- 
quisite for  harness,  or  a  very  oblique  one  belong  to  a  speedy  horso ;  because  it 
is  the  hind  legs  that  send  the  animal  along,  as  was  eminently  the  case  with 
Eclipse.  See  pages  5,  9,  10,  of  Book  I.,  where  many  other  points  to  our  pre- 
sent purpose  are  discussed. 

As  to  bodily  health,  also,  the  reader  will  not  have  far  to  look  to  enable  him- 
self to  judge  how  any  animal  is  affected  which  he  may  desire  to  purchase. 
The  whole  volume  now  in  his  hands  is  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  func- 
tions of  animal  life,  and  of  their  derangement. 

AGE. 

General  appearance  bespeaks  the  age  of  every  animal,  to  those  who  have 
much  practice  in  ascevtainincr  that  point,  and  whose  interest  may  be  said  to 


NUMBER  OF  TEETH:  TUSHB3.  203 

sharpen  their  judgment :  in  the  horse  we  are  enabled  to  make  a  fair  esumate 
of  his  years  from  the  birth,  to  ten  or  twelve,  by  means  of  its  teeth,  but  then 
we  should  guard  ourselves  against  a  number  of  deception?  tricks  that  are  prac- 
tised on  the  unwary. 

A  certain  juvenility  of  countenance  and  springiness  of  action,  legs  long 
compared  to  the  carcass,  or  filling  up,  large  at  the  knees  and  other  joints,  wide 
jowl,  rough  coat,  and  intractability,  denote  the  foal  and  colt  in  succession ;  all 
which  indications  vanish  gradually  as  it  advances  towards  maturity,  and  be- 
comes full  mouthed.  Heavy  cattle  assume  premature  age  and  sometimes  de- 
ceive us  upon  the  first  view ;  nor  do  such  decay  when  aged  so  fast  as  the  more 
spirited,  fretful,  and  lighter  breeds ;  and  as  no  one  would  purchase  a  horse  for 
use  before  it  be  fit  for  his  purpose,  nor  take  to  one  that  is  worn  out,  the  vendor 
hesitates  not  to  stretch  a  year  or  so,  one  way  or  the  other,  as  may  best  suit  his 
own  interest  and  his  customer's  wants.  To  aid  their  nefarious  designs,  they 
are  said  to  file  the  marks  of  age  in  colts'  teeth,  and  to  bishop  the  aged,  for 
confirmation  of  their  falsehoods.  But  we  never  rely  wholly  upon  those  marks, 
but  turn  our  attention  to  the  curve  of  the  tushes  in  the  horse's  mouth,  and  the 
sloping  forward  of  the  corner  teeth  in  both  sexes,  to  detect  the  imposture. 

When  we  open  the  mouth  of  a  full  grown,  or  four  year  old  horse,  we  per- 
ceive twelve  nipper  teeth  in  front  and  twenty-four  grinders  behind:  between 
the  two  sets,  above  and  below,  a  space  is  seen  on  the  gum,  designed  by  nature 
to  receive  the  bit,  and  termed  the  bars  of  the  upper  or  lower  jaw,  as  the  case 
may  be.  About  an  inch  behind  the  last  of  the  front  teeth,  the  male  has  tush- 
es at  this  age,  which  seldom  occurs  with  mares.  The  tushes  coming  up  in 
the  lower  jaw  sometimes  occasion  soreness  at  the  bars,  when  these  are  to  te  lan- 
ced and  the  tushes  appear :  this  the  dealers  effect  prematurely  at  times ;  and 
having  also  drawn  out  the  two  front  sucking  teeth,  this  causes  the  "  korse 
teeth"  to  come  up  soon,  so  that  the  animal  may  appear  four  years  old  be- 
fore its  time.  Pursuing  the  same  species  of  deception,  they  proceed  to  draw 
the  remaining  sucking  teeth,  that  the  animal  may  assume  the  appearance  of  a 
five  year  old.  Jockies  have  then  a  pass  word  for  this  operation,  which  they 
term  "all  up!" 

In  examining  the  mouth  to  ascertain  the  age,  we  leave  entirely  out  of  con- 
sideration the  grinding  teeth,  and  chiefly  rely  upon  the  under  jaw ;  though 
when  deception  may  be  suspected,  the  buyer  should  refer  to  the  upper  teeth 
also,  as  these  follow  the  same  course  of  nature  as  the  lower,  but  do  not  decay 
so  fast  in  old  age. 

At  fifteen  days  old  the  fore  teeth  (two  above  and  two  below),  appear  above  the 
gums,  the  outside  shell  first,  having  muscular  substance  in  the  middle  of  the  two 
shells,  whi^h  fills  gradually  up,  till  about  the  end  of  the  first  year,  when  tho 
surface  becomes  smooth,  and  a  small  ring  is  observable  towards  the  root  of  each. 

Meantime,  when  the  foal  is  a  month  old,  the  next  two  teeth  (one  on  each 
side)  above  and  below,  appear  in  Uke  manner ;  and  at  thirteen  months  tho 
fleshy  cavities  of  these  fill  up,  and  a  ring  is  observable  as  in  the  former. 

At  four  months  old  the  corner  teeth  come 
up,  and  the  filling  up  is  similarly  eflfected  at 
sixteen  or  seventeen  months  old.  After  this 
period  the  whole  six  teeth  wear  even,  and  so 
continue  smooth  and  unmarked  until  two 
years  and  a  half,  the  corner  teeth  being  still 
the  least  perfect,  the  front  ones  largest. 

During  this  state  of  the  mouth,  if  the  un- 
principled dealer  would  give  his  animal's  teeth 
*.lic  mark  of  tluree  or  four  years  old,  he  is  said  2  1-2  ijears  old 

•xj  "file"  two  or  four  front  teeth  hollow  in  the  middle;  though  in  fact  it  i« 


SOI 


FOALS'  AND  COLTS'  TEETH  IGRMnsG. 


burnt  in  with  an  acid  that  is  capable  of  destroying  the  hardest  substances 
But  this  falsification  may  be  detected,  1st,  by  comparing  the  upper  with  the 
lower  jaw  which  they  omit  "to  lile;"  2d,  by  noticing  whether  the  marked 
teeth  have  the  riog  before  described,  as  pertaining  to  the  sucking  teeth,  but  doe« 
not  belong  to  the  horse  teeth — lastly,  these  latter  are  larger,  of  a  brownish  yellow 
txnge,  and  soon  acquire  tartar,  very  unlike  thefine  whitenessof  the  sucking  teeth. 

On  rising  three  3'^ears  old,  the  two  fore  teetb 
(below,  and  two  above)  fall  out,  and  are  re 
placed  by  two  horse  teeth,  having  the  hollow 
mark  in  the  middle,  as  shown  in  the  annexea 
cut.     As  just  said,  they  are  also  larger  and  of 
darker  colour  than  the  sucking  teeth.     But 
between  the  third  and  fourth  years,  two  fur- 
ther colt's  teeth  (as  well  above  as  below)  shed, 
and  are  replaced  by  "horse  teeth,"  i.  e.  larger 
and  browner  than  the  sucking  teeth,  with  the 
black  mark ;  the  tushes  also  push  forth,  and 
the  horse  is  now  fully  mouthed,  as  re- 
presented by  the  cut  in  the  margin. 

Only  the  corners  now  reinain  un- 
changed from  colts'  to  horses'  teeth. 
These  differ  from  the  others  in  being 
shorter,  smaller,  and  of  a  shell-like  ap- 
pearance, until  the  middle  of  the  fifth 
year,  when  these  also  are  displaced  by 
horse  teeth,  in  shape  much  like  the 
former,  and  their  marks  but  just  per- 
ceptible within  the  upper  surface.  But, 
toward  the  completion  of  five  years  of 
age,    they   become   larger,   are  more 
strongly  marked,  and  are  grooved  on  the 
inside,  which  groove  denotes  the  age  to 
be  five  with  precision ;  no  deception  can 
be  practised  on  this  point,  nor  as  regards 
the  tushes,  which  are  now  curved,  hav- 
ing grooves  inside,  that  may  be  felt  with 
the  finger,  and  seen  as  represented  in  the 
figure  annexed.     At  this  age  the  two 
front  teeth   give  proof  of  teing  worn, 
principally  on  the  outer  edge  •  the  wear- 
ing away  goes  on,  and  at  six  years  the 
surliice  is  level,  or  as  they  say,  "the  mark, 
is  gone,"  whilst  the  next  two  teeth  also 
begin  to  wear.     Now,  also,  the  grooves 
just  spoken  of  in  the  corner  teeth  fill  up ; 
the  curve  in  the  tushes  is  diminished,      1. 
at  seven  years  their  grooves  fill  up  in  like 
manner,  and  become  convex  in  another 
year  or  two.     Up  to  this  age  only  the  two 
corner  teeth  retain  the  mark,  and  that 
but    slightly ;  when  the   horse  acquires 
the  term  "ajTcd,"and  these  two  likewise 
soon  after  become  smooth. 

This  is  the  state  of  the  lower  jaw  at 
J  T^c<irs.  seven  years  old,  but  the  teeth  of  the  up^** 


PAOES:  THEY  DISCLOSE  LAMENESa  305 

{a^T  ifo  not  fill  up  so  fast  by  two  years ;  so  that  a  tolerably  shrewil  jruess  ai  the 
age  of  a  horse  may  be  fornieil  until  it  is  twelve.  The  marks  in  the  two  front 
teeth  of  the  upper  jr.  w  are  not  obliterated  until  eight  years  old,  and  the  next 
two  become  smooth  only  at  the  tenth  year  of  its  age ;  being  each  two  years 
later  than  happens  to  the  corresponding  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw ;  whilst  the 
two  corner  teeth  above  do  not  lose  their  marks  until  the  twelfth  year. 

The  tushes  of  old  horses,  then,  have  neither  curve  nor  groove;  they  wear 
away  at  the  points  as  if  they  had  been  broken  off  and  pohshed  again ;  tne 
corner  teeth  appear  long  anil  leaning  forward  ;  the  upper  teeth  project  over  the 
lower,  and  all  lose  their  oblong  shape,  whilst  the  the  gum  recedes  and  leaves 
their  roots  bare,  st)  that  the  teeth  seem  as  if  grown  longei.  When  the  teeth 
do  not  so  meet  evenly,  certain  dealers  file  away  the  projecting  teeth ;  for  this 
denotation  of  oUl  age,  which  may  be  attributed  to  a  strong  mouth,  sometimes 
happens  prematurely  without  any  other  corresponding  sign.  In  two  or  three 
other  respects  we  notice  similar  deviations  from  the  general  rule,  that  none 
know  how  to  account  for,  unless  it  be  that  such  animals  were  got  by  old 
parents,  when  the  hollowness  over  the  eyes  will  be  found  to  disfigure  young 
colts  of  the  most  tender  age.  Some,  again,  lose  the  mark  in  all  their  teeth  ex- 
cept the  corners,  as  early  as  five  years  old  ;  others  have  hard  mouths  and  the 
bars  almost  callous;  but  all  these  have  the  hollow  just  spoken  of.  This  de- 
fect dealers  endeavour  to  rectify  by  puncturing  the  skin  and  blowing  it  up. 
On  the  other  hand,  some  horses  are  so  strong  in  the  mouth,  or  rather  healthy 
that  the  marks  of  five  years  old  are  retained  by  them  until  six  or  seven. 

Extreme  old  age  may  be  flirther  ascertained  by  the  mouth,  with  moderate 
accuracy.  Up  to  ten  or  eleven  years  old,  the  teeth  generally  retain  their  ob- 
long figure  and  touch  each  other.  From  this  period  the  teeth  contract  in  size, 
become  roundish,  and  leave  a  small  space  between  them;  which  space  in- 
creases up  to  the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  year,  when  each  tooth  assumes  an 
angular  shape,  and  projects  forward,  irregularly.  In  another  year  or  two  the 
under  lip  hangs  down,  the  jaw  becomes  neaped  and  contracted,  the  gum  re- 
cedes considerably  from  the  roots,  and  the  shape  of  the  teeth  is  then  of  an  ob- 
long, but  directly  contrary  to  the  first. 

Moreover,  the  eyes  of  a  horse  approaching  twenty  years  wax  yellowish,  he 
winks  much,  and  the  inner  skin  of  his  mouth  turns  outward.  If  naturally  of 
a  gray  or  roan  colour,  the  darker  spots  turn  rusty,  and  he  is  then  what  they 
term  "flea  bitten:"  gradually  he  turns  gray,  beginning  with  the  head  anii 
fijiishing  with  the  legs. 

LAMENESS 

Is  not  easy  of  detection,  when  the  horse  comes  from  the  hands  of  a  dea.er; 
who  of  course  makes  the  best  of  him,  and  endeavours  to  inveigle  our  judg- 
ment, and  to  throw  obstacles  in  the  way  of  examination.  Perhaps,  when  a 
horse  walks  (peerly,  or  unaccountably  odd,  this  should  be  sufficient  cause  for 
rejection;  but  if  he  suits  tlie  purchaser's  purpose  in  other  respects,  we  are 
usually  induced  to  look  at  him  a  little  further,  and  this  is  the  reason  that  the 
seller  always  puts  his  tit  upon  the  pace  he  can  i)erform  best,  commonly  the 
gallop.  All  paces  are  natural  ones,  exce[)t  backing  and  cantering,  and  are 
all  modifications  of  the  walk,  trot,  and  gallop.  'I'he  walk  is  made  in  four 
equal  steps  ;  the  trot  in  two,  and  the  gallop  likewise  in  two,  except  at  setting 
oiF.  When  the  steps  are  not  made  in  equal  time,  then  is  the  horse  lame.  Tills 
is  observable  when  he  walks,  is  more  apparent  when  he  trots,  but  is  scarcely 
perceptible  when  he  gallops:  therefore  to  judge  whether  a  horse  be  lame  or 
not,  he  should  be  put  upon  the  short  trot,  because  at  the  long  trot  it  is  ni.ire 
:iifficult  to  be  discovered  by  -*eeing  him  go,  than  by  hearing  tJie  unference  if 


•306  BLOOD  LETTTNQ.  ERRORS  CONCERNING. 

sound  in  each  alternate  step.  Hence,  it  will  be  seen,  we  must  exa^nine 
whether  a  horse  be  lame  by  a  gentle  trot.  To  judge  whether  the  lameness 
De  before,  let  him  come  towards  you,  then  the  fore  leg  which  falls  to  ground 
the  quickest  is  the  sound  leg,  and  the  contrary  one  is  faulty ;  but  to  find  owl 
whether  the  inequality  of  his  paces  pK>ceeds  from  defect  in  the  hind  leg,  make 
him  trot  from  you,  and  that  leg  which  is  longest  in  coming  to  the  ground  is 
affected  in  some  manner  or  other ;  and  in  either  case  the  faulty  leg  is  to  bo 
closely  examined,  according  to  the  instructions  before  set  down,  page  171 
Even  then,  unless  the  person  has  great  experience,  he  is  liable  to  be  imposed 
on,  as  the  poor  animal  is  often  lamed  of  a  fore  and  a  hind  leg,  at  the  same 
time :  an  occurrence  that  may  have  been  inflicted  on  one  leg  in  order  to  coun- 
teract the  first  appearance  of  actual  lameness  in  the  other.  To  detect  this  cruel 
imposition,  it  becomes  necessary  to  examine  every  leg.  to  turn  up  all  the  soles, 
and  to  ascertain  whether  the  horse  has  not  been  pegged  between  the  shoe  and 
the  sole,  or  his  "  heels  opened,"  by  the  shoeing-smith  for  the  purpose  of  sale. 

BLOOD-LETTING. 

Every  one,  almost,  can  bleed  a  horse  in  some  way  or  other,  and  it  is  often 
found  extremely  desirable  that  the  operation  should  be  performed  without  de- 
lay. But,  like  many  other  excellent  remedies  in  the  hands  of  unreflecting 
persons,  this  one  is  frequently  employed  imperfectly,  as  well  as  too  often.  Each 
has  its  peculiar  notions,  either  as  to  the  fit  part  whence  the  blood  should  be 
taken,  the  time  when  it  becomes  necessary,  or  the  quantity  proper  to  be  taken ; 
the  latter  being  the  more  common  error,  as  it  is  also  the  more  excusable,  inas- 
much as  they  can  plead  "  authority  "  either  way  for  what  they  do,  is  neverthe- 
less demonstrably  ruled  by  wrong  principles.  The  practice  of  bleeding  at 
given  periods,  be  the  quantity  taken  ever  so  small,  is  most  injudicious,  to  say 
no  worse  of  it ;  for,  why  should  we  employ  a  curative  when  there  is  nothing 
to  cure?  especially  when  we  thereby  substract  from  vitaUty  itself. 

"  Only  bleed  in  cases  of  inflammation,"  say  the  French  farriers,  and  then 
they  take  a  large  quantity,  under  the  impression  that  taking  a  quart,  or  a  little 
more,  from  a  mass  of  two  hundred  and  twenty  quarts,  which  is  fairly  calcu- 
lated to  reside  in  a  middling-sized  horse,  "  is  but  trifling  with  the  disorder." 
The  existence  of  inflammation,  or  fever,  is  to  be  ascertained  by  the  state  of 
the  pulse,  upon  which  I  was  tolerably  minute  whilst  speaking  of  fever.  &c. 
(pages  61 — G4)  the  number  of  beats,  and  the  kind  of  vibrations,  being  well 
considered,  previously  to  taking  the  fleam  in  hand,  when  the  quantity  drawn 
should  be  commensurate  to  the  extent  of  the  disorder.  Keep  in  mind,  how- 
ever, the  exceeding  danger  of  mistaking  one  series  of  febrile  symptoms  for 
another,  as  may  be  judged  of  by  turning  to  those  of  "low  fever,"  at  page  67, 
when  bleeding  would  destroy  the  horse.  See  also  pages  68,  69.  "Without 
question,  if  the  operator  entertains  a  doubt  about  the  symptoms  as  indicated 
by  the  pulse,  the  least  quantity  he  takes  is  likely  to  perpetrate  the  smallest 
amount  of  harm ;  whilst,  if  he  be  correct  in  his  observations,  and  has  witnessed 
the  good  effects  of  bleeding  in  strictly  similar  cases,  its  inadequacy  can  effect 
no  good  whatever,  nor  repetition  amend  the  matter  one  tittle,  but  the  contrary. 
So  that  he  must  be  wrong  either  way. 

For,  as  I  proved  at  the  pages  before  referred  to,  the  disorders  for  which 
bleeding  is  found  serviceable  depend  less  upon  the  quantity  of  blood  that  may 
be  in  the  system  at  the  time  of  the  attack,  than  upon  the  construction  or 
"state  of  the  blood,"*  and  the  degree  of  irritation  that  may  exist  in  the  ves- 

Thal  IS  to  say,  the  proportion  of  its  then  component  part%  which  is  mainly  aflectad  by  Qm 

Base. 


MEASURE  AND  APPEARANCE  OF  COAGULUM.  20? 

eels  that  contain  it;  both  which  affections,  or  causes  of  disease,  are  more  fre- 
quently to  be  moved  by  the  manner  of  taking  any  given  quantity  than  by  the 
actual  weight,  or  rather  the  measure  thereof.  If  the  blood,  for  example,  be 
drawn  from  a  small  orifice,  no  matter  how^  rightly  judged  the  quantity  mriy 
be,  however  consonant  to  the  proportions  1  have  prescribed  at  page  t)3,  yet  the 
irritation  of  the  blood-vessels,  known  by  the  rigid  feel  of  the  artery,  will  not  be 
reduced,  nor  the  animal  recover,  "  He  has  been  bled,"  is  thrown  in  the  ffiie 
of  the  doctor,  "  and  is  no  better  :  we  have  even  preserved  the  blood."  But  tne 
thing  has  not  been  performed  with  requisite  skill.  Among  other  absurdities, 
the  operator  will  perceive  the  impropriety  of  permitting  the  blood  to  escape 
upon  the  ground,  and  then  guessing  at  the  quantity  drawn  ;  than  which  no 
practice  can  be  more  slovenly  and  fallacious. 

A  measure  should  be  provided,  marked  with  graduated  circular  lines,  and 
numbered  from  the  bottom  by  pints  each.  Glass  forms  the  neatest  vessel ; 
but  pewter  offers  a  less  brittle  material  in  horse-medicine.  The  blood  should 
be  preserved  awhile  in  the  vessel,  that  the  form  it  assumes  in  coagulating  may 
be  noted  and  remarked  upon;  as  commonly  happens  most  indiscreetly  by  all 
bystanders,  whether  it  be  caught  or  not ;  for  very  few  can  pronounce  accu- 
rately, upon  the  view,  the  quantity  of  disease  the  blood  indicates,  particularly 
when  it  is  on  the  ground ;  nor  yet  when  in  a  vessel,  unless  it  be  caught  pro- 
perly. 

Let  the  vessel  be  ])resented  so  as  to  catch  the  blood  fairly,  and  not  tnckle 
down  the  sides,  whereby  the  manner  of  its  coagulation  is  affected.  Blood 
that  is  drawn  from  a  healthy  horse,  soon  congeals  in  nearly  one  uniform  mass, 
about  one  fifth  of  water  only  remaining  at  the  top;  from  the  residue  you  may 
wash  away  the  red  or  colouring  particles,  and  leave  a  pale  thick  coagulum  or 
lymph.  In  a  pound  of  such  blood  will  be  found  these  proportions — viz.  8 
ounces  of  thick  lymph,  5  ounces  of  the  red  or  colouring  particles,  3  ounces 
watery.  If  the  operator  keeps  stirring  the  blood  until  it  cools,  the  water  does 
not  separate,  but  the  whole  forms  one  homogeneous  mass.  In  cases  of  great 
inflammation  or  fever,  the  watery  proportion  is  much  less,  and  the  blood  is 
then  consequently  more  viscid  or  thick ;  which  proves  that  this  viscidity  is  an 
accompanying  symptom  of  the  disorder,  as  maintained  in  various  parts  of  this 
volume ;  but,  as  the  fever  goes  on,  the  animal  loses  appetite,  and  he  makes  no 
more  new  blood ;  the  blood  then  becomes  thinner  in  consequence  of  the  de- 
posite  of  lymph  made  in  its  circulation,  and  the  red  part  predominates.  On 
the  contrary,  in  low  fever  and  all  languishing  disorders  of  a  tardy  circulation, 
in  cases  of  cedematous  tumour,  the  watery  part  is  found  in  the  greatest  pro- 
portion, and  the  red  part  is  then  almost  extinct ;  in  inflammatory  fever  the  red 
particles  predominate,  the  water  is  nearly  dried  up,  and  the  lymph  greatly  de- 
creases. 

Instruments. — The  fleam  and  blood-stick  have  been  attacked  as  remnants 
of  the  old  school,  but  were  unjustly  stigmatized  as  a  rude  metnod  of  obtaining 
blood.  In  the  hands  of  judicious  persons,  the  fleam  has  been  found  equal  to 
every  purpose  that  was  required,  and  when  used  adroitly  no  other  means  of 
blood-letting,  probably,  ever  will  supersede  it.  But  during  the  rage  for  im- 
provements and  new  inventions,  that  prevailed  a  few  years  since,  they  sought 
to  avoid  a  certain  clumsiness  of  its  application  by  introducing  the  lancet  to 
general  use.  True  it  is,  that  the  awkward  method  of  making  two  or  three 
aims  with  the  stick,  before  striking  at  the  fleam,  occasions  the  horse  to  shy, 
especially  whilst  every  vessel  of  the  head  is  swelhng  with  olood,  in  c.  msc- 
quence  of  the  application  of  the  ligature  round  the  neck ;  and  equally  true, 
that  careless  operators  frequently  cut  through  the  vein,  so  as  to  cause  subse- 
quent disorders  ;  though  others,  again,  dangerously  wounded  the  carotid  arter^ 
20 


208  FLEAiM  AND  LANCET:    LIGATURE. 

that  passes  uniler  the  vein  ;  yet  are  there  insurmountable  obstacles  to  the  go« 
neral  use  of  tlie  lancet,  that  can  never  be  overcome. 

Of  those,  I  need  mention  but  one  objection,  viz  the  time  occupied  in  mak- 
ing the  opening — seldom  less  than  four  or  five  seconds,  which  causes  the  ani- 
mal to  move  its  head,  and  thus  to  defeat  the  intention  of  making  a  sufficient 
orifice,  whereby  the  adipose  muscle  of  fleshy  animals  is  allowed  to  interpose, 
and  the  blood  trickles  down  the  neck,  and  part  of  it  gets  underneath  the  skin. 
By  the  way,  this  happens  when  the  operator  does  not  bleed  sufficiently  high 
up  the  neck,  the  skin  and  muscle  being  much  thicker  lower  down.  Upon 
large  animals,  likewise,  the  lancet  is  wholly  incompetent  to  its  purpose,  owing 
to  the  very  thick  teguments  it  has  to  pass  through,  leaving  entirely  out  of  con- 
sideration the  substance  of  the  vein  itself  To  remedy  those  objections,  the 
spring  fleam  is  more  advisedly  employed  by  less  practised  hands,  and  is  found 
to  combine  the  advantages  assumed  for  the  lancet,  whilst  it  secures  the  requi- 
site orifice  punctured  by  the  fleam. 

Bleeding  is  now  performed  without  previously  applying  a  ligature,  as  it  be- 
came apparent  that  the  blood  which  was  thus  detained  in  both  veins,  distend- 
ed also  the  capillary  vessels  in  the  head,  which  pressed  upon  the  brain. 
Hence  it  frequently  happened  that  vertigo  came  over  the  animal,  filling  it 
with  the  apprehension  of  danger.  Sometimes  it  fell  down  through  compres- 
sion of  the  brain,  and  plunged  ;  whereupon  the  disconcerted  oj^erator  was 
known  to  give  it  up  for  a  bad  job,  at  the  moment  it  became  more  than  ever  ne- 
cessary, charging  the  fault  to  account  of  the  horse's  restiveness,  with  an  ex- 
pressed intemion  of  resuming  the  attempt  at  some  more  fovourable  o[)portu- 
nity.  But  this  was  a  promise  he  was  seldom  able  to  redeem  cleverly;  the 
alarm  excited  by  striking  the  fleam  again  and  again  scarcety  ever  subsiding, 
for  the  tension  of  the  vein  would  but  increase  with  the  continuance  of  the 
ligature,  and  caused  it  to  slip  aside  more  certainly.  Apoplexy  and  death  has 
ensued  from  the  same  cause,  namely,  the  application  of  a  ligature,  and  the 
consequent  bursting  of  the  fine  blood-vessels  of  the  brain, 

A  large  rein  is  more  desirable  to  take  blood  from,  as  an  evacuation  that  is 
to  relieve  the  whole  system,  than  a  small  one,  and  the  jugular  or  neck  vein, 
within  a  hand  of  the  jowl,  is  ever  preferable;  because  the  small  do  not  con- 
veniently admit  of  making  so  large  an  orifice,  for  the  quick  escape  of  the  blood, 
upon  which  so  much  l>enefit  dejjcnds  ;  nor  for  the  same  reason  allow  of  draw- 
ing a  sufficient  quantity  at  one  time,  to  effect  any  good  upon  the  spasmodic 
tendency  or  irritability  of  the  vessels. 

Local  bleeding,  in  the  plate  vein  for  example,  for  a  bruise  in  that  region, 
does  not  enter  exactly  into  my  present  view  of  the  subject  of  blood-letting ; 
though  as  much  service  to  the  part  aflected  may  l)e  derived  from  drawing  off 
from  the  circulation  a^  the  neck  vein,  as  sj)raying  a  vein  immediatt-ly  at  the 
seatof  the  evil.  Bleeding  in  the  foot  is  the  only  exception  1  should  make: 
unless  the  practice  of  incising  the  bars  of  the  mouth  when  the  animal  will  not 
take  his  v^orn,  be  another,  or  at  least  not  of  importance  sufficient  to  be  men- 
tioned at  all,  even  as  an  exception. 

The  jugidar  vein  being  sought  for  where  it  is  largest  and  nearest  the  sur- 
face, this  will  be  found  upon  pressing  it  with  the  finger,  a  band's  breadth  from 
♦tie  setting  on  of  the  heail,  a  very  little  below  the  place  where  a  branch  cornea 
from  the  lower  jaw,  and  joins  another  from  the  upper  part.  The  Frenchman 
instructs  his  marechal  thus  pithily  on  this  topic,  at  on  several  others — ''Do 
not  bleed  your  horse  in  the  head,  but  as  near  to  it  as  [lossiblc."  Its  situation 
behig  thus  found  take  the  fleam  between  the  fore-finger  and  thiunl)  of  the 
•eft  hand,  and  pressing  gently  upon  the  vein  below  with  the  other  fingers,  the 
tffiinwill  rise;  then  strike,  with  stick  or  spring,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  con- 
nnue  the  pressure  until  the  proper  quantity  of  blood   is  drawn  off.     If  this 


OF  PINNING  THE  ORIFICE.    ACUTE  FOUNDER.  209 

fettet  necessary  attendance  is  found  inconvenient,  the  ligature  may  now  be 
appliisd  without  danger,  but  with  no  additional  advantage. 

Pinning  up  the  orifice  is  the  final  part  of  blood-lettin<j  that  is  frequently 
overdone;  that  is  to  say,  too  much  of  the  skin  is  drawn  up  over  the  oriiice  of 
the  vein,  so  that  the  blood  will  How  underneath  the  skin,  which  causes  a  swell- 
ing; and  a  fistulous  tumour  is  the  consequence,  that  is  very  troublesome  to 
cure.  Where  the  quantity  of  bloe)d  taken  has  been  small,  leaving  a  redun- 
dancy in  the  system,  this  latter  misfortune  is  likehest  to  happen;  but  when 
the  quantity  taken  has  been  large,  and  the  horse  rests  quietly  after  it,  the 
pinning  up  may  be  dispensed  with,  for  the  blood  ceasing  to  flow  of  itself,  the 
parts  being  brought  together  will  adhere  almost  naturally,  by  holding  the  finger 
at  the  orifice  for  a  few  seconds.  But  when  you  must  use  a  pin,  be  careful  it 
does  not  prick  the  orifice  oi  the  vein. 

Is  it  necessary  to  adJ,  that  the  fleam  should  be  clean,  and  otherwise  in  good 
order  1 

Rules.  1.  Always  give  purging  physic  after  letting  blood.  2.  Never 
bleed  immediately  after  a  run ;  nor  at  the  moment  pretend  to  pass  judgment 
on  the  pulse,  as  it  is  then  flurried.  3.  You  may  bleed  after  a  fall,  or  a  con- 
tused wound;  though  the  pulse  be  not  quick,  it  will  then  be  irregular:  incised 
wounds  do  not  require  bleeding,  since  enough  escapes  at  the  wound.  4.  If 
the  blood  in  the  measure  be  very  hard,  with  buff  at  the  top,  the  animal  may 
be  bled  again  :  it  indicates  high  fever.  5.  If  the  blood  scarcely  coagulates,  the 
poor  creature  ought  not  to  have  been  blooded  at  all. 


ON  ACUTE  FOUNDER. 

Founder,  as  a  general  subject,  is  one  of  great  importance ;  and  when  it  ia 
considered  as  probable,  that  if  it  does  not  destroy,  it  at  least  renders  useless 
more  horses  than  all  other  diseases  put  together,  its  importance  can  hardly  be 
rated  too  high.  To  a  proper  consideration  of  it,  however,  it  must  be  regarded 
as  consisting  of  two  kinds,  and  these  essentially  differing  from  each  other. 
The  one  is  an  acute  attack,  dependent  on  diflfused  inflammation  or  fever,  like 
the  inflammations  of  any  other  important  organs  :  the  other,  a  chronic,  occa- 
sioned by  local  inflammation,  sometimes  dependent  on  constitutional  liability, 
but  much  more  frequently  on  outward  occasional  causes. 

But  as  an  acute  founder  appears  to  be  the  most  general  disease  in  this  coun- 
try, I  shall  confine  myself  entirely  to  a  consideration  of  it. 

Acute  Founder  appears  to  have  two  origins,  in  one  case  being  a  true  me- 
tastasis of  primary  fever,  or  translation  of  disease  from  one  part  to  another ; 
in  other  instances  the  attack  appears  to  be  made  more  directly  on  the  feet 
themselves.  In  a  great  many  instances  it  can  be  directly  traced  to  the  effect 
of  obstructed  perspiration ;  or  at  least  of  the  sudden  alternations  of  tempera- 
ture, operating  in  the  production  of  general  febrile  affections,  whose  transla- 
tion to  the  feet  is  sometimes  perhaps  accidental,  and  at  others  may  be  pro- 
duced by  some  cause  which  has  already  weakened  them.  In  this  latter  way 
it  often  occurs  after  very  severe  exertions;  as  very  hard  riding  or  driving,  with 
previous,  present,  or  subsequent  exposure  to  wet  or  cold,  particularly  of  the 
feet,  as  washing  them  immediately  after  the  horse  arrives;  or  the  tendency 
may  perhaps  be  increased  by  first  exposing  the  feet  to  cold  and  afterwards 
suddenly  removing  them  into  a  warm  stable;  the  vessels  of  the  feet  not  being 
able  to  bear  this  sudden  alteration,  distend  and  fall  into  inflammation  It  may 
in  many  of  these  cases  occur  prior  to  general  fever,  which  will  then  be  symp- 
tomatic ;  or  it  may  be  consequent  to  it,  when  the  founder  itself  is  the  effftci 


810  ACUTE  FOUNDER. 

ol  translation;  and  both  are  frequently  occasioned,  as  before  stated,  by  r» 
pcated  and  long  continued  exertions  with  subsequent  exposure  to  cold,  espe- 
cially by  the  custom  of  washing  the  feet  and  legs  when  hot. 

Founder  very  frequently  proceeds  from  cold  too  suddenly  applied  to  the 
body  from  a  current  of  cold  air  acting  upon  it  when  in  an  over-heated  state, 
or  from  drinking  freely  of  cold  water.  The  symptoms  are  at  first  these : 
when  the  horse  begins  to  cool,  he  appears  very  stiff  and  feeble  in  his  fore 
quarters,  and,  when  forced  to  move  forwards,  he  collects  his  body,  as  it  were, 
into  a  heap,  and  brings  his  hind  feet  as  far  forward  under  him  as  he  can,  in 
order  to  remove  the  pressure  of  the  weight  of  his  body  from  the  fore  legs  a  d 
feet ;  at  the  same  time  he  sets  his  fore  feet  to  the  ground  with  great  pain  ;  his 
fore  parts  are  extremely  hot,  and  sometimes  his  legs  are  considerably  swollen, 
and  evidently  painful  to  the  animal  when  touched. 

As  soon  as  the  complaint  has  risen  to  any  height,  the  feet  will  be  found  in- 
intensely  hot,  and  the  pastern  arteries  pulsating  very  strongly;  there  is  some- 
times some  little  tumefaction  round  the  fetlocks,  and  when  one  foot  is  held  up 
for  examination,  it  gives  so  much  pain  to  the  other  that  the  horse  is  in  danger 
of  falling.  The  poor  beast  groans  and  breaks  out  into  profuse  sweats  at  one 
time,  and  at  others  is  cold ;  his  eyes  are  moist  and  red,  and  his  whole  appear- 
ance betokens  that  he  is  labouring  under  a  most  painful  inflammatory  affec- 
tion. 

In  this  state,  the  complaint  shows  itself  the  first  three  or  four  days,  after 
which  its  effects  are  various.  In  excessively  bad  cases,  when  the  symptoms 
stated  have  raged  a  few  days,  a  slight  separation  of  the  hoof  at  the  coronet 
may  be  observed,  from  which  a  small  quantity  of  thin  matter  may  be  pressed  ; 
the  sensible  laminae  of  the  foot,  now  losing  their  connexion  with  the  insensible 
laminae  by  the  effects  of  the  inflammation,  the  hoofs  gradually  separate,  and 
at  last  drop  off.  At  other  times  the  effects  are  not  quite  so  violent :  still  how- 
ever the  termination  is  sufficiently  unfortunate;  for  coagulable  lymph  is  thrown 
out,  which  equally  forces  off  the  hoofs ;  but  not  until  the  parts  underneath 
have  acquired  some  solidity,  nor  till  the  germ  of  a  new  hoof  appears,  which 
if  suffered  to  grow  never  proves  perfect ;  on  the  contrary,  the  horse  usually 
remains  permanently  lame.  In  other  cases  the  laminae,  losing  their  elasticity 
and  power,  yield  to  the  weight  of  the  coffin-bone,  which  becomes  pushed  back- 
wards, and  in  its  passage  draws  with  it  the  front  of  the  hoof,  which  falls  in ; 
the  pressure  also  of  the  coffin-bone  destroys  the  concavity  of  the  horny  sole, 
which  becomes  convex,  or  pumiced,  leaving  a  large  space  hollow  towards  the 
toe,  which  very  frequently  turns  up. 

But  when  the  attack  is  not  commenced  with  that  violence  which  has  been 
detailed,  or  when  an  early  and  judicious  plan  of  treatment  is  adopted,  the  ter- 
mination will  be  more  fortunate ;  the  horse  will  stand  longer  upon  his  feet,  the 
pulse,  which  at  the  onset  of  the  disease  is  very  high,  will  gradually  fall,  these 
favourable  appearances  will  increase  daily,  and  in  the  end  the  animal  will  re- 
cover the  use  of  his  feet. 

As  soon  as  the  disease  is  discovered,  take  away  blood  from  the  neck  to  the 
amount  of  four,  five,  or  six  quarts,  as  circumstances  may  require,  or  size  and 
condition  will  permit ;  back-rake  and  throw  up  clysters ,  but  unless  there  be 
Vnuch  costiveness  present,  do  not  give  strong  purgative  medicine,  as  the  high 
state  of  irritative  fever  which  is  generally  present,  forbids  such  practice. 
Mild  laxatives  should  be  given  twice  or  three  times  a  day  until  the  bowels 
are  moderately  opened,  together  with  the  fever  ball,  recommended  some 
{)ages  further  back,  twice  a  day,  until  the  inflammatory  symptoms  have  sub- 
sided. 

The  feet  should  1)6  attended  to  after  the  general  bleeding,  &c.  In  the  first 
piaco  let  the  shoes  be  taken  off,  and  the  soles  pared  a  little ;  the  hoof  should 


ACUTE  FOUNDER.  211 

b(!  rasped  as  thin  as  is  prudent,  which  will  greatly  relieve  the  internal  sensi- 
ble parts,  which  are  tender  and  swollen,  by  removing  the  pressure  of  the  sole 
and  hoof  from  them;  let  the  feet  be  immersed  in  warm  water  or  apply  poul- 
tices to  them,  or  if  preferred  wet  cloths  may  be  kept  round  them;  if  the 
general  febrile  symptoms  still  continue  repeat  the  bleeding  and  the  medicine. 
As  soon  as  amendment  becomes  apparent,  feed  mildly,  and  allow  the  horse 
to  rest ;  do  not  proceed  to  exercise  until  the  feet  have  gained  some  strength, 
nor  must  it  be  forgotten  that  feet  once  foundered,  require  great  caution  in 
their  future  management,  as  they  are  very  liable  to  become  again  affected  on 
■ny  considerable  exertion. 


20* 


INDEX 


Abscess  and  tumours,  how  engendered,  110. 
■    ,  critical,  treatment  of,  113. 

Drawing  poultice,  114. 

,  deep-seated,  danger  of,  115. 

Acute  founder,  origin  srnd  treatment  of,  209. 
Age  of  horses,  how  to  estimate  the,  202. 
Air,  effects  of,  on  the  blood,  39. 

,  confined  or  noxious,  a  cause  of  inflammatitti,  60. 

,  the  importance  of  keeping  out  a  drai^ht  or  current  o^  in  stabies,  "3^ 

— ,  cells,  controversy  concerning,  82. 
Anatomy  of  the  foot,  169. 
Animal  system,  general  observations  on  the,  54. 
,  definition  of  the  term,  54. 

,  how  deranged,  55. 

,  lesser  parts  of  the,  described,  56. 
Anticor,  prevalence  of,  in  France,  142. 

,  cause,  symptoms,  and  method  of  curing,  142. 
Alterative  ball,  143. 
Arabs,  practice  of  the,  in  cases  of  lameness,  170^  177. 
Arteries  and  veins,  their  office,  41. 


Back,  strain  of  the,  cause  and  symptoms  of,  197. 

,  effects  of,  and  remedies  for,  198. 
Back-raking,  in  cases  of  costiveness,  method  o^  69. 
Bile,  excess  and  deficiency  of,  50. 
Bishoping,  how  to  detect,  204. 
Bladder,  construction  of  the,  53. 

,  diseases  of  the,  54,  104. 
— — — — ,  inflammation  of  the,  cause  o^  105. 

-,  symptoms  and  remedy,  105. 


-,  cases  of  stone  found  in  the,  108. 


Bleeding,  copious,  in  certain  cases  recommended,  74,  198. 
— — — ,  dangerous,  after  continuance  of  inflammation,  74. 
,  of  the  employment  of  the  fleam  and  blood-stick  in,  207. 

,  objections  to  the  lancet,  208. 

-,  local,  remarks  on,  208. 


— ,  modern  method  of,  208. 
— ,  on  pinning  up  the  orifice  after  the  operation  o^  309. 
rules  to  be  observed  in,  209. 


Blind-gut,  its  uses,  46. 

blistering,  to  divert  inflammation,  considered,  75. 


214  INDEX. 

BIooJ,  circulation  of  the,  38. 
— — ,  effects  of  air  on  the,  39. 

•V ,  how  cleansed,  40. 

,  fluidity  of  the,  42. 

,  effusion  of  the,  42. 

,  the,  how  made,  48. 

,  healthy  proportion  of  the  componeni  parts  of  a  pound,  207. 

Blood-letting,  remarks  on,  206. 

,  use  of  a  graduated  measure  recommended  in,  207. 

Blood-vessels  of  the  foot,  168. 

Bone  spavin — See  Spavin. 

Bones  and  integuments  of  the  foot  and  leg,  description  of  the,  169. 

Bowels,  inflammation  of  the,  symptoms  of,  88. 

Breeders,  advice  to,  18. 

Broken  wind,  82.     See  Organs  of  Respiration^  35. 

Brood-mares,  treatment  of  18. 


Calculus,  or  stone  in  the  bladder,  cause  of,  107. 
■■    -1     -,  its  resemblance  to  colic,  109. 
Canine  madness,  causes  of,  159. 

Canker,  causes,  symptoms,  and  method  of  curing,  190. 
,  treatment  in  cases  of,  190. 

,  how  prevented,  191. 

Cat-hams,  how  contracted,  13. 

Circulation  of  the  blood,  36. 

Cline,  Mr.,  his  opinion  regarding  hereditary  roaring,  85. 

Coffin-joint,  strain  of  the,  how  caused,  194. 

,  symptoms  and  cure  of,  195. 

Cold,  progress  of  a,  33. 

,  mistreatment  of  a,  35. 

Cold  or  Catarrh,  causes  of  a,  76. 

■   ,  symptoms  of  a,  77. 
-,  remedies  in  cases  of,  78. 
Colic,  a  prolific  source  of  inflammation,  88. 
— — ,  spasmodic  or  flatulent,  symptoms  of,  90,  96. 

y  definition  and  re-production  of,  94. 

,  causes  and  progress  of,  95. 

Drench,  No.  1,  9a 

,  No.  2,  98. 

Sedative  ball,  98. 
Colts,  consequence  of  mounting  too  early,  19. 

Concretions,  cause  of,  107 — the  coecum,  46  j  kidneys,  51 ;  bladder,  53L 
Consumption,  definition  of  the  term,  82. 
Contraction  caused  by  paring  the  sole  inconsiderately,  185 
Corns,  how  caused,  193. 

f  symptoms  and  mode  of  curing,  193. 

Costiveness,  causes  of,  68. 

,  symptoms  of,  68 

,  remedy  in  cases  of,  68,  92. 

...     ,  restoratives,  69. 

laxative  drench,  69. 
tonic  ball,  No.  1,  69. 
,  No.  3,  70. 


INDEX.  2r/ 


cooling  decoction,  70. 
Cough'  remedies  for,  79. 

expectorant  ball,  No.  1,  80. 

,  No.  2,  80. 

a  laxative  ball,  81. 
a  diuretic  ball,  81. 

drench,  No.  1,  81. 

,  No.  2,  81. 


diet  and  regimen  in  cases  o^  81. 


/ough,  chronic,  described,  36. 

-,  symptoms  of,  86. 


f  plethoric,  how  brought  on,  86. 

,  remedy  in  cases  of,  86. 

purgative  ball,  86. 

,  periodical,  treatment  of,  87. 

mild  purgative  ball,  87 
alterative  ball,  87. 

,  constitutional,  88. 

drench,  88. 
Curb,  description  of,  and  how  cured   174. 


Dead  subjects,  duty  of  examining,  2. 
Defectiveness,  constitutional,  110. 
Diabetes,  cause  and  symptoms  of,  106. 

,  remedies  for,  106. 

Diet  and  regimen  in  cases  of  cough,  81. 
Digestion,  the  process  of,  43. 
Diseases  of  the  lungs,  review  of,  35. 

,  origin  of  constitutional,  48. 

Disorders,  inflammatory,  59. 

of  the  foot  and  leg,  introductory  observations  on,  178L 

Dissection,  how  to  proceed  with,  2. 
Docking,  introduction  of  the  practice  of,  56. 

,  effects  of,  157. 

Dung,  au  indication  of  the  state  of  the  body,  65. 


Epts,  the,  by  their  movements,  indicate  the  passiont^  57. 
Eclipse,  the  race-horse,  5,  10. 

,  weight  of  the  heart  of,  37. 

Englishman's  description  of  a  good  horse,  202, 

Eruptions,  scurvical,  treatment  of,  176. 

Exercise,  effects  of,  42. 

Eye  .ippearance  of  the,  a  criteiion  by  which  to  judge  of  the  conatit' 


Farcy  and  poll-evil,  connexion  of,  121. 

^  distinction  between,  121 

,  cause  of,  140. 

,  symptoms,  140. 

,  treatuient  and  cure  of,  in  its  three  stages,  141. 


;  INDEX. 

f^arcy,  mercury,  a  specifh.  in,  142. 

Farcy  buds,  the  free  application  of  the  actual  cautery  recommended  *^ 

purgative  ball,   141. 

alterative  ball,   141. 

mercurial  ball,  No.  1,  142. 

,  No.  2,  143. 

Fever,  predisposition  to,  59. 

,  and  inflammation,  slight  distinction  between,  6C. 

-— — ,  remedies  recommended  in  cases  of,  61. 

,  high,  indications  of,  62. 

f  simple,  symptoms  and  treatment  of,  63. 

,  danger  of  relapse,  in  cases  of,  65. 

,  low,  cause  of,  6^. 

,  symptoms  of,  G6. 

,  remedy  and  restoratives  in  cases  of,  67. 

^,  typhus  or  putrid,  causes  and  symptoms  o^  70. 

,  epidemic,  cause  of,  71. 

^mptoms  of,  71. 


Fever  in  the  feet,  15,  178. 

purgative  ball,  63. 

,  clyster,  64. 

fever  powder,  No.  1,  65, 

,  No.  2,  65. 

fever  drink,  65. 

laxative  draught,  67. 

diuretic  ball,  67. 
Figg.     See  Corns. 
Firing,  barbarity  of  the  operation  of,  56. 

,  in  cases  of  strains,  when  proper,  179. 

Fistula  in  the  withers,  cause  of,  122. 
,  symptoms,  122. 

,  method  of  cure,  122.^ 

■  —  i  '.        ,  operations  necessary  in,  123. 

cold  lotion,  124. 
Fleam,  the  spring,  advantages  of,  207. 
Fluidity  of  the  blood,  43.  ^  ^ 

Fomentations,  great  service  of,  in  strains,  198. 
Food  of  the  horse,  43. 
Foot,  constitutional  defects  in  the  form  of  the,  7. 

^  cutting  away  the  horny  part  of  the  sole,  reprobated,  56. 

.-,  a  section  of  the,  166. 

,  structure  and  physiology  of  the,  164,  168. 

,  mode  of  severing  a,  167. 

,  blood  vessels  of  the,  168. 

,  ligaments  and  tendons  of  the,   168. 

-,  anatomy  of  the,  169. 

,  and  leg,  description  of  the  bones  and  integuments  of  the,  169. 

,  observations  on  the  disorders  of  the,  170. 

—  -,  remarks  on  the  diseases  of  the,  188. 
France,  prevalence  of  anticor  in,   142. 
French  method  of  cleaning  sores,  124. 

,  notions  of  strains,   176.  i       •      i,     oai 

,  military  service,  instructions  to  the  purchasers  of  cavalry  tor  the,  201 

Founder,  causes  of,  198. 
,  in  young  horses,  199. 


INDEX.  91? 

Founder,  symptoms  attendinjr,  199. 

,  distinction  between  acute  and  chronic,  SX)'' 

,  remedies  in  cases  of,  200. 

■ ,  the  etiect  of  inflammatory  fever,  200. 

,  acute,  origin  and  treatment  of,  209. 

Frash.     See  Thrush. 

G. 

Genitals,  how  nourished,  57. 
Glanders,  how  generated,  33. 

,  observations  on,   129. 

. ,  predisposition  to,  129. 

— — — — ,  symptoms  of  the  true,  134. 

,  as  described  b\  La  Fosse,   135. 

,  controversy  as  to,  communicable,  135. 

,  of  three  soKs — two  contagious,  136. 

,  cause  of,  129,^136. 

. ,  symptoms,  137. 

,  tests  of  true,   138. 

,  remedies  for,   139.  ^ 

,  legal  restraints  regarding,   139. 

Glands,  on  the  functions  and  diseases  of  the,  29,   129. 
Grease,  causes  of,  143. 

,  white  feet  liable  to,   144. 

,  symptoms  of,  144. 

,  preventives  and  remedies,  144, 
^  regimen  recommended,  14G. 

alum  wash,  No.  1,  145, 

strong  alum  wash,  No.  2,  145. 

strongest,  or  mercurial  wash.  No.  3,  145. 

diuretic  alterative  povv^'cr,  140. 

purging  ball,   146. 

alterative  balls,  146,  147. 

diaphoretic  ball,  146. 

ointment,  147. 

,  molten,  i)hysiology  of,  93. 

,  its  causes  traced,  94. 

,  treatment  of,  94. 

sedative  clyster,  94. 
Great  gut,  course  of  the,  46. 
Gripes  and  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  distinguishing  symptoms  between,  id 

,  distinguishing  symptoms  of,  96. 

,  treatment  in  cases  of,  01. 

H 

Head,  motions  of  the,  indications  of  pleasure  and  pain,  14. 

,  a  large,  a  sign  of  sluggishness,  17. 

Heart,  structure  and  functions  of  the,  3. 

,  organization  of  the,  37. 

,  shape  of  the,  40. 

,  weight  of  Eclipse's,  37. 

Hide  bound,  causetl  by  internal  tumours,  149. 
,  symptoms,  150. 


n\Q  INDEX. 

tlide  bound,  method  of  curing,  150. 

alterative  laxative,  150. 

tonic,  No.  1,  150. 

,  No.  2,  151. 

alterative  balls,  151. 
Hip-joint,  treatment  in  cases  of  strains  of  the,  li)7. 
Hoof,  shape  and  make  of  the,  11. 

J  duty  of  studying  deformities  of  the,  164. 

bisecting  the  perfect,  1G6. 

,  internal  structure  of  the,  166. 

,  component  parts  of  the,  166. 

,  brittle,  a  cause  of  sand-crack,  192. 

Horse,  external  structure  of  the,  5. 

,  evils  resulting  from  bad  make  and  shape  of  th^  9 

,  length  of  body  of  the,  15. 

,  hollow  back,  16. 

,  food  of  the,  43. 

,  of  the  leg  and  foot  of  the,  164. 

,  impolicy  of  working  the,  too  early,  19,  170. 

. ,  advice  to  purchasers  of  a,  201. 

J  Englishman's  description  of  a  good,  202. 

,  crit'erion  by  which  to  ascertain  the  age  of  a,  203. 

Hydrophobia,  an  incurable  malady,  159. 

. ■ — ,  causes  of,   159. 

_ ,  symptoms  of,  in  the  dog,  160. 

,  in  the  horse,  160. 


,  water  no  true  test  of,   161. 

.,  regimen  recommended  in,  161. 

writers  on,   162,   163. 

Purgative  ball,  162. 

1  and  J. 

Indigestion,  diseases  of,  45. 
Inflammation  of  the  stomach,  44,  88. 

. ,  of  the  liver,  50. 

,  and  fever,  distinction  between,  59. 

. . J  causes  of,  59,  89. 

,  restoratives  in  cases  of,  61. 

.  — — ,  of  the  lungs,  causes  of,  72. 

— ,  symptoms,  72. 

,  stage  horses  liable  to,  89. 

,  how  incurred,  89. 

how  distinguished  from  colic,  90. 

,  of  the  kidneys,  51,  90,   102. 

,  of  the  bowels,  symptoms  of,  91. 

,  of  the  liver,  cause  of,  99. 

\  symptoms  of,  before  yellowness  comes  on,  99. 

liver  and  kidneys,  treatment  in  cases  of,  100. 


iron  defence.     See  Shoeing. 
Instructions,  French  military,  for  the  purchase  of  horses,  aOL 
Intestines,  construction  and  diseases  of  the,  44,  88. 
Jaundice,  or  yellows,  cause  of,   101. 

. ,  symptoms  of,   101. 

' ; ,  cure  for-,  101. 


INDEX.  _ ,  J.  813 

K. 


Kidneys,  functions  and  diseases  of  the,  51. 
— — ^—  ,  influence  of  inflamed,  91. 

,  inflammation  of  the,  102. 

,  causes  of,  102. 

,  symptoms,  103. 

-,  cure,  104. 


Mild  purgative  ball,  104. 
Embrocation,  104. 


Lacrfes,  Mr.  Maberly's,  a  capital  leaper,  9. 
Lameness,  test  for  ascertaining,  171,  9^5. 

,  remarks  on,  171,  105. 

,  rest  indispensable  in  cases  of,  170. 

Lampers,  or  lampas,  description,  symptoms,  and  method  of  curing,  128. 

Lancet,  objections  to  the,  in  blood-letting,  208. 

Lawler,  Denis,  anecdote  of,  196, 

Leg  and  foot,  on  the  disorders  of  the,   170. 

Legs,  mechanical  explanation  of  the  form  of  the,  6. 

Ligaments  and  tendons  of  the  foot,  1G8. 

Liver,  situation  of  the,  49. 

,  functions  and  diseases  of  the,  49,  99. 

,  inflammation  of  the,  50,  99. 

,  ulcers  and  tumours  on  the,  102. 

,  complaints,  and  kidneys,  discriminative  symptoms  o^  109L 

Locked  jaw,  symptoms,   157. 

,  remedies  for,  157. 

,  treatment  of,  158. 

Lungs,  description  of  the,  31. 

,  experiments  on  the,  32. 

,  review  of  diseases  of  the,  35. 

,  ulcer  on  the,  frequently  mistaken  for  worms,  39. 

,  causes  of  inflammation  of  the,  72. 

,  symptoms,  72. 

,  restoratives  in  cases  of  inflamed,  75. 

Lymphatics,  importance  of  stimulating  the,  3(X 

M.  ''■ 

Madness,  canine,  causes  of,   159 

,  symptoms  of,   IGO. 

,  treatment  of,   161. 

Malleaders  and  sallenders,  cause  and  cure  of,   176. 
Mange,  cure  for  the,  148.     See  Surfeit. 

Ointment,  149. 

Alterative  for  the  manee.  No.  1,  142. 

—,  No.  2.  149. 

Megrims,  characteristics  of,   156. 

,  remedies,   156. 

Membranes,  construction  of  the,  27. 

,  cellular,  diseases  of  the,  28. 

Mercury,  a  specific  in  farcy    141. 
21 


32Q  INDEX. 

Mercury,  green  food  improper  under  a  course  of,  143L 

,  precautions  necessary  in  the  use  of,  154. 
Midrifi;  its  uses,  26,  34. 

Millers'  horses  most  liable  to  stone  in  bladder,  and  why.  108L 
Molten  grease.     See  Grease. 
Muscles,  their  construction,  shape,  and  uses,  28. 

N. 

Nailing,  importance  of  the  operation  of,  186L 

y  risks  attending  the  old  method,  186. 

,  improved  modern  mode  of,  187. 

Nerves,  construction  and  uses  of  the,  30. 

Organs,  large  and  small,  description  of,  21. 

J  of  respiration,  liable  to  several  kinds  of  disease,  35. 

,  urinary,  diseases  of  the,  105. 

P. 

Pegged,  how  to  ascertain  whether  a  horse  has  been,  206. 

Perspiration,  23. 

Phenomena,  the  trotting  mare,  6,  9. 

Physiology  of  the  stomach,  43. 

Pinning  up  the  orifice,  after  bleeding,  cautions  relative  to>  20ft 

Pleurisy,  77. 

Poll -evil,  causes  of,  115. 

,  symptoms  of,  116. 

,  cure  for,  by  dispersion,  116;  by  suppuration,  117. 

,  form  of  bandage  for,  118. 

,  method  of  operating,  in  cases  of,  118. 

f  the  seton,  how  applied  in,  118. 


-,  general  remarks  on,  121. 
-,  and  farcy,  connexion  of,  121. 

-,  distinction  between,  121. 


embrocation,  116. 

alterative  ball,  117. 

irritating  mixture,  119. 

digestive  ointment,  No.  1,  119. 

scalding  mixture.  No.  1,  120. 

^.No.S,  120. 

,  No.  3.  120. 

digestive  ointment,  No.  2,  121. 
Pulmonary  patients,  treatment  of,  72. 
Pulse,  observations  on  the  state  of  the,  62,  206. 

— ,  a  register  of  the  state  of  the,  recommended  to  be  kept,  691 

Purchasers  of  horses,  advice  to,  201. 


Uuittor,  how  caused,  125. 

,  method  of  curing,  125. 
mild  treatment  of,  recommended,  ITSl 


INDEX.  3S1 


first  alterative  ball,  126. 
second ,  126. 


Rabies,  incurable,  159. 

,  means  of  discriminating  the  true  from  the  false,  l€Ol 

,  progress  of  symptoms  in,  160. 

— — — ,  nostrums  recommended  in,  162. 

Regimen  and  diet  in  cases  of  cold,  81. 

Relapse,  danger  of,  in  cases  of  strains,  179. 

Respiration,  its  close  connexion  with  the  formation  of  blood,  31. 

'  the  organs  of,  liable  to  several  kinds  of  diseases,  35. 

-,  and  exercise,  effects  c^  42. 

Ringbone,  causes,  symptoms,  and  remedies,  172. 
Roarers,  hereditary,  Mr.  CUne's  opinion  respecting,  85. 
Rules  to  be  observed  in  bleeding,  209. 

S. 

Saddle  galls,  how  caused,  and  remedy  for,  124 
Sand-crack,  cause  of,  192. 

,  symptoms  of,  192. 

^  treatment  in  cases  o^  192. 

,  remedies  for,  192. 

Secretions,  uses  of,  redundant  and  defective,  22. 
Shoe,  shape  of  the,  English,  181. 

^  French,  181. 

,  an  improved  form  of  described,  182. 

,  the  patent,  remarks  on,  180,  184. 

,  the  jointed,  183;  Braey  Clark's,  183;  Goldfinch's  jointed,  183;  Cato- 

man's  frog  shoe,  184 ;  Teast's,  188. 

,  ruinous  consequences  of  trying  on  the,  hot,  185. 

,  importance  of  the  operation  of  nailing  the,  186. 

Shoes,  various,  for  diseased  feet,  188. 

,  cast  iron,  objection  to  the  use  of,  188. 

Shoeing,  remarks  on,  179,  185. 

J  of  preparing  the  hoof  for,  184. 

,  French  method  of,  187. 

Shoulder,  conformation  of  the,  10. 

,  lameness  of  ^ne,  15.     See  Strain*.  ^ 

Sitfasts,  how  to  remove,  125.  f 

Skeleton,  explanation  and  practical  use  of  the,  4. 
Sole,  danger  of  paring  the,  too  much,  180,  185. 
Sores,  French  method  of  cleaning,  124. 
Spavin,  varieties  of,  173. 

,  bone  causes  of,  173. 

,  symptoms  and  cure  of,  174. 

Splents,  cause  and  symptoms  of,  175. 

,  remedies  for,  175. 

^  in  some  instances,  occasioned  by  shoeing,  175l 

Liquid  blister,  175. 
Stables,  close,  prejudicial  to  health,  39. 

,  the  necessity  of  ventilation  in,  74. 
Staggers,  origin  of,  155  156. 


SS3  INDEX. 

Staggers,  varieties  of,  156. 

,  remedies  for,  156. 

,  mad,  a  case  of,  71. 

Staling,  excessive,  or  diabetes,  106. 
Stallions,  on  the  choice  of,  18. 
Stifle.     See  Strains. 
Stomach,  physiology  of  the,  43. 

,  inflammation  of  the,  44,  88. 

Stone,  cases  of,  found  in  the  bladder,  lOD. 
Strains,  remarks  on,  176. 

,  of  the  back  sinew  and  ligaments,  cause  of,  177. 

,  symptoms  of,  177. 

-,  method  of  curihf  1781 


-,  danger  of  relapse  in  cases  of,  179* 
Embrocation,  No.  1,  178. 

,  No.  2,  178. 

Blister,  No.  3,  179. 

-  of  the  coffin-joint,  cause  of,  194. 

^  symptoms  of,  195. 

-,  remedies  for,  195. 


shoulder,  cause  and  symptoms  of,  195. 
treatment  in  cases  of,  196. 


whirl-bone  (hip-joint)  remedies  for,  197 
stifle,  treatment  of,  197. 
back,  cause  and  symptoms  of,  197. 
remedies  recommended  in,  198L 


Strangles,  cause  of  the,  130. 

,  symptoms  o^  131. 

,  cure  ofi  131. 

,  bandage  for,  133. 

- -,  inoculation  for  the,  133. 

,  of  the  gullet,  133. 

,  bastard,  134. 

laxative  ball,  132. 

laxative  drencl^  132. 

stimulating  liniment,  133. 

fumigation,  133. 
Stringhalt,  7,  197. 
Surfeit,  effects  of,  147. 

,  cause,  remedy,  and  cure  o^  148L 

wash,  148. 


Teeth,  description  of  the,  203. 
Tendons  and  ligaments  of  the  foot,  1G8. 
Thoroughpin,  cause  of,  and  remedies  for,  173L 
Throat,  sore,  remedies  in  cases  of,  78. 

,  method  of  bandaging  for,  79. 

Thrush  or  "frush,"  cause  and  symptoms  of,  189L 

,  method  of  curmg,  190. 
Tongue,  state  of  the,  a  health-guage,  56. 
Tonics  requisite  after  inflammatory  diseases,  60l> 
Tumours,  internal  and  external,  42. 


INDEX.  -223 


Tumimi^  on  the  liver,  99. 
,  definition  of,  111. 

,  how  engendered,  111. 

,  distinctions  between  the  single  and  the  varied,  IIS^ 

,  the  kind  of  horse  most  liav^  to,  112. 

,  on  the  joints,  113. 

,  aud  abscess,  general  observations  on,  lUb 

U. 

Ulcer  on  the  lungs,  frequently  mistaken  for  worms,  39. 
Urinary  organs,  diseases  of  the,  105. 
Urine,  secretion  of  the,  52. 

,  chemical  analysis  of,  531 

,  a  good  indication  of  the  state  of  the  body,  65i. 

,  suppression  of  the,  103. 

,  balls,  evil  effects  of,  104. 

,  incontinence  of,  105. 

,  bloody,  cause  of,  and  treatment  recommended,  lOSi 


Veins  and  arteries,  their  oo-construction,  41. 
Ventilation  of  stables,  the  importance  of,  74. 
Veterinary  knowledge,  the  advantages  ofi  I. 
Vives,  description,  cause,  and  symptoms  of,  126,  127. 

,  its  connexion  with  farcy  and  glanders,  127, 

,  cure  for,  127. 

,  false,  method  of  removing,  128. 

lotion,  127. 

W, 

Warbles.     See  Saddle-galls,  and  SU/asU, 
Water,  no  true  test  of  rabies,  161. 
Whirl-bone,  strain  of  the,  remedies  for,  197. 
Wind,  broken,  how  acquired,  82. 

,  varieties  of,  82. 

,  causes  of,  83. 
,  regimen  in  cases  of,  84. 
tonic  ball,  84. 
ball,  84. 
Windgalls,  causes  of,  173. 

. ,  temporary  cure  of,  173. 

Windpipe,  construction  of  the,  32. 
Withers,  fistula  in  the,  122. 
Worms,  general  remarks  on,  151. 
,  causes  of,  152. 

,  distinguishing  symptoms  of,  152. 

,  regimen  recommended  in  cases  of,  iSSt 

,  cure  for,  153. 

No.  1,  mercurial  bolus,  153. 
No.  2,  purgative  ball,  154. 
No.  3,  laxative  alterative  balls,  154. 
21* 


laxative  powder,  No.  1,  155. 

balls,  155. 

powder,  No.  ^  156w 

T. 

if  ellowst.    See  Jaundki, 


SUPPLEMENT 

TO 

MASON    AND    HIND'S 

POPULAR  SYSTEM  OF 

EARRIERY: 

COMPBISIWa 

AN  ESSAY  ON  DOMESTIC -ANIMALS, 

ESPECIALLY  THE  HORSE; 

WITH 

REMARKS  ON  TREATMENT  AND  BREEDING; 

TOGETHER   WITH 

TROTTING  AND  RACING  TABLES, 

SHOWINO 

THE  BEST  TIME   ON  RECORD,  AT   ONE,   TWO,  THREE. 
AND  FOUR   MILE   HEATS; 

PEDIGREES  OF  WINNING  HORSES,  SINCE  1839; 

AND    OF   THE   MOST 

CELEBRATED   STALLIONS   AND   MARES; 

WITH 

USEFUL  CALVING  AND  LAMBING  TABLES,  ETC.,  ETC. 


BY  J.   S.   SKINNER, 

iklitor  now  of  the  Farmers'  Library,  New  York ;  Founder  of  the  American  Farmer,  in  18l» 

and  of  the  Turf  Register  and  Sporting  Magazine,  in  1829 :  bemg  the  first  Agricul- 

total  and  the  first  Sporting  Periodicals  established  in  the  United  States. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
J.   B.   LIPPINCOTT    &    CO, 

1867. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848^  b? 

JOHN    GRIGG, 

in  the  clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  ^f 
the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


DEDICATION 


Without  going  through  the  formality  of  asking  leave 
to  say  "  by  his  gracious  permission,"  which,  if  sought, 
might  have  been  withheld,  this  Supplement  to  Mason 
AND  Hind's  Popular  Systems  of  Farriery  is  respect- 
fully dedicated  to  Col.  Balie  Peyton. 

It  is  not  that  a  contribution  so  inconsiderable  is 
deemed  worthy  of  him,  or  the  subject  so  interesting ; 
but  that  the  Author  would  fain  embrace  any  fair  occa- 
sion to  manifest  to  him,  and  through  him  to  their  com- 
mon friends  at  New  Orleans,  his  grateful  remembrance 
of  their  kindness  when  among  them. 

There  would  be,  moreover,  an  essential  propriety  in 
dedicating  to  Col.  P.  a  more  adequate  offering  of  this 
sort ;  as  he  is  known  to  be  a  breeder  and  warm  amateui 
of  the  high-bred  horse ;  and,  in  his  own  spirit  and  cha 
/acter,  exemplary  of  what  is  best  bred  and  most  excel 
lent  among  men. 

J.  S.  S. 

Nbw  Ybab's  Dat,  1848. 
For  the  nonce  at  Annapolis,  Md 


l3) 


PEETACE. 

Thu-ugh,  'iiider  over  fluctuating  but  sometimes  pro 
pitious  circumstances,  the  very  climax  of  equestrian 
power  may  have  been  reached  in  a  few  cases  in  the 
United  States,  as  in  the  country  from  which  we  derived 
our  skill  and  material,  is  it  not  still  worthy  of  all  con- 
sideration how  we  may  contrive  to  helay^  as  the  sailors 
say,  what  we  have  gained  in  that  important  branch  of 
Rural  Industry — not  only  as  a  means  of  individual  en- 
joyment, but  as  a  prolific,  indispensable  source  of 
National  power  and  wealth  ? 

However  serious  and  apparently  insurmountable  may 
be  the  difficulties  that  stand  in  the  way  of  farther  im- 
provement of  domestic  animals,  and  especially  the  Horse 
— either  in  the  general  absence  of  the  necessary  means 
and  appliances,  and  of  adequate  encouragement  for  the 
care  and  expense  attendant  on  the  production  of  Horses 
of  high  qualities,  there  ought,  surely,  among  well-in- 
formed men,  to  be  no  obstacle  arising  from  ignorance  of 
the  art  of  breeding.  Hence  it  is  that  in  sending  forth 
the  JVinth  Edition  of  this  popular  work  on  Farriery, 
while  nothing  seemed  to  be  needed  in  the  way  of  de- 
scription or  treatment  of  the  diseases  of  domestic  animals, 
and  while  the  author  of  this  Supplement  was  only  called 
on  to  extend  the  stud-book  in  a  manner  to  embrace  the 
pedigrees  to  which  breeders  and  dealers  might  have 
occasion  to  refer,  he  could  not  forego  the  opportunity 

v5) 


n  PREFACE. 

to  offer  some  such  additional  matter  as,  to  him  at  least^ 
seems  to  be  of  sufficient  value  to  render  it  acceptable 
and  useful. 

In  the  introductory  remarks  on  the  relations  existing 
between  Man  and  the  animals  destined  for  his  use  and 
amusement,  and  the  obligations  these  relations  impose, 
the  writer  has  but  expressed  the  sentiments  he  has  ever 
entertained,  of  duty  on  our  part  to  respect  the  feelings 
and  comfort  of  the  humblest  among  them;  and  has 
endeavoured  to  encourage  continued  exertions  for  their 
melioration  by  showing  how  successful  and  progressive 
such  efforts  have  been,  even  up  to  the  present  time. 

To  these  observations  of  his  own  are  appended  those  of 
writers  of  acknowledged  judgment  and  authority  — 
accompanied  by  such  notes  as  appeared  to  be  apposite  and 
well-founded ;  and  to  these,  again,  have  been  superadded 
a  few  tables  and  other  items  which  might  not  elsewhere 
be  conveniently  met  with.  His  undertaking,  kind  reader, 
<  hath  this  extent,  no  more."  All,  then,  that  the  author 
of  the  "  Supplement  to  Mason's  Farrier"  has  to  ask 
of  you  is  that  you  will  bear  in  mind  that  there  has  been 
no  engagement  to  write  anything — much  less  a  Book  on 
Farriery:  for  that  there  was  no  call  or  necessity.  With 
this  intimation,  the  reader  will  please  accept  for  what  it 
is  worth  and  with  all  due  allowances,  the  little  that  has 
been  volunteered — by  one  who  may  claim  to  have  been 
all  his  life  an  amateur  if  not  a  connoisseur  of  the  Horse. 

J.  S.  S. 

Edit.  Farmers^  Library 


CONTENTS. 


i)n  the  relations  between  Man  and  the  Domestic  Animals, 
especially  the  Horsej  and  the  obligations  they  impose,  Pagf*    9 

On  the  Form  of  Aniniuls 18 

The  Chest 19 

The  Pelvis 20 

The  Head 20 

The  Muscles 21 

The  Bones 22 

On  the  Improvement  of  Form 22 

On  the  Character  of  Animals 25 

Examples  of  the  good  and  bad  effects  of  crossing  the  breeds  26 
On  the  importance  of  more  attention  to  the  Principles  of 

Breeding — the  Stallion  and  the  Brood  Mare 31 

An  Essay  on  the  Condition  of  a  Stallion 41 

Tables — Weights  and  Measures 49 

List  of  Medicines 60 

Apparatus  for  Compounding  Medicines 5C 

Instruments 6C 

Calving  Table 61 

Lambing  Table 61 

Trotting 62 

Best  Trotting  Time,  at  Mile  Heats 63 

At  Two  Mile  Heats 53 

At  Three  Mile  Heats 53 

At  Four  Mile  Heats. 53 

Racing — Best  Time  on  Record  at  Mile  Heats. 64 

At  Two  Mile  Heats 54 

At  Three  Mile  Heats 56 

At  Four  Mile  Heats 57 

Tlie  St.  Leger 68 

Average  Speed  for  the  Doncaster  St.  Leger 59 

Pedigrees  of  Winning  Horses,  since  1839 60 

Celebrated  Stallions  and  Brood  Mares 89 

37 


SUPPLEMENT,  ETC, 


ON  THE  RELATIONS  BETWEEN  MAN  AND  THE  DO. 
MESTIC  ANIMALS  — ESPECIALLY  THE  HORSE —  AND 
THE  OBLIGATIONS  THEY  IMPOSE. 


«  La  connaissance  de  la  conformation  exterieure  du  cheval  est  beau- 
coup  moins  repandu  qu'on  ne  le  pense  vulgaireraent :  elle  repose  sur  dea 
etudes  d'  anatomie  de  physiologie,  de  mecanique,  et  d'  histoire  naturelle 
dont  peu  de  personnes  se  font  une  juste  idee." 


If  animals  were  classified  by  naturalists  in  the  order 
of  their  intelligence,  docility  and  usefulness,  the  Horse 
and  the  Dog  would  occupy,  in  relation  to  Man,  the  jux- 
taposition they  have  assigned — on  the  ground  of  physical 
structure — to  the  impracticable  baboon  and  the  grotesque 
and  chattering  monkey ;  and  in  lieu  of  groping  in  the 
darkness  of  antiquity  for  the  period  when  they  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  entrapped  or  subdued,  by  fraud  or 
violence,  we  should  the  rather  conclude  that  Nature 
placed  all  the  domestic  animals  where  we  have  ever  found 
them  —  in  close  association  with  Man,  administering  to 
his  pleasures  and  wants ;  lightening  his  toils  and  sharing 
his  dangers. ,  and  constantly  advancing,  like  Man  him- 
self, under  the  improving  influence  of  civilization  and  the 
arts  that  belong  to  it. 

In  contemplating  the  whole  animal  kingdom,  doesnol 
Man — standing  preeminently  at  the  head  of  it,  surrounded 
by  the  domestic  races  —  present  everywhere  the  most 


10  ON   THE   RELATIONS   BETWEEN   MAN 

lusti  ous  spot  on  the  varied  map  of  living  creation  ?  From 
the  everlasting  snov^^s  of  the  north  to  the  burning  sands 
of  tropical  deserts,  his  faithful  dog  follows  at  his  foot ; 
the  horse  is  at  his  side  —  submissive  to  his  will ;  —  the 
patient  ox  bows  his  neck  to  the  yoke ;  and  the  sheep  and 
the  hog  are  present  to  supply  his  clothing  and  his  food. 
Far  otherwise  is  it  with  untameable  and  predatory  birds 
and  beasts.  Restricted  to  particular  regions  by  an  all- 
wise  Providence,  the  absence  of  food  and  climate  con- 
genial to  their  nature  forbids  them  to  roam  beyond  limits 
comparatively  circumscribed.  And  do  not  these  arrange- 
ments for  our  benefit,  and  which  give  us  "  dominion 
over  all  the  earth  and  every  creeping  thing  that  creepeth 
upon  the  earth,"  enjoin  on  us  the  duty  of  studying  their 
habits,  their  economy,  and  all  the  laws  of  their  existence 
— with  a  view  to  their  improvement  for  our  advantage, 
in  every  way  consistent  with  kindness  to  them  and  with 
gratitude  to  Him, 

«  Who  in  his  sovereign  wisdom  made  them  all  ?" 

And  while  these  considerations  teach  us  to  be  merciful 
ourselves,  do  they  not  convey  the  admonition 

«<  Ye  therefore  who  love  mercy,  teach  your  sons 
To  love  it  too!" 

The  very  fact  that  to  them  has  been  denied  the  power  of 
speech,  and  the  necessity  of  uncomplaining  submission 
under  every  hardship,  ought  to  put  us  constantly  on  our 
guard  against  practising,  or  permitting  to  be  practised, 
iny,  the  smallest  measure  of  abuse  or  ill  treatment.  Thus 
every  man  of  common  humanity  will  study  their  com- 
fort in  all  things,  consistently  with  the  purposes  for  which 
they  were  designed,  and  will  never  even  mount  his  faith- 
ful horse  without  seeing  that  whatever  is  needed  has  oeen 
done  to  give  an  easy  set  to  his  saddle — and,  still  more, 
tnat  all  is  right  about  his  feet  ! 


AND    THE   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  11 

Doctor  Rush,  in  a  beautiful  and  benevolent  eulogy  op 
the  Horse,  in  one  of  his  lectures,  related  a  touching  anec- 
dote of  a  highly  intelligent  and  successful  Pennsylvania 
farmer,  who,  stricken  down  suddenly  with  apoplexy  in 
his  barn-yard,  expired  on  the  instant — with  this  last  di- 
rection to  his  herdsman  on  his  lips :  "  Take  care  of  the 
creatures  /"  And  the  biographer  of  an  eminent  English 
Chancellor  relates,  as  from  himself,  how  his  beloved  son 
had  preferred  to  him,  in  his  very  last  moments,  a  petition 
in  favour  of  his  faithful  terrier;  ^^And  Father^  youHl 
take  care  of  poor  Pitcher,  wonH  youV*  Nevertheless, 
after  all  the  care  that  can  be  taken,  we  should  probably 
be  amazed  if  we  could  know  the  amount  of  pain  unwit- 
tingly inflicted  on  animals  dedicated  to  our  service,  and 
some  of  whose  bodies  are  at  last  consumed  to  afford  us — 
as  some  would  contend — superfluous  nourishment,  refer 
ring  back  as  they  do  to  that  golden  age  when 

«  Man  walked  with  beast — joint  tenant  of  the  shade  ; 
The  same  his  table  and  the  same  his  bed — 
No  murder  clothed  him,  and  no  murder  fed." 

Even  all  unnecessary  harshness  of  reproof  should  be 
avoided — for  it  is  well  known  that  some  animals  are  even 
more  susceptible  of  painful  and  violent  emotions,  from 
various  causes,  than  some  men,  whose  hardened  nature 
and  familiarity  with  vice,  render  them  as  insensible  to 
the  reproaches  of  others  as  to  the  stings  of  their  own 
conscience.  Those,  for  instance,who  have  studied  the 
character  and  affections  of  the  horse — with  a  view  to  his 
diseases  and  moral  susceptibilities — need  not  be  told  that 
while  sharp  and  threatening  words  will  so  disturb  him  as 
to  quicken  his  pulse  some  ten  beats  or  more  in  a  minute,* 

*  The  natural  constitution  of  different  varieties  of  the  same  class  of 
animals  is  worthy  of  close  attention.  In  small  and  thorough-bred  horses, 
!or  instance,  the  pulsations  of  the  heart  are  about  40  to  42 — while  in 
the  larger,  cold-blooded  cart-horse,  they  do  not  amount  to  more  than  3C, 
But  when  ill-treated,  as  before  suggested,  their  pulsations  are  increased, 

37* 


12  ON    THE   RELATIONS   BETWEEN   MAN 

oe  ha^  ill  very  memorable  cases  been  known  to  fall  dead 
under  the  excitement  of  the  sexual  and  other  passions. 
That  he  is  sometimes  animated  by  the  strongest  spirit  of 
rivalry,  and  a  noble  ambition  to  excel,  has  been  occa- 
sionally evinced  by  violent  attacks  on  his  passing  rivals 
on  the  turf— and  very  recently  the  case  occurred  with  a 
noble  animal  which  fell  dead  at  the  very  winning-post, 
in  vainly  struggling  for  victory,  on  the  Pharsalia  course  at 
Natchez.  The  contest  which  had  this  melancholy  issue 
was  between  Col.  Minor's  Jenny  Lind  and  Col.  Bing- 
aman's  Black  Dick  : 

"  Dick  was  the  favourite  at  odds.  Some  even  bets 
were  made  that  he  would  win  at  three  heats — and  some, 
if  the  heats  were  broken,  would  not  win.  Jenny  drew 
the  track,  and  after  some  little  mancevring,  they  got  off 
together,  but  Dick  outfooted  her  and  took  the  track  on 
the  turn ;  at  the  half-mile  post  she  had  got  her  head  to 
his  hips,  and  they  ran  locked  round  the  upper  turn ;  at 
the  head  of  the  front  stretch  she  began  to  draw  clear  of 
him,  and  spurs  were  applied.  <  Then  burst  his  mighty 
heart,'  for  he  soon  was  seen  to  reel,  but  he  still  struggled 
on  ;  his  jockey  Mat,  leaped  unharmed  from  his  back,  and 
the  noble  animal  fell  dead  within  ten  feet  of  the  winning- 
post,  which  he  had  left  not  two  minutes  before  in  perfect 
health  and  the  finest  condition.  No  shout  of  triumph 
hailed  the  winner:  all  was  sympathy  and  regret.     Two 

say,  ten  in  a  minute.  The  natural  circulation  of  the  sheep  is  about  70 
per  minute.  The  average  pulse  of  a  full-grown  ox,  in  a  state  of  health, 
in  England,  is  about  40 — but  this  increases  in  a  climate  of  higher  tem- 
perature. Doctor  James  Smith  (Journal  of  Agriculture,  vol.  ii.  p.  92.) 
finds  that  in  the  climate  of  Louisiana  the  pulse  of  the  ox,  in  its  natural 
<tate,  is  from  68  to  75 — rising  on  the  slightest  excitement  to  80.  Every 
one  knows  how  destructive  is  the  moral  influence  oi  fright  to  a  flock  of 
sheep — when,  for  instance,  they  have  been  badly  scared  by  dogs.  It 
often  happens  that  they  never  recover  from  its  effects. 

For  all  farmers  wh^  nave  occasion  to  fatten  animals,  we  must  take 
room  for  three  words — warmth,  cleanliness,  and  quietude.  They  are 
the  veni'Vidi-vid,  in  their  fields  of  action. 


AND   THE  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  13 

of  our  most  talented  medical  gentlemen  immediately 
made  a  post-mortem  examination,  and  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  death  of  the  horse  was  produced  by  apo- 
plexy, caused  by  congestion  of  the  heart,  brought  on  b^ 
over-excitement  and  violent  exertion." 

The  annals  of  domestic  animals  abound  in  cases  to 
show  how  liable  they  are  to  acute  affections  and  suffer- 
ing, far  beyond  the  apprehension  of  the  most  considerate 
and  humane. 

Thus  much,  good  reader,  have  we  gladly  seized  the 
opportunity,  and  even  gone  a  little  beyond  the  require- 
ments of  our  publishers,  to  say  in  the  way  of  appeal  in 
behalf  of  speechless  creatures,  as  alive  to  pain  as  to  a 
sense  of  gratitude  for  generous  treatment ;  and  having 
already  adverted  to  the  obligation  we  are  under  to  study 
the  laws  of  their  existence,  and  the  means  of  their  meli- 
oration, it  may  now,  even  be  insisted  that  in  the  whole 
range  of  the  occupations  and  interests  of  breeders  of 
their  own  stock,  there  are  fe\Y  things  that  demand  more 
consideration  and  skill  than  does  this  very  branch  of 
rural  industry. 

The  study  and  the  pride  of  every  one  should  be,  not 
merely  to  maintain  them  at  a  point  of  excellence  already 
acquired,  but  to  have  them  progressively  improving  in 
whatever  constitutes  economy  and  value  ;  for  w^hy  should 
any  man  indolently  conclude  that  his  stock  has  already 
attained  the  ne  plus  ultra  in  the  way  of  amelioration^ 
however  superior  it  may  be  ?  Such  is  not  the  fact,  nor, 
it  may  safely  be  affirmed,  would  it  be  consonant  with  the 
orders  of  Providence,  or  even  with  our  own  interests, 
that  it  should  be  so.  To  man  has  been  given  dominion 
over  the  beasts  of  the  field — that,  like  the  earth  itself,  he 
should  cultivate  and  improve  them;  and  for  that,  among 
other  purposes,  w^as  he  endowed  with  the  great,  dis- 
tinguishing, and  godlike  power  to  prosecute  intellec^^ua^ 


\4  ON    THE    RELATIONS    BETWEEN   MAN 

invesligations  into  every  department  of  nature  and  in- 
dustry. Doubtless  our  ancestors,  more  than  a  century 
ago,  were  ready  to  believe — what  indolence  is  ever  ready 
to  whisper  —  that  the  several  races  of  domestic  animals 
most  immediately  under  their  care,  had  then  already  been 
carried  up  to  the  maximum  of  improvability ;  yet  which 
of  them  has  not  been  vastly  bettered  in  the  meantime,  in 
all  their  valuable  points — and  that,  too,  not  by  any  sud- 
den or  accidental  accession  of  one  or  more  good  quali- 
ties, but  constantly  and  progressively ;  by  a  closer  study 
and  a  better  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  animal  and 
vegetable  physiology,  and  by  the  application  of  other 
appropriate  sciences.  In  the  plain  English  of  the  motto 
chosen  for  these  reflections  what  is  there  said  of  the 
Horse  may  apply  to  other  animals : 

«  The  knowledge  of  the  external  conformation  of  the 
horse  is  much  less  extended  than  is  generally  supposed. 
It  reposes  on  the  study  of  anatomy,  of  physiology,  of 
mechanics,  and  of  natural  history,  in  a  manner  of  which 
few  persons  have  a  just  conception." 

In  1710,  by  the  estimate  of  Dr.  Davenant,  —  a  writer 
of  unquestioned  candour  and  authority, — the  weight  of 
"black  cattle"  (so  called,  because,  at  that  day,  most 
cattle  were  of  that  colour)  averaged  but  370  pounds ;  the 
weight  of  the  calf  was  estimated  at  50  pounds;  and  the 
average  of  sheep  and  lambs,  taken  promiscuously  in  the 
London  market,  was  only  28  pounds.  After  the  lapse 
of  120  years,  —  with  far  less  of  science  applied  to  the 
subject  than  at  this  time, — M'Culloch,  in  his  dictionary, 
so  highly  characterized  by  the  accuracy  of  its  statements, 
puts  the  average  of  cattle  at  556  ;  sheep  and  lambs  at 
50;  and  calves  at  105.  But  the  late  accomplished  Pro- 
fessor Youatt,  in  his  able  work  on  cattle  estimates  the 
average  weight  now  at  Smithfield  at  656  ;  that  of  sheep 
iind  iambs* at  90;  and  calves  at  144;— -the  weight  of 


AND    THE   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS.  15 

each  having  doubled  in  130  years;  and  that,  as  before 
said,  not  by  any  accidental  importation  from  abroad,  or 
fortunate  cross  at  home,  but  by  a  course  of  careful, 
systematic,  and  sagacious  attention  to  the  laws  and  prin- 
ciples of  breeding  and  feeding.  The  horse,  standing  at 
the  head  of  the  list, — sharing  and  supporting  man  in  all 
his  most  pleasurable  as  well  as  toilsome  and  dangerous 
enterprises, — naturally  engaged  his  earliest  attention  and 
most  assiduous  care,  to  cherish  and  improve  to  the  high- 
est pitch,  his  noble  faculties  of  strength,  speed,  and 
endurance ;  and  thus  may  have  been  already  brought  to 
the  zenith  of  his  capabilities,  if  indeed  he  has  not  pass- 
ed the  culminating  point ;  but  see  what  must  have  been 
achieved  by  the  stimulus  of  the  turf,  and  art  in  the 
breeding-stud,  to  raise  the  bred  horse  of  England  to  a 
height  of  perfection,  even  above  the  wonderful  capacity 
of  his  south-eastern  ancestry,  —  the  very  "  drinkers  of 
the  wind"  themselves ! — for  we  have  the  high  authority 
of  Nimrod,  the  crack  writer  of  England  on  all  field- 
sports,  for  saying  that,  on  the  best  Indian  authorities, 
"  the  best  Arab,  on  his  own  ground,  has  not  a  shadow 
of  a  chance  against  an  imported  English  racer,  in  any- 
thing like  a  good  form."  The  celebrated  race  on  the 
Calcutta  Course,  between  Pyramus  and  Recruit^  —  the 
former  the  best  Arab  of  his  year ;  the  latter  a  second- 
rate  English  race-horse,  by  Whalebone,  the  property  of 
che  Marquis  of  Exeter, — settled  this  point,  inasmuch  as 
allowance  was  made  for  the  comparatively  diminutive 
size  of  the  Arab, —  it  being  what  is  termed  a  give-and 
lake  match,  or  weight  for  inches  ;  in  which  Recruit  ear- 
ned 10  stone  12  (152)  pounds;  and  Pyramus  only  8 
stone  3  (115)  pounds,  an  extra  allowance  of  7  pounds 
having  been  given  to  him  as  an  Arab. 

Pyramus,  says  the  reporter  of  this  race,  is  as  gooi. 


16  ON   THE    RELATIONS   BETWEEN   MAN 

an  Arab  (he  had  previously  beaten  all  the  best  Arabs  in 
Calcutta  for  the  gold  cup)  as  has  appeared  for  many  years. 
His  condition  was  undeniable ;  the  distance  was  all  in 
his  favour,  and  he  was  ridden  with  superior  judgment — 
so  that  the  result  of  his  match  with  Recruit  may  be  con- 
sidered to  have  established  this  an  axiom  :  that  no  allow- 
ance of  weight,  within  the  bounds  of  moderation,  can 
bring  the  best  Arab — even  in  a  climate  most  congenial 
to  him — upon  a  par  with  an  English  thorough-bred  horse 
of  moderate  goodness.  In  addition  to  all  these  circum- 
stances in  favour  of  Pyramus,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  Recruit  only  landed  on  the  28th  May,  (the  race  was 
run  in  January),  after  a  voyage  of  five  months." 

In  England,  where  the  progress  of  improvement  was 
greatly  accelerated  by  a  seasonable  infusion  of  Arabian 
and  barbdiric  blood,  the  bied-horse — standing,  in  respect 
of  the  equine  race,  as  the  capital  on  the  Corinthian  pil- 
lar— has  reached  a  point  of  perfection  that,  if  it  can  be 
kept  up,  we  can  hardly  dare  hope  will  ever  be  excelled 
In  that  country,  four-mile  races  are  nearly  abolished,  and 
it  has  been  said  with  every  show  of  reason,  that  early 
training,  light  weights  and  short  distances,  are  impairing 
the  stoutness  of  tie  English  race-horse  and  hunter,  and 
their  capacities  to  stand  up  and  go  the  pace  as  in  the 
palmy  days  of  the  English  turf.  In  our  own  country, 
the  annals  of  the  course  show,  that  our  climate  is  highly 
congenial  to  the  constitution  and  physical  development 
of  the  horse — and  that  whenever  the  sport  has  been 
fashionable  and  the  rewards  adequate,  he  has  ever  been 
ready  to  meet  all  reasonable  expectations — rather  advan- 
cing tnan  falling  oack. 

When  Floretta  won  her  race  in  Washington — winning 
the  2d  heat  in  7.52,  against  such  nags  as  Oscar,  Top- 
gallant and  First  Consul,  it  was  deemed  a  mar.dlous 


AND   THE   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS.  17 

perforir  ince  ;*  an.d  sportsmen  thought  that  the  acme  of 
speed  and  bottom  had  been  reached  in  our  country  in 
the  days  of  Sir  Charles  and  Eclipse,  yet  have  not  their 
best  achievements  been  eclipsed  by  two  illustrious  and 
yet  living  rivals  of  each  other  —  Boston  and  Fashion  ? 
But  what  have  we  not  to  apprehend  should  what  seems 
to  be  threatened  come  soon  to  pass,  and  the  turf —  the 
only  sure  test  of  speed  and  stoutness,  be  allowed  to  go 
down  7  We  remember  once  at  a  dinner-party  at  the 
British  Minister's  in  Washington,  to  have  inquired  of  the 
late  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke,  whether  the  Old  Domi- 
nion maintained,  unimpaired,  her  claim  to  a  superior  race 
of  horses?  "No,  Sir;  no.  Sir/'  was  his  shrill-toned 
prompt  reply ;  "  Since  we  gave  up  horse-racing  and  fox- 
hunting, and  turned  up  the  whites  of  our  eyes,  our  hones 
as  well  as  our  men  have  sadly  degenerated." 

Finally — justice,  truth,  and  a  sense  of  obligation  for 
the  assistance  derived  from  his  labours,  in  the  small  con- 
tribution we  are  here  making  to  the  breeders  and  amateurs 
of  the  Horse,  demand  of  us  to  say,  at  the  least,  that  if 
the  American  Turf  should  decline,  it  will  not  be  for  want 

*  This  was  one  of  the  most  memorable  contests  that  ever  came  off 
on  the  Washington  Course.  Horses  were  horses,  and  men  were  men, 
in  those  days.  Fair-top  boots,  powdered  heads,  and  golden  «  guineas  '* 
were  all  the  go — and  for  fairness  and  honour,  a  "  stain  was  felt  like  « 
wound." 

The  horses  were  thus  placed  ; 

Dr.  EdeUn's  c.  m.  Floretta,  by  Spread  Eagle,  6  years  old,  5  11 
Gen.  Ridgely's  b.  h.  Oacar,  by  Gabriel,  G  yrs.  old,  2  2  2 

J.  B.  Bond's  b.  h.  First  Consul,  by  Flag  of  Truce,  aged  4  3  3 
Col.  Tayloe's  b.  h.  Top-gallant,  by  old  Diomed,  6  yrs.  old,  14  4 
M.  Brown's  b.  m.  Nancy,  by  Spread  Eagle,  6  years  old.       3  dr. 

In  this  race  Floretta  was  closely  run  by  Oscar  and  First  Consul 

each  heat  was  run  under  8  minutes,  and  iho  second  in  7.52.  Each  horse 
made  play  from  the  score,  and  the  time  was  better  than  had  been  made 
.>n  that  Course  even  up  to  1829.  Has  such  a  field  of  men  and  horseg 
come  to  that  post  since  1 

In  another  pace — the  trot — it  was  deemed  marvellous  that'  old  Top  " 
■hould  go  his  mile  with  150  pounds  weight  in  2.45.  But  Lady  Suf- 
folk—  well  dashed  with  the  old  Messenger  blood  —  has  done  hers  '*a 
2.28^,  and  is  yet  in  full  if  not  improving  vigour. 


18  THE    FORM    OF   ANIMALS. 

of  an  able,  industrious,  and  tasteful  advocate  and  illus« 
trator  of  its  advantages  and  uses,  as  long  as  W.  T.  Por- 
ter shall  continue  to  animate  and  guide  the  "  Spirit  of 
THE  Times."  Extensive  acquaintance  and  coextensive 
popularity — the  just  fruits  of  accomplished  manners  and 
an  obliging  temper — have  made  him  the  focus  of  a  most 
varied  and  recherche  correspondence:  while  his  own 
tact,  scholarship  and  nice  appreciation  of  what  is  good 
in  the  literary  and  the  sporting  world,  enable  him  to  turn 
all  his  nch  resources  to  the  best  account,  for  the  enjoy- 
ment of  his  numerous  and  refined  readers — for  the  most 
part,  gentlemen  of  hlood  and  mettle. 


ON  THE  FORM  OF  ANIMALS, 

BY  HENRY  CLINE,  ESQ.  SURGEON. 
WITH   NOTES   BY   J.  S.  SKINNER. 

The  form  of  domestic  animals  has  been  greatly  im- 
proved by  selecting  with  much  care,  the  best  formed  for 
breeding — but  the  theory  of  improvement  has  not  been 
BO  well  understood,  that  rules  could  be  laid  down  for 
directing  the  practice.  There  is  one  point  particularly, 
respecting  which  the  opinions  of  breeders  have  much 
varied,  which  is,  whether  crossing  the  breed  be  essential 
to  improvement. 

It  is  the  intention  of  this  communication  to  ascertain 
in  what  instances  crossing  is  proper,  and  in  what  pre- 
judicial ;  and  the  principles  upon  which  the  propriety 
of  it  depends. 

It  has  been  generally  supposed  that  the  breed  of  ani- 
mals is  improved  by  the  largest  males.  This  opinion 
has  done  considerable  mischief,  and  would  have  done 
more  injury  had  it  not  been  counteracted  by  the  c^.esire 
of  selecting  animals  of  the  best  form  and  proportions, 
which  are  rarely  to  be  met  with,  in  those  of  the  largest  size 


THE    FORM    OF    ANIMALS.  19 

jExperience  has  proved  that  crossing  has  only  suc- 
ceeded in  an  eminent  degree,  in  those  instances  in  which 
the  females  were  larger  than  in  the  usual  proportion  of 
females  to  males ;  and  that  it  has  generally  failed  when 
the  males  are  disproportionally  large. 

The  external  form  of  domestic  animals  has  been  much 
studied,  and  the  proportions  are  well  ascertained.  But 
the  external  form  is  an  indication  only  of  internal  structure. 
The  principles  of  improving  it  must  therefore  be  founded 
on  the  knowledge  of  the  structure  and  use  of  internal 
parts. 

The  lungs  are  of  the  first  importance.  It  is  on  their 
size  and  soundness  that  the  health  of  an  animal  prmci- 
pally  depends.  The  power  of  converting  food  into 
nourishment,  is  in  proportion  to  their  size.  An  animal 
with  large  lungs,  is  capable  of  converting  a  given  quantity 
of  food  into  more  nourishment  than  one  with  smaller 
lungs,  and  therefore  has  a  greater  aptitude  to  fatten.* 

The  Chest. 

The  external  indication  of  the  size  of  the  lungs  is  the 
form  and  size  of  the  chest;  the  form  of  which  should 

*  [In  farther  explanation  of  this  principle,  it  may  be  added,  from  an  au- 
ttior  who  had  evidently  read  and  relied  on  this  able  Essay  of  Surgeon 
Cline,  that  muscular  exertion  facilitates  the  return  of  venous  blood  to 
the  right  side  of  the  heart,  and  in  long  continued  and  violent  exertion, 
the  respiration  being  quickened,  the  lungs — if  small — are  unable  to 
arterialize  and  get  rid  of  the  blood  as  fast  as  it  is  pumped  into  them  ; 
consequently,  if  there  is  not  room  for  the  blood,  congestion  takes  place, 
and  the  horse  becomes  what  is  termed  "  blown" — the  lungs  being  gorged 
irith  blood,  and  sometimes  the  animal  is  destroyed  by  it.  In  England 
it  is  said  to  be  "  well  understood  that  a  majority  of  horses  that  perish 
under  a  hard  press  '  across  the  country,'  are  riarrow-chestea  /"  The 
conical  form,  not  of  the  body,  but  of  the  chest,  as  laid  down  in  the  next 
paragraph,  is  very  observable  in  the  best  paintings  of  Fashion.  7'here, 
and  in  her  quarters  and  hocks,  appear  to  us  to  lie  the  great  sources  at 
beryet  in  this  country  unequalled  speed  and  stoutness.—  T.  S.  S,"] 

38 


20  -  THE    FORM    OF    ANIMaLS. 

have  tht?  figure  of  a  cone,  having  its  apex  situated  between 
the  shoulders,  and  its  base  towards  the  loins. 

The  capacity  of  the  chest  depends  upon  its  form  more 
than  on  the  extent  of  the  circumference ;  for,  where  the 
girth  is  equal  in  two  animals,  one  may  have  much  larger 
lungs  than  the  other.  A  deep  chest  therefore  is  n9t 
capacious  unless  it  is  proportionally  broad. 

The  Pelvis. 

The  pelvis  is  the  cavity  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
haunch  bones  with  the  bones  of  the  rump.  It  is  essential 
that  this  cavity  should  be  large  in  the  female,  that  she 
may  be  enabled  to  bring  forth  her  young  with  less  diffi- 
culty. When  this  cavity  is  small,  the  life  of  the  mother 
and  of  her  offspring  is  endangered. 

The  size  of  the  pelvis  is  chiefly  indicated  by  the  width 
of  the  hips  and  the  breadth  of  the  twisty  which  is  the 
space  between  the  thighs. 

The  breadth  of  the  loins  is  always  in  proportion  to  that 
of  the  chest  and  pelvis. 

The  Head, 

The  head  should  be  small,  by  which  the  birth  is  facil- 
itated. Its  smallness  affords  other  advantages,  and  gen- 
erally indicates  that  the  animal  is  of  a  good  breed. 

Horns  are  useless  to  domestic  animals.  It  is  not  dif- 
ficult to  breed  animals  without  them.  The  breeders  of 
horned  cattle  and  horned  sheep,  sustain  a  loss  more 
extensive  than  they  may  conceive  ;  for  it  is  not  the  horns 
alone,  but  also  much  more  bone  in  the  skulls  of  such 
animals  to  support  their  horns  ;  besides  there  is  an  addi- 
tional quantity  of  ligament  and  muscle  in  the  neck  w^hich 
is  of  small  value. 

The  skull  of  a  ram  with  its  horns,  weighed  five  times 
more  than  another  skull  which  was  hornless.  Both  these 
skulls  were  taken  from  sheep  of  the  same  af;e,  each  be  .ng 


J 


THE   FORM    OF    ANIMALS.  21 

lour  }eLirs  old.  The  great  difference  in  weight  depended 
chiefly  on  the  horns ;  for  the  lower  jaws  were  nearly 
equal,  one  weighing  seven  ounces,  and  the  other  six 
ounces  and  three  quarters  ;  which  proves  that  the  natural 
size  of  the  head  was  nearly  the  same  in  both,  independent 
of  the  horns  and  the  thickness  of  the  bone  which  supports 
them.* 

In  a  horned  animal,  the  skull  is  extremely  thick.  In  a 
hornless  animal  it  is  much  thinner ;  especially  in  that 
part  where  the  horns  usually  grow. 

To  those  who  have  not  reflected  on  the  subject,  it  ma^ 
appear  of  little  consequence  w^hether  sheep  and  cattle 
have  horns — but  on  a  very  moderate  calculation  it  will 
be  found,  that  the  loss  in  farming  stock,  and  also  in  the 
diminution  of  animal  food,  is  very  considerable,  from 
the  production  of  horns  and  their  appendages.  A  mode 
of  breeding  which  would  prevent  the  production  of  these, 
would  afford  a  considerable  profit  in  an  increase  of  meat 
and  wool,  and  other  valuable  parts. 

The  length  of  the  neck  should  be  proportioned  to 
the  height  of  the  animal,  that  it  may  collect  its  food 
with  ease. 

The  Muscles. 

The  muscles  and  tendons,  which  are  their  appendages, 
should  be  large  ;  by  which  an  animal  is  enabled  to  traveJ 
with  greater  facility. 

*  [It  is  matter  of  surprise  that  among  the  varieties  of  cattle  imported,  no 
one  should  bring  the  celebrated  Suffolk  polled  or  hornless  cattle.  Be- 
sides the  advantage  here  enumerated,  valuable  animals  are  sometimes 
killed  by  being  gored.  In  respect  of  this  breed,  Youatt  speaks  very 
highly.  He  says  they  sometimes  give  32  quarts  of  milk,  and  24  is 
not  uncommon,  in  a  day — and  adds: — "There  are  few  short-horn 
cows  ;  although  far  superior  in  size  to  the  Suffolks,  and  consuming  nearly 
double  the  quantity  of  food  ;  that  will  yield  more  milk  than  is  usuallv 
obtained  from  the  smaller  polled  breed."  Formerly  the  Suffolk  police 
cattle  were  generally  of  a  dun  colour,  and  thence  commonly  called  Suf- 
folk duns,  but  that  colour  has  of  late  been  repudiated. — J.  S.  S.] 


22  THE    FORM    OF    ANIMALS. 

The  Bones, 
The  strength  of  an  animal  does  not  depend  upon  the 
size  of  the  bones,  but  on  that  of  the  muscles — Many 
animals  with  large  bones  are  weak,  their  muscles  being 
small.  Animals  that  were  imperfectly  nourished  diring 
growth,  have  their  bones  disproportionately  large.  If 
such  deficiency  of  nourishment  originated  from  a  con- 
stitutional defect,  which  is  the  most  frequent  cause,  they 
remain  weak  during  life.  Large  bones,  therefore,  gene- 
rally indicate  an  imperfection  in  the  organs  of  nutrition. 

On  the  improvement  of  Form. 

To  obtain  the  most  approved  form,  two  modes  of 
breeding  have  been  practised — one,  by  the  selection  of 
individuals  of  the  same  family — called  breeding  in-and- 
in.  The  other  by  selecting  males  and  females  from 
different  varieties  of  the  same  species ;  which  is  called 
crossing  the  breed. 

When  a  particular  variety  approaches  perfection  in 
form,  breeding  in-and-in  may  be  the  better  practice — 
especially  for  those  not  well  acquainted  with  the  princi- 
ples on  which  improvement  depends.  * 

*  [Professor  Youatt  says,  on  this  subject  [breeding  in-and-in] ;  « It  is  the 
fact,  however  some  may  deny  it,  that  strict  confinement  to  one  breed, 
however  valuable  or  perfect,  produces  deterioration."  By  what  he  after- 
ward says,  as  will  be  seen,  he  must  have  meant  confinement  to  one 
family  or  strain  of  the  same  breed.  The  rule  should  be  this:  that 
valuable  qualities  being  once  established,  which  it  is  desirable  to  keep  up, 
should  thereafter  be  preserved  by  occasional  crosses  with  the  best  animal 
tc  be  had  of  the  same  breed,  but  of  a  different  family,  This  is  the 
secret  which  has  maintained  the  bred  Horse  in  his  great  superiority — 
for  although,  as  Nimrod  avers,  the  immediate  descendants  of  eastern 
horses  have,  almost  without  an  exception,  proved  so  deficient  of  late 
years  that  breeders  will  no  more  have  recourse  to  them  than  the  farmer 
would  go  for  immediate  improvement  to  the  natural  or  original  oat ;  yet 
ihe  breeder  is  glad  to  cross  his  stock  with  one  of  another  strain  or  family 
of  the  same  blood,  taking  care  never  to  depart  from  the  blood  of  the  souih. 
eastern  courser  which  flows  in  the  heart  of  all  families  of  Horses  of  th» 
highest  capabilities. 


THE    FORM    OF   ANIMALS.  23 

When  the  male  is  much  larger  than  the  female,  the 
efTspring  is  generally  of  an  imperfect  form.  If  the  female 
be  proportionally  larger,  the  offspiing  is  of  an  improved 
form.  For  instance,  if  a  well-formed  large  ram  be  put 
to  ewes  proportionally  smaller,  the  lambs  will  not  be  so 
well  shaped  as  their  parents ;  but  if  a  small  ram  be  put 
to  larger  ewes,  the  lambs  will  be  of  an  improved  form. 

It  is  here  worthy  of  remark  that  Nicholas  Hankey  Smith,  who  resided 
a  long  time  among  the  Arabs,  in  a  work  entitled  "  Observations  on 
Breeding  for  the  Turf,"  gives  as  his  opinion  that  colts  bred  in-and-in 
show  more  blood  in  their  heads,  are  of  better  form,  and  fit  to  start  with 
fewer  sweats  than  the  English  turf-horsc  ;  but  when  the  incestuous 
intercourse  has  continued  a  few  generations,  he  says,  the  animal  de- 
generates. 

This  plan  of  breeding  in-and-in,  says  Youatt  farther,  when  speaking 
of  cattle  :  "  has  many  advantages  to  a  certain  extent.  It  may  be  pursued 
Until  the  excellent  form  and  qualities  of  the  breed  are  developed  and 
established.  It  was  the  source  whence  sprung  the  cattle  and  the  sheep 
of  Bakewell,  and  the  superior  cattle  of  Colling — and  to  it  must  be  traced 
the  speedy  degeneracy,  the  absolute  disappearance,  of  the  new  Leicester 
or  Bakewell  cattle  ;  and  in  the  hands  of  many  an  agriculturist,  the  im- 
pairment of  constitution  and  decreased  value  of  the  new  Leicester  sheep 
and  the  Short-Horn  beasts.  It  has  therefore  become  a  kind  of  principle 
tvith  the  agriculturist  to  efiect  some  change  in  his  stock  every  second  or 
<hird  year — and  that  change  is  most  conveniently  effected  by  introducing 
a  new  bull  or  ram.  These  should  be  as  nearly  as  possible  of  the  same 
sort  coming  from  a  similar  pasturage  and  climate,  but  possessing  no 
relationship,  or  at  most  a  very  distant  one,  to  the  stock  to  which  he  is 
introduced" — and  these  remarks  "  apply  to  all  descriptions  of  live-stock," 
says  Professor  Johnston,  author  of  the  Farmer's  Cyclopedia. 

This  is  the  secret  whereby  Mr.  George  Patterson,  of  Maryland, 
has  not  only  kept  up  but  improved  the  size  and  beauty  of  his  North  De- 
vons.  Every  "two  or  three  years,"  a  new  bull  the  best  to  be  had  in 
England,  is  introduced  to  his  cows.  The  neglect  of  this  precaution,  and 
breeding  in-and-in  too  closely,  are  the  true  reasons  why  we  so  rarely  see 
the  descendants  of  imported  stock  in  this  country  equal  to  the  originals. 
Too  close  breeding  tells  in  Man  as  well  as  in  beast  ;  hence  the  famous 
lines  of  Lord  Byron  when  speaking  of  the  nobility  : 

"  They  breed  in-and-in  as  might  be  known, 

"  Marrying  their  cousins,  nay,  their  aunts  and  nieces, 
"  Which  always  spoils  the  breed,  if  it  increases." 

But,  after  all,  we  must  look  closely  to  \he  form  of  the  parents  as  well 
in  Horses  as  cattle — for,  let  the  world  dispute  as  it  may,  whether  "  blood 
IS  everything,"  or  "blood  is  nothing," — be  the  blood  what  it  may,  who 
has  ever  seen,  as  Apperley  asks,  an  instance  of  a  misshapen  horse  and 
ill-formed  mare  producing  winners  1 — J.  S.  S.] 

38  • 


24  THL    FOaM    OF    ANIMALS. 

The  proper  method  of  improving  the  form  of  animals, 
consists  in  selecting  a  well-formed  female,  proportionally 
larger  than  the  male.  The  improvement  depends  on  this 
principle,  that  the  power  of  the  female  to  supply  he' 
offspring  with  nourishment  is  in  proportion  to  her  size, 
and  to  the  power  of  nourishing  herself  from  the  excel- 
lence of  her  constitution. 

The  size  of  the  foetus  is  generally  in  proportion  to  that 
of  the  male  parent;  and  therefore,  when  the  female  pa- 
rent is  disproportionately  small,  the  quantity  of  nourish- 
ment is  deficient,  and  her  offspring  has  all  the  dispro- 
portions of  a  starveling.  But  when  the  female,  from  her 
size  and  good  constitution,  is  more  than  adequate  to  the 
nourishment  of  a  foetus  of  a  smaller  male  than  herself, 
the  growth  must  be  proportionately  greater.  The  larger 
female  has  also  a  greater  quantity  of  milk,  and  her  off- 
spring is  more  abundantly  supplied  with  nourishment 
after  birth. 

To  produce  the  most  perfect  formed  animal,  aOundant 
nourishment  is  necessary  from  the  earliest  period  of  its 
existence,  until  its  growth  is  complete. 

It  has  been  observed,  in  the  beginning  of  this  paper, 
that  the  power  to  prepare  the  greatest  quantity  of  nour- 
ishment, from  a  given  quantity  of  food,  depends  princi- 
pally upon  the  magnitude  of  the  lungs,  to  which  the 
organs  of  digestion  are  subservient. 

To  obtain  animals  with  large  lungs,  crossing  is  the 
most  expeditious  method ;  because  well-formed  females 
may  be  selected  from  a  variety  of  a  large  size,  to  be  put 
to  a  w^ell-formed  male  of  a  variety  that  is  rather  smaller. 

By  such  a  method  of  crossing,  the  lungs  and  heart 
become  proportionately  larger,  in  consequence  of  a  pe- 
culiarity in  the  circulation  of  the  foetus,  which  causes  a 
larger  proportion  of  the  blood,  under  such  circumstances, 
10  be  distributed  to  the  lungs  than  to  the  other  parts  of 


THE   FORM    OF   ANIMALS.  ^  25 

the  body  ;  arid  as  the  shape  and  size  of  the  chesi  depend 
upon  that  of  the  lungs,  hence  arises  the  remarkably  largt 
chest,  which  is  produced  by  crossing  with  females  tha* 
are  larger  than  the  males. 

The  practice  according  to  this  principle  of  improve^ 
ment,  however,  ought  to  be  limited ;  for,  it  may  be  car- 
ried to  such  an  extent,  that  the  bulk  of  the  body  might 
be  so  disproportioned  to  the  size  of  the  limbs  as  to  pre- 
vent the  animal  from  moving  with  sufficient  facility. 

In  animals  where  activity  is  required,  this  practice 
should  not  be  extended  so  far  as  in  those  which  are 
required  for  the  food  of  man. 

On  the  Character  of  Animals. 

By  character  in  animals  is  here  meant,  those  external 
fcppearances  by  which  the  varieties  of  the  same  species 
are  distinguished. 

The  characters  of  both  parents  are  observed  in  their  off- 
spring ;  but  that  of  the  male  more  frequently  predominates!* 

♦[To  the  contrary  of  this,  as  to  Hor*=<'s,  T.  B.  Johnson,  author  of  the 
Shooter's  Companion,  and  a  writer  ol  high  authority,  says  :  "  although 
it  is  a  maxim  universally  admitted,  that  an  equal  degree  of  precaution 
should  be  used  in  respect  to  the  Horse,  it  is  doubly  and  trebly  necessary 
with  the  mare — because  strict  observation  has  demonstrated  that  nearly 
or  full  two  out  of  every  three  foals,  display  in  their  appearance  more  of 
the  dam  than  the  sire  ,•  and  that  there  are  more  fillies  than  colts  fallen 
every  year  will  not  admit  of  a  doubt." 

This  positively  asserted  predominance  of  females  over  males,  may  be 
accounted  for  on  the  principle  established  by  very  numerous  experiments 
in  France  with  sheep,  if  not  with  other  animals — on  the  results  of  which 
the  experimenter,  whose  name  is  not  remembered,  based  and  confidently 
asserted  his  theory,  that  the  sex  of  the  offspring,  in  all  cases,  depends 
much  on  the  comparative  vigour  of  the  parents.  By  putting  old  ewes 
to  young  rams  in  the  prime  of  life,  he  never  failed  to  get  a  large  pro- 
portion of  ram  lambs  ;  and,  vice  versa,  when  young  ewes  in  their  prime 
were  put  to  a  ram  lamb,  which  had  not  yet  attained  his  full  growth  and 
development,  or  to  old  ones  far  gone  in  the  down-hill  of  life,  then  a  very 
large  proportion  were  females.  A  great  number  of  experiments  were 
given  corroborative  of  the  doctrine.  Is  it  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
«n  influence  sufficient  to  control  the  sex,  would  have  an  effect  on  exte.>' 


26  THE   FORM    OF   ANIMALS. 

This  nj'ay  he  illustrated  in  the  breeding  of  horned  axii- 
mals;  among  which  there  are  many  varieties  of  sheep, 
and  some  of  cattle,  that  are  hornless. 

If  a  hornless  ram  be  put  to  a  horned  ewe,  almost  all 
the  lambs  will  be  hornless  ;  partaking  of  the  character 
of  the  male  rather  than  of  the  female  parent. 

In  some  countries,  as  Norfolk,  Wiltshire,  Dorsetshire, 
most  of  the  sheep  have  horns.  In  Norfolk  the  horns 
may  be  got  rid  of  by  crossing  with  the  Ryeland  rams ; 
which  would  also  improve  the  form  of  the  chest  and  the 
quality  of  the  wool.  In  Wiltshire  and  Dorsetshire,  the 
same  improvements  might  be  made  by  crossing  the  sheep 
with  South  Down  rams. 

An  offspring  without  horns  might  be  obtained  from  the 
Devonshire  cattle,  by  crossing  with  hornless  bulls  of  the 
Galloway  breed  ;  which  would  also  improve  the  form  of 
the  chest,  in  which,  the  Devonshire  cattle  are  often  de- 
ficient. 

Examples  of  the  good  effects  of  crossing  the  breeds. 

The  great  improvement  of  the  breed  of  horses  in  Eng- 
land arose  from  crossing  with  those  diminutive  Stallions, 
Barbs,  and  Arabians ;  and  the  introduction  of  Flanders 
mares  into  this  country  was  the  source  of  improvement 
in  the  breed  of  cart-horses. 

The  form  of  the  swine  has  also  been  greatly  improved, 
by  crossing  with  the  small  Chinese  boar. 

Examples  of  the  had  effects  of  crossing  the  breeds. 
When  it  became  the  fashion  in  London  to  drive  large 
bay  horses,  the  farmers  in  Yorkshire  put  their  mares  to 

nal  form  antl  colour  1  It  may  be  a  reason  why  some  of  our  very  popu- 
lar stallions,  being  overtasked,  have  had  so  few  of  their  get  to  rival  them 
jn  power  and  fame.  Every  reader  may  cast  about  for  himself,  for  in- 
Btances,  to  see  how  far  and  to  y:hat  other  animals  the  principle  applies. 
After  all,  in  an  economico-agricultural  view,  it  is  much  more  important 
ihat  the  stallion  should  be  all  right  because  it  is  his  bleod  that  '5  to  be 
dillused  far  and  wide. — J.  S.  y.] 


THE    FORM    OF    ANIMALS.  2? 

much  larger  atallions  than  usual,  and  thus,  did  infinite 
mischief  to  their  breed,  by  producing  a  race  of  smalJ 
chested,  long  legged,  large  boned  worthless  animals.* 

A  similar  project  was  adopted  in  Normandy,  to  en- 
large the  breed  of  Horses  there  by  the  use  of  stallions 
from  Holstein  ;  and,  in  consequence,  the  best  breed  of 
Horses  in  France  would  have  been  spoiled,  had  not  the 
farmers  discovered  their  mistake  in  time,  by  observing 
the  offspring  much  inferior  in  form,  to  that  of  the  native 
stallions. 

Some  graziers  in  the  Island  of  Sheppey,  conceived 
that  they  could  improve  their  sheep  by  large  Lincoln- 
shire rams,  the  produce  of  which,  however,  was  much 
inferior  in  the  shape  of  the  carcase,  and  the  quality  of 
the  wool ;  and  their  flocks  were  greatly  injured  by  this 
attempt  to  improve  them. 

Attempts  to  improve  the  native  animals  of  a  country, 
by  any  plan  of  crossing,  should  be  made  with  the  great- 
est caution ;  for,  by  a  mistaken  practice  extensively  pur- 
sued, irreparable  injury  may  be  done. 

*  [This  was  the  effect  experienced  in  Maryland,  by  the  use  of  Exile,  a 
Cleveland  bay,  of  the  highest  breeding  of  his  sort  in  England,  imported 
by  the  late  Robert  Patterson  about  the  year  1820.  At  three  years  old, 
he  was  advertised  for  sale,  and  stated  to  be  then  upward  of  16  hands 
high. 

They  may  do  very  well,  with  their  long  legs,  long  backs  and  long 
tails,  for  the  heavy,  lumbering  slow  coaches  of  millionaires,  to  drive  to 
church,  and  occasionally  to  make  a  swell  in  town,  but  they  are  not  fitted 
for  the  country  —  and  especially  not  for  this  country.  True,  for  the 
coach-horse  we  want  substance,  but  we  want  that  substance  well  placed, 
deep,  well-proportioned  body,  rising  in  the  withers,  and  slanting  shoul- 
ders, short  back  well  ribbed  home,  and  broad  loins ;  sound,  flat,  short 
legs,  with  plenty  of  bone  under  the  knee  ;  and  sound,  open,  tough  feet* 
"  In  fact,  coach-horses  should  be  nothing  more  than  large  hackneys, 
varying  in  height  from  15  hands  1  inch  to  16  hands  1  inch."  Such 
horses,  of  good  colour,  and  well  matched,  will  always  <5ommard  a  higA 
figure  from  the  swelled  heads  in  our  large  cities — men  who  havp  jrro«v3 
rich  as  the  conduits  of  exchange,  between  the  producer  and  ine  cof^ 
rumer  of  Agriculture  and  Manufactures.—  T.  S.  S.] 


28  THE    FORM    OF    ANIMALS. 

In  any  country  where  a  particular  race  of  animals  nas 
continued  for  centuries,  it  may  be  presumed  that  their 
constitution  is  adapted  to  the  food  and  climate. 

The  pliancy  of  the  animal  economy  is  such,  as  that  an 
animal  will  gradually  accommodate  itself  to  great  vicis- 
situdes in  climate  and  alterations  in  food  ;  and  by  de- 
grees undergo  great  changes  in  constitution  ;  but  these 
changes  can  be  affected  only  by  degrees,  and  may  often 
require  a  greater  number  of  successive  generations  for 
their  accomplishment. 

It  may  be  proper  to  improve  the  form  of  a  native  race, 
out  at  the  same  time  it  may  be  very  injudicious  to  attempt 
to  enlarge  their  size. 

The  size  of  animals  is  commonly  adapted  to  the  soil 
which  they  iihabit ;  where  produce  is  nutritive  and  abun- 
dant, the  animals  are  large,  having  grow^n  proportionally 
to  the  quantity  of  food  which  for  generations  they  have 
been  accustomed  to  obtain.  Where  the  produce  is 
scanty,  the  animals  are  small,  being  proportioned  to  the 
quantity  of  food  which  they  wTre  able  to  procure.  Of 
these  contrasts  the  sheep  of  Lincolnshire  and  of  Wales 
are  examples.  The  sheep  of  Lincolnshire  would  starve 
on  the  mountains  of  Wales. 

Crossing,  the  breed  of  animals  may  be  attended  with 
bad  effects  in  various  ways  ;  and  that,  even  when  adopted 
m  the  beginning  on  a  good  principle  ;  for  instance,  sup- 
pose some  larger  ewes  than  those  of  the  native  breed 
were  taken  to  the  mountains  of  Wales  and  put  to  the 
rams  of  that  country ;  if  these  foreign  ewes  were  fed  in 
proportion  to  their  size,  their  lambs  would  be  of  an  im- 
proved form  and  larger  in  size  than  the  native  animals ; 
but  tJie  males  produced  by  this  cross,  though  of  a  good 
form,  would  be  disproportionate  in  size  to  the  native 
ewTs;  and  therefore,  if  permitted  to  mix  with  them, 
would  be  proJuctivc  of  a  standing  ill-formed  prngeny 


THE   FORM    OF   ANIMALS.  29 

Thus  a  cross  which,  at  first,  was  an  improvement,  would, 
by  giving  occasion  to  a  contrary  cross,  ultimately  pre- 
judice the  breed. 

The  general  mistake  in  crossing  has  arisen  from  an 
attempt  to  increase  the  size  of  a  native  race  of  animals ; 
being  a  fruitless  effort  to  counteract  the  laws  of  nature^ 

The  Arabian  Horses  are,  in  general,  the  most  perfect 
in  the  world ;  which  probably  has  arisen  from  great  care 
in  selection,  and  also  from  being  unmixed  with  any  va- 
riety of  the  same  species,  the  males  have  therefore  never 
been  disproportioned  in  size  to  the  females. 

The  native  Horses  of  India  are  small,  but  well  propor- 
tioned, and  good  of  their  kind.  With  the  intention  of 
increasing  their  size,  the  India  company  have  adopted  a 
plan  of  sending  large  stallions  to  India.  If  these  stal- 
lions should  be  extensively  used,  a  disproportioned  race 
must  be  the  result,  and  a  valuable  breed  of  Horses  be 
irretrievably  spoiled. 

From  theory,  from  practice,  and  from  extensive  ob- 
servation, whicn  is  more  to  be  depended  upon  than  either, 
it  is  reasonable  to  form  this  conclusion,  that  it  is  wrong  to 
enlarge  a  native  breed  of  animals ;  for  in  proportion  to 
their  increase  of  size,  they  become  worse  in  form,  less 
hardy,  and  more  liable  to  disease.* 


*  [For  this  plain  reason,  our  farmers  should  have  recourse  to  well-formetl 
bulla  of  a  smaller  or  middling  size,  rather  than  to  those  of  a  larger  breod 
than  the  average  size  of  their  own  cattle,  and  also  why  it  is  far  better 
to  employ  compact,  short-backed,  well-formed,  thorough-bred  stallions, 
than  cold-blooded  stallions  of  larger  size. 

Essential  difference  has  been  found,  by  analysis  in  France,  beiween 
the  hlood  of  the  ordinary  Horse  and  that  of  the  aristocratic  lace  de- 
scended from  the  south-eastern  courser.  It  is  stated  to  be  less  serous 
than  that  of  the  common  Horse.  One  cannot  but  admire  the  ardour 
with  which,  in  France,  they  are  now  applying  the  sciences  to  enlighten 
all  branches  of  agriculture,  as  it  has  been  so  much  more  and  more  suc- 
cessfully applied  to  other  industries.  A  society  of  the  first  men  of 
that  country  is  devoted  to  the  meliorution  of  the  Horse,  and  they  under 
take  %o  predict  the  time  not  distant  when  « la  science  du  chevi,U'  tb« 


30  THE    FORM    OF    ANIMALS. 

science  of  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  Horse — wih  be  as  well 
understood  and  agreed  upon  as  any  principles  in  Geometry. 

The  reason  that,  in  our  country,  agriculture  has  benefited  so  much 
less  by  the  application  of  the  sciences,  is  that  the  policy  of  the  govern- 
ment has  a  tendency  to  disperse  them,  while  it  concentrates  other  classes 
Instead  of  compelling  the  consumer  —  the  shoemaker,  the  tailor,  the 
wheelwright,  and  all  manufacturing  consumers  to  come  from  abroad  aa 
well  as  at  home,  and  settle  down  nearest  to  them,  the  agriculturist! 
foster  a  policy  which  compels  them — over  bad  roads — to  expend  hall 
Ih*  produce  in  carrying  it  to  the  fashioner  and  consmner J.  H.  8.] 


THE    f  jilNCIPLES    OF    BREEDING.  31 


ON  THE  IMPORTANCE  OF  MORE  ATTENTION  TO  THE 
PRINCIPLES  OF  BREEDING  — THE  STALLION  AND 
THE  BROOD  MARE. 

To  every  lover  of  the  Horse,  possessed  of  a  knowledge 
of  his  fine  points  and  capabilities,  it  must  be  lamentable 
to  perceive  how  miserably  ignorant  and  careless  the  mass 
of  breeders  of  that  noble  animal  appear  to  be,  as  to  all 
the  precautions  w4iich  are  indispensable  to  maintain  him 
at  the  point  of  excellence  which  is  known  to  be  attainable 
— much  less  by  well- digested  and  rational  systems  of 
breeding  and  rearing  throughout  the  country,  to  meliorate 
his  form  and  invigorate  his  constitution ;  and  on  no  one 
^oint  is  there,  seemingly,  more  pernicious  indifference 
displayed  than  in  regard  to  the  condition  of  the  stallions 
they  employ,  as  set  forth  in  the  Essay  w^hich  these  re- 
marks are  intended  to  introduce. 

Well  has  it  been  said,  in  the  introduction  to  the  ^^An- 
nates  des  Haras  et  de  V Agriculture ^'^'^  that  if  the  import- 
ance of  a  question  is  to  be  measured  by  the  number  of 
those  who  are  occupied  with  it,  that  of  the  multiplicat* 
and  of  the  amelioration  of  the  Horse  ought  to  hold  th-; 
first  rank  in  Political  and  Rural  economy.  The  traditions 
of  antiquity — those  of  nations,  whether  barbarous  or 
enlightened — writings  the  most  ancient  as  well  as  the 
tiost  modern — prove  to  us  lie  estimation  which  Man, 
in  all  times,  has  attached  to  this  his  most  noble  conquesty 
to  use  the  expression  of  Buffon.  The  Horse,  as  there 
alleged,  is  in  truth  the  most  fruitful  source  of  the  riches 
of  States,  by  his  indispensable  instrumentality  in  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil.  He  is  one  of  the  most  direct 
Hgents  of  their  power  by  the  use  that  is  made  of  him  in 
armies,  whether  in  peace  or  in  war ;  and  has  contributed 
much  moie  than  is  generally  considered,  to  the  civiliza 

39 


32         THE  IMPORTANCE  OF  ATTENTION 

lion  of  communities,  by  facilitating  mtercourse  betwerj. 
ihem  and  the  individuals  of  whom  they  are  composed. 

It  is  not,  then,  astonishing  that  in  the  abstract,  so  much 
importance  should  be  attached  to  the  multiplication  and 
improvement  of  an  animal  so  useful ;  but  is  it  not 
Amazing  that  this  universal  admission  of  his  value,  and 
the  general  interest  of  society  in  cultivating  his  finest 
qualities,  should  give  rise  to  no  association  or  system  in 
our  country,  based  on  reason,  and  guided  by  scientific 
principles?  On  the  contrary,  everything  is  left  to  chance, 
to  ignorance,  and  to  narrow  and  sordid  calculations  of 
economy.  True,  we  have  societies  that  group  the  Horse 
with  every  other  animal  and  thing,  and  offer  petty  pre 
miums  for  the  mere  exhibition  of  the  best  that  may 
happen  to  be  convenient  to,  or  purchased  for  the  show  • 
but  should  not  an  object  so  important  be  made  the  sub 
ject  of  special  associations,  and  of  legislative  encourage- 
ment, directed  to  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  princi 
pies  to  be  followed  in  all  enlarged  and  judicious  plans 
for  the  melioration  of  the  whole  race?  Look  at  the 
amount  of  capital  involved  in  the  whole  Union — 4,365,669 
horses.  Value  these  at  an  average  of  $50,  and  we  have 
a  capital  of  $218,283,450,  which,  with  anything  like 
judgment  or  system,  might  be  brought  to  an  average 
improvement  of  at  least  twenty  per  cent,  in  a  few'  years. 
What  is  the  number  lost  by  exposure  to  sudden  vicis- 
situdes of  weather  —  to  lad  shoeing — in  short,  to  ill 
treatment  and  ignorar.ce  of  the  management  and  the 
remedies  prescribed  in  this  work,  no  one  can  venture  to 
estimate.  Youatt  sets  down  the  loss  of  cattle  by  disease 
annually  in  England  at  $50,000,000 !— and  the  loss  of 
sheep  at  one-tenth  of  the  whole  number;  and  though 
tJiere  the  veterinary  art  is  taught  as  a  science  in  the  en- 
dow^ed  colleges,  and  regular  professors  practise  it 
throufihouc  the  kmgdom,  he  says  it  is  difficult  to  say 


TO    THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    BREEDING. 

vvl  /( ii  is  the  greater  source  of  this  immense  loss  to  tk 
agriculture  of  the  country — "  the  ignorance  and  obstinacy 
of  the  servant  and  the  cow-leech,  or  the  ignorance  and 
supineness  of  the  owner. ^''  The  Horse,  in  a  state  of 
nature,  even  the  colt — until  subjected  to  ignorant  hand- 
ling and  cruel  management,  is  much  healthier  than  after 
he  comes  under  the  hands  of  him  who  ought  to  be  his 
kindest  friend. 

If  such  be  the  immense  mortality  in  England,  what 
nust  it  be  among  Horses  in  this  country,  where  not  one 
farmer  in  a  hundred  knows  how  to  tell  the  colic  from 
the  botts,  or  the  thrush  from  the  scratches  —  ignorant 
alike  of  symptoms  and  of  treatment  ? 

Properly  appreciating  the  importance  of  a  constant 
supply  of  Horses  for  their  cavalry,  as  one  of  the  most 
efficient  arms  of  her  military  power — the  French  Govern- 
ment takes  it  upon  itself  to  supply  its  thirty-six  thousand 
communes  with  stallions,  whose  services  are  put  at  the 
lowest  rate,  the  average  being  set  down  at  5  or  10  francs, 
(one  or  two  dollars,)  and  these  stallions  are  required  to 
be  not  under  a  certain  age — four  at  the  least — nor  under 
a  certain  standard  of  height,  according  as  they  are  tho- 
rough-bred, half-bred,  or  slow  draft:  1  m.  49  centimes, 
or  a  fraction  over  14.2  for  thorough-bred ;  1  m.  55  c. 
for  half-bred  ;  and  1  m.  55  c.  for  heavy  draft  stallions — 
and  undergo  every  year  rigid  inspection,  to  guard  not 
only  against  palpable  deformity  of  shape,  but  against 
any  latent  or  transmissible  diseases.  Opposed  as  is  the 
genius  of  our  political  institutions  to  regulations,  too 
minute,  of  individual  industry  and  concerns,  yet  it  is 
hard  to  say  why  a  planter's  tobacco  or  his  butter  should 
be  subjected  to  rigid  inspection,  and  condemned  and 
taken  from  him  for  bad  quality  or  short  weight,  and  yet 
that  any  fat,  lazy,  lounging  rapscallion  should  be  allowcil 
to  set  up  a  public  stallion  without  spirit  or  action,  ain< 


S4         IHE  STALLION  AND  BROOD  MARE. 

^o  often  tainted  with  some  hereditary  disorder  or  defec, 
of  body  or  temper — to  deform  and  poison  everything  he 
.s  allowed  to  touch.  The  Arabians,  after  having  brought 
their  breed  of  Horses  to  the  highest  degree  of  perfection 
of  which  they  consider  them  capable,  are  said  to  have 
preserved  their  splendid  qualities  of  great  endurance 
with  highly  organized  matter  and  natural  soundness  of 
limb,  by  prohibiting  the  use  of  stallions  until  approved 
hy  a  public  inspector.  ^<  Breeders  of  all  kinds  of  Horses," 
says  Nimrod,  <'but  of  the  race-horse  above  all  others, 
scarcely  require  to  be  cautioned  against  purchasing  or 
breeding  from  mares,  or  putting  them  to  stallions,  con- 
stitutionally inferior.  By  constitutionally  inferior  is 
chiefly  implied,  having  a  tendency  to  fail  in  the  legs  and 
feet  during  their  training,  which  too  many  of  our  present 
racing  breed  are  given  to — although  the  severity  of  train- 
ing is  not  equal  to  what  it  was  some  years  back.  It 
would  be  invidious  to  particularize  individual  sorts ;  but, 
says  he,  we  could  name  stallions  and  mares  from  which 
the  greatest  expectations  w^ere  raised,  whose  progeny 
have  sacrificed  thousands  of  their  owners'  money,  en- 
tirely from  this  cause."  After  instancing  numerous  cases 
to  show  the  heritableness  of  diseases — glanders  among 
others — of  horses,  sheep,  and  cattle,  "these  conside- 
lations,"  continues  an  eminent  French  writer.  Professor 
Dupuy,  on  the  Veterinary  art,  "  are  to  us  of  the  greatest 
moment,  since  we  have  it  in  our  power  by  coupling  and 
crossing  well-known  breeds,  to  lessen  the  number  of  ani- 
mals predisposed  to  these  diseases.  Acting  up  to  these 
ideas,  our  line  of  conduct  is  marked  out.  We  must 
banish  from  our  establishments,  designed  to  improve  the 
breed,  such  animals  as  show  any  signs  of  tuberculous 
disease  or  any  analogous  affection." 

Thus  much  have  we  felt  called  upon  to  say,  introduc- 
tory of  the  following  able  dissertation  on  the  condition 


THE    STALLION    AND   BROOD    MARE.  3ft 

of  the  staUion  —  anonymously  written  by  some  gentle- 
man who  has  evidently  observed  the  precaution  too 
often  neglected ;  to  understand  his  subject,  before  he 
oegan  to  speak  upon  it.  It  is  taken  from  the  "  Farmers' 
Library,"  for  which  it  was  written,  and  where,  it 
may  be  needless  to  say,  such  WTiters  wdll  ahvays  be  truly 
t.elcome.  As  against  the  assertion  of  Surgeon  Cline, 
with  whom  the  author  of  this  Essay  agrees  as  to  the  pre- 
dominant influence  of  the  male  in  characterizing  the 
progeny,  we  have,  in  another  place,  arrayed  the  opinion 
of  Mr.  Johnson,  it  is  but  fair  here  to  adduce,  in  support 
of  the  affirmative  side  of  the  proposition,  the  all-pow^er- 
ful  testimony  of  Mr.  Apperly,  who  says :  <«  Virgil,  in 
his  excellent  remarks  on  breeding  Horses,  tells  those  of 
his  readers  who  wish  to  gain  prizes  to  look  at  the  dam  ; 
and  until  of  very  late  years,  it  was  the  prevailing  opinion 
of  Englishmen  that  in  breeding  a  racer  the  mare  is  more 
essential  than  the  Horse,  in  the  production  of  him  in  his 
highest  form ;  and  we  know  it  to  have  been  the  notion 
entertained  by  the  late  Earl  of  Grosvenor — the  most  ex- 
tensive though  not  perhaps  the  most  successful  breeder 
of  thorough-bred  stock  that  England  ever  saw.  The 
truth  of  this  supposition,  however,  has  not  been  confirmed 
by  the  experience  of  the  last  half  century,  and  much 
more  dependence  is  now  placed  on  the  stallion  than  on 
the  mare.  The  racing  calendar,  indeed,  clearly  proves 
the  fact. 

"  Notwithstanding  the  prodigious  number  of  very  highly 
bred  and  equally  good  mares  that  are  every  year  put  to 
the  horse,  it  is  from  such  as  are  put  to  our  very  best 
stallions  that  the  great  winners  are  produced.  This  can 
in  no  other  way  be  accounted  for  than  by  such  horses 
having  the  faculty  of  imparting  to  their  progeny  th^- 
peculiar  external  and  internal  formation  absolutely  essen- 
Ual  to  the  first-rate  race-horse ;  or,  if  the  tp.rm  <■  blooa' 

39* 


36  THE    STi^LLION    AND    BROOD   MARE. 

be  insisted  on,  that  certain  innate  but  not  preternatura* 
virtue  peculmrly  lelonging  to  some  horses,  but  not  tft 
others,  whicli,  when  it  meets  with  no  opposition  from  the 
mare — or,  in  the  language  of  the  stable,  where  « the  cross 
nicks'  by  the  mare  admit  of  a  junction  of  good  shapes — 
seldom  fails  in  producing  a  race-horse  in  his  very  best 
form." 

After  all,  when  the  reader  shall  have  carefully  perused 
the  following  disquisition,  he  will,  w^e  think,  be  apt  to 
concur  with  us  in  the  belief  that  incalculable  loss  and 
deterioration  ensue  from  an  almost  universal  want  of 
attention  to  the  condition  of  the  stallion,  and  from  igno- 
rance in  what  true  condition  consists.  The  maxim  of 
the  feeder  of  the  ox  may  be  embraced  in  the  words 
warmth,  cleanliness  and  quiet.  Not  so  with  the  grazier 
of  5^ocA:-cattle — for  they  may  be  kept  too  warm  ;  nor 
with  the  owner  of  a  Stallion ;  yet  too  generally  they 
manage  him  as  if  he  had  nothing  to  do  but  to  eat,  drink, 
and  sleep — except  when  suddenly  aroused  to  go  through 
violent  agitation  to  the  opposite  extreme. 

— On  the  subject  of  the  comparative  agency  of  the 
male  and  female  parent  in  the  modification  of  the  progeny 
in  form  and  character,  as  sir  Roger  expressed  it  "  much 
may  be  said  on  both  sides."  There  needs  no  citation 
of  instances  to  show^  the  influence  of  the  male  progenitor 
in  modifying  the  exterior  form  and  colour,  of  the  off 
spring,  aAd  may  we  not  infer  it  in  regard  to  its  intern?^ 
structure,  its  temper  and  character?  Neither  can  we 
deny  the  share  of  the  female  parent  in  the  same  influences 
— see  how  often  the  calf,  in  its  marks,  exhibits  an  exact 
copy  of  its  dam.  But  there  are  cases  of  what  is  called 
sitperfoetation,  which  go  to  show  some  extraordinary 
power  of  the  male  in  transmitting  his  influence  even  to 
the  second  and  third  generation  on  the  fruits  of  subst> 
i^iient  conceptions  from  sexual  intercourse  b<Jtween  thf 


THE  STALLION  AN)   BROOD  MARE.         3^ 

same  dam  and  other  males.  No  fact  in  Natural  Hitstorj 
need  to  be  better  proved;  and  circumstances  lead  us  t'i. 
believe,  though  we  are  not  aware  that  the  question  has 
occurred  to  naturalists,  that  this  always  occurs  with  thp 
first  or  virgin  conception ;  and  if  so,  it  admonishes  the 
breeder  to  be  especially  particular  in  the  selection  of  the 
male  to  which  is  granted  the  high  privilege  of  the  first 
access.  Out  of  many  cases  that  might  be  referred  to, 
the  reader's  memory  may  be  here  refreshed  as  to  two  that 
are  somewhat  familiar. 

Twenty-six  years  ago,  in  the  London  Farmer's  Journal 
was  recorded  the  case  which  had  then  lately  appeared 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  on  the  authority  of 
Earl  Moreton,  stating  that  his  lordship  possessed  a  male 
animal  called  Quagga  by  the  Hottentots — in  whose 
mountains  they  abound.  It  closely  resembles  the  Zebra, 
but  of  a  smaller  size.  He  determined  on  obtaining  a 
foal  by  this  animal,  from  a  chestnut-coloured  mare  of 
seven-eighths  blood,  which  had  never  been  bred  from. 
This  gross  prostitution — as  we  should  call  it — took  place, 
and  accordingly  a  female  hybrid  progeny  was  produced, 
which  bore,  in  form  and  colour,  decided  indications  of 
mixed  blood,  but  proved  incapable  of  breeding — as  is  al- 
most universally  the  case  with  mules  ;  but  not  quite,  as  the 
writer  has  proved  in  his  edition  of  Youatt  on  the  Horse, 
^Lea  &  Blanchard,)  on  the  most  unquestionable  testimony. 

This  mare  of  seven-eighth  Arabian  blood  w^as  soon 
after  sold  to  Sir  Gore  Ousley,  who  afterward  bred  from 
her,  by  a  very  fine  black  Arabian  stallion,  two  colts. 
These  Lord  Moreton  went  to  see  and  examine, — ♦he  one 
a  two-year  old  filly ;  the  other  a  yearling  colt — both  of 
which  were  as  strongly  characterized  by  Arabian  blood 
as  might  be  expected  where  there  was  fifteen-sixteenth* 
of  it  present — but  both  in  their  colour  and  hair  of  their 
manes,  they  showed  a  striking  resemblance  Uf  the  cu^gga 


38         THE  STALLIG^  AND  BROOD  MARE. 

The  whole  statement  was  fully  verifie  to  the  Society  bj 
Doctor  Woolaston,  a  member  of  it,  who  examined  both 
the  filly  and  colt,  and  who  was  <<  distinguished  for  his 
very  extensive  knowledge." 

Following  the  communication  of  Lord  Moreton  in  the 
Transactions,  is  one  from  Dr.  Woolaston,  relating  the 
case  of  a  black  and  white  sow,  of  Mr.  Western's  cele- 
brated breed  of  hogs  (she  being  the  property  of  a  Mr. 
Giles)  which  was  put  to  a  w41d  boar,  of  a  deep  chestnut 
colour,  that  was  soon  after  by  accident  drowned.  The 
pigs  produced,  which  were  the  sow's^7-5nitter — partook 
in  appearance  of  both  boar  and  sow,  but  in  some  the 
chestnut  colour  of  the  boar  strongly  prevailed.  This 
sow  was  afterward  put  to  a  boar  of  Mr.  Western's  breed. 
The  pigs  produced  were  some  of  them  stained  and  clearly 
marked  with  the  chestnut  colour  which  had  prevailed  in 
the  former  litter.  Her  next  litter,  by  a  boar  of  Mr.  Wes- 
tern's spotted,  black  and  white  breed,  were  also  stained 
with  marks  of  the  wild  boar  —  although  in  no  other  In- 
stance, with  any  other  sow,  had  the  least  tinge  of  the 
chestnut  colour  been  observed. 

Another  very  striking  instance  of  the  transmissible  in- 
fluence which  survives  the  f  st  and  impresses  itself  on 
subsequent  conceptions,  occ  red  under  the  observation 
of  the  writer  of  this,  and  w^a^  it  is  believed,  related  in  a 
small  volume  scribbled  and  iblished  under  the  title  of 
«  The  Sportsman  and  his  Dog."  The  case  was  that  of 
a  beautiful  coach-dog  bitch,  Annette,  presented  to  him 
by  that  earnest  and  efficient  promoter  of  agricultural  im- 
provement, GoRHAM  Parsons  of  Massachusetts,  along 
with  her  full  brother,  Lubin.  Though  closely  watched 
for  the  first-  signs  of  sexual  appetite,  with  a  view  to  a 
Utter  of  the  genuine  breed  for  the  great  pleasure  of  giving 
theni  to  friends  to  whom  they  were  promised,  a  stray 
dog,  of  large  size,  of  white  colour,  except  his  fc/acA  ears 


THE    SIALLION    AND   BROOD   MARE.  3^ 

contrived  Cvt  steal  the  first  access  to  the  bitch,  and  in  all 
subsequeiil  litters,  by  Lubin,  one  pup  always  appeared 
to  attest  the  indelible  impression  made  in  the  enthusiasm 
of  a  first  embrace.  It  may  gratify  curiosity  to  note  such 
facts,  and  may  serve,  beyond  all  dispute,  to  show  how 
cautious  every  breeder  should  be  in  the  cho'ce  of  the 
male — especially  the  one  first  employed. 

But  how  vain  to  endeavour  to  account  for  these 
things !  Nature  invites  us  to  study  her  ways,  and  science 
is  most  efficiently  applied  to  every  art  and  every  industry, 
when  it  most  closely  conforms  to  her  laws :  but  she  has 
certain  arcana  of  her  own,  which  she  keeps  in  reserve, 
and  which  defy  the  scrutiny  of  the  most  curious  and  im- 
portunate inquirer.  We  see  enough  to  know  that  her  laws 
are  enacted  by  an  All-Wise  and  Overruling  Power ;  and 
can  never  be  too  grateful  for  the  faculties  that  enable  us, 
so  much  above  other  created  beings,  to  study  and  under- 
stand them,  and  yet  more  for  that  hopeful  thirst  for  know- 
ledge which  is  leading  us  on  from  one  discovery  to  an- 
other, until,  in  view  of  what  science  is  revealing  from 
year  to  year,  who  shall  say  how  near  we  may  be  per- 
mitted to  approach  the  Supreme  Intelligence  ?  Ok  that 
our  love  of  peace  and  of  each  other,  may  keep  way  ^riUi 
our  progress  in  knowledge ! — for  of  those  to  whom  much 
is  given,  much  shall  be  required — else^  has  it  been  well 
isked, 

-'<  why  was  Man  thus  emi.iently  raised 


Amid  the  vast  creation  1      Why  ercpowered, 
Through  life  and  death,  to  cast  his  i^^ratchful  eye 
With  thought  beyond  the  limits  of  his  frame — 
But  that  the  Omnipotent  might  send  him  forth 
In  sight  of  angels  and  approving  worlds : 
Might  send  him  forth  the  sovei-^ign  good  to  learn  \ 
To  chase  each  meaner  passion  from  his  breast, 
And  through  the  storms  of  passion  and  of  sense 
To  hold  straight  on,  with  constant  heart,  and  eye 
Still  fixed  upon  Man's  everlasting  palm, 
The  approving  smile  of  Heaven.'' 


40  Tlii-.    S5TALL10N    AND    BROOD    MARE. 

There  is,  as  elsewhere  intimated,  if  we  consult  Nature, 
always  acting  for  the  best, — reason  to  conclude  it  wasi 
intended,  with  domestic  animals,  that  the  male  should 
exert  the  greater  influence  over  the  form  and  qualities 
of  the  progeny.  Were  it  not  so,  how  slow^  and  inef- 
fectual would  be  all  attempts  at  amelioration,  for  it  is 
through  one  male  that  blood  and  form  and  qualities  are 
imparted  to  great  numbers — while,  with  the  female,  but 
a  solitary  effect  or  result  can  be  accomplished  during  a 
whole  period  of  gestation.  In  herds  of  wild  Horses, 
Nature  allows  troops  of  mares  to  be  engrossed  by  the 
stallion  of  most  courage  and  strength,  thus  guarding 
against  the  inevitable  degeneracy  of  promiscuous  inter- 
course— and  he  again,  after  a  season  or  two,  is  supplanted 
by  some  rebellious  young  rival,  stronger  if  not  braver 
than  he,  before  time  enough  has  elapsed  to  stamp  the 
whole  race  by  that  degeneracy  which  follows  inv^est  jous 
intercourse  long  continued.  Here  again  we  are  invited 
to  follow,  and,  as  art  may  always  do,  improve  upon,  if 
we  do  follow,  the  laws  of  Nature.  But,  alas,  of  breeders 
of  animals  it  may  be  said,  "  they  have  sought  out  many 
inventions"  that  violate  her  laws,  and  the  consequence 
is,  a  miserable  race  of  ill-formed,  decrepit  garrans^  fit 
neither  for  harness  nor  saddle,  for  the  road  or  the  chase, 
for  peace  nor  for  war,  nor  toi  anytliin^  but — dog^s  meat. 


THE    CONDITION    OF   A    STALLION.  41 


AN  ESSAY  ON  THE  CONDITION  OF  A  STALLION 

The  word  condition  is  used  by  horsemen  in  a  different 
sense  from  that  in  which  it  is  understood  as  applied  to 
cattle  by  the  mass  of  farmers.  By  condition  the  farmer 
often  means  a  high  state  of  fatness ;  the  horseman,  on 
the  contrary,  makes  use  of  the  word  to  indicate  the 
greatest  health  and  strength  produced  by  reducing  all 
superfluous  fat,  bringing  the  mere  flesh  into  clean,  hard 
and  powerful  muscle,  and  invigorating  the  lungs  and 
other  internal  organs,  so  that  they  may  promptly  discharge 
their  respective  functions,  and  suffer  no  damage  from 
uncommon  stress — the  whole  in  order  to  the  animal's 
performing  labours  and  sustaining  a  continuance  of  action 
to  which  he  w^ould  not  be  adequate  without  such  especial 
preparation. 

By  the  Condition  of  a  Stallion  is  meant  the  state  of 
the  system  in  which  the  male  horse  should  be  kept,  in 
order  to  deriving  from  him  the  greatest  excellence  in  the 
progeny. 

Too  many  persons  are  content  to  breed  their  mares  to 
a  horse  w^hose  figure  suits  them,  without  regard  to  his 
condition.  The  mention  of  one  prominent  instance  alone 
will  be  sufficient  to  show  that  good  condition  is  essential 
to  the  production  of  a  valuable  progeny.  A  remarkable 
case  occurred  in  England  some  years  since,  in  so  high 
a  quarter  as  to  attract  public  attention,  and  consequently 
th3  fact  of  the  account's  obtaining  currency  without  con- 
tradiction is  a  fair  evidence  of  its  correctness.  The 
Prince  of  Wales,  who  afterwards  became  George  the 
Fourth,  owned,  and  was  in  the  habit  of  riding  as  a  hun- 
ter, an  entire  horse  of  unequalled  excellence.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  horse's  superior  qualities,  His  Royal 
Highness  caused  a  few  of  his  own  mares  to  be  bred  to 


4Si  THE    CONDITION    OF    A    STALLION. 

niin  in  the  spring,  after  he  had  been  kept  in  the  highesv 
condition  as  a  hunter  throughout  the  winter,  and  the 
produce,  on  growing  up,  proved  every  way  worthy  of 
their  sire.  When  His  Royal  Highness,  as  Prince  Regent, 
became  seriously  engaged  in  the  cares  of  Government, 
and  therefore  relinquished  the  pleasures  of  the  chase, 
being  desirous  to  perpetuate  the  fine  qualities  of  this 
stock,  he  ordered  the  horse  to  be  kept  at  Windsor  foi 
public  covering,  provided  the  mares  should  be  of  the 
first  quality ;  and  in  order  to  insure  a  sufficient  number 
of  these,  directed  the  head  groom  to  keep  him  exclu- 
sively for  such,  and  to  make  no  charge,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  customary  groom's-fee  of  half  a  guinea 
each.  The  groom,  anxious  to  pocket  as  many  half 
guineas  as  possible,  published  His  Royal  Highness's 
liberality,  and  vaunted  the  qualities  of  the  horse,  in  order 
.0  persuade  all  he  could  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
benefit.  The  result  was,  the  horse  being  kept  without 
his  accustomed  exercise  and  in  a  state  of  repletion,  and 
serving  upward  of  a  hundred  mares  yearly,  that  the  stock, 
although  tolerably  promising  in  their  early  age,  shot  up 
into  lank,  weakly,  aw^kward,  leggy,  good-for-nothing 
creatures,  to  the  entire  ruin  of  the  horse's  character  as  a 
sire — until  some  gentleman,  aware  of  the  caust,  took 
pains  to  explain  it,  proving  the  correctness  of  their  state- 
ments by  reference  to  the  first  of  the  horse's  get,  produced 
under  a  proper  system  of  breeding,  and  which  were  then 
in  their  prime,  and  among  the  best  horses  in  England. 

Almost  every  observing  farmer  in  this  country  has 
lemarked  that  whenever,  within  his  knowledge,  an  or- 
dinary work-horse  has,  by  chance,  covered  a  tolerably 
good  mare,  the  foal  thus  produced  has,  at  maturity, 
almost  invariably  become  a  better  animal  than  it  was 
expected  to  be,  and  in  many  cases  proved  quite  superior 
to  the  get  of  the  high-priced  and  highly  pampered  stal- 


THE    CONDITION    OP    A    STALLION.  43 

lions  of  the  neighbourhood.  What  was  the  cause  of 
this  ?  Condition.  The  work-horse,  by  constant  au'l 
severe  exercise,  was  brought  into  heahh  and  strength, 
and  his  stock  partook  of  the  state  of  his  system  at  the 
time  01  copulation.  Why  is  it  that  many  experienced 
farmers,  after  having  tried  the  best  stallion  within  tbeit 
knowledge,  frequently  resort  to  the  keeping  of  one  of 
theii  own  colts  or  farm-horses  entire,  for  the  service  of 
their  mares,  and  actually  obtain  as  large  and  as  good 
and  saleable  stock  from  such  a  one,  as  that  from  the 
public  stallions  of  far  superior  size,  form,  blood,  and  all 
other  qualities,  except  this  indispensable  condition  ? 

It  may  be  stated  that,  generally,  whenever  the  get  of 
a  stallion  has  proved,  at  maturity,  to  be  of  remarkable 
excellence  comparatively  with  the  sire,  such  horse  has 
been,  at  and  previously  to  the  time  of  getting  such  val- 
uable stock,  kept  without  pampering,  without  excessive 
sexual  service,  and  with  a  good  share  of  exercise  or 
labour. 

To  show  the  effect  of  a  peculiar  state  of  the  system  in 
the  parents  at  the  time  of  copulation,  instances  may  be 
cited  from  various  sources.  We  will  content  ourselves 
with  two — and  first  take  a  lamentable  case  in  the  human 
species  as  given  in  the  valuable  work  on  "  The  Consti- 
tution  of  Man,"  by  George  Combe: 

"In  the  summer  of  1827,  the  practitioner  alluded  to 
was  called  upon  to  visit  professionally  a  young  woman 
In  the  immediate  neighbourhood,  who  was  safely  deliv- 
ered of  a  male  child.  As  the  parties  appeared  to  be 
respectable,  he  made  some  inquiries  regarding  the  ab- 
sence of  the  child's  father,  when  the  old  woman  told  him 
that  her  daughter  was  still  unmarried;  that  the  child'.«< 
%ther  belonged  to  a  regiment  in  Ireland  ;  that  last  autumn 
ne  had  obtained  leave  of  absence  to  visit  his  friends  in 
this  part  of  the  country,  and  that,  on  the  eve  of  his  de- 

40 


44  THE    CONDITION    OF    A    STALLION. 

pariure  to  join  his  regiment,  an  entertainment  was  given, 
at  which  her  daughter  attended.  Daring  the  whole 
evening  she  and  the  soldier  danced  and  sang  together; 
when  heated  by  the  toddy  and  the  dance,  they  left  the 
cottage  and  after  the  lapse  of  an  hour  were  found  to- 
gether in  a  glen,  in  a  state  of  utter  insensibility,  from 
the  effects  of  their  former  festivity  ;  and  the  consequence 
of  this  interview  was  the  birth  of  an  idiot.  He  is  now 
nearly  six  years  of  age,  and  his  mother  does  not  believe 
that  he  is  able  to  recognise  either  herself  or  any  other 
individual.  He  is  quite  incapable  of  making  signs 
whereby  his  wants  can  be  made  known,  with  this  ex- 
ception, that  when  hungry  he  gives  a  wild  shriek.  This 
IS  a  case  upon  which  it  would  be  painful  to  dwell,  and 
I  shall  only  remark  that  the  parents  are  both  intelligent, 
and  that  the  fatal  result  cannot  otherwise  be  accounted 
for  than  by  the  almost  total  prostration  or  eclipse  of  the 
intellect  of  both  parties  from  intoxication." 

For  another  instance  of  a  peculiar  constitution  derivea 
from  a  parent  at  the  time  of  copulation,  and  owing  to  £ 
temporary  excitement  of  the  animal,  a  respectable  farmer 
related  to  the  writer  of  this  Essay  that  he  witnessed  the 
effect  of  pain  and  nervous  agitation  on  a  stallion  just 
before  the  moment  of  covering,  in  the  production  of  a 
wild,  timid,  violent  and  worthless  colt.  The  sire  was  in 
repute  as  one  of  the  best  horses  ever  kept  in  the  dis 
trict ;  and  his  stock  afterward  justified  the  opinion.  Tb« 
groom  became  angry  and  beat  him  in  his  stall  in  a  cruel 
manner,  and  then  led  him  out  and  allowed  him  to  cover 
the  mare,  which  was  one  of  a  perfectly  quiet  and  ord<^rly 
temper.  The  consequence  was  the  production  o*"  an 
animal  totally  valueless,  as  above  mentioned. 

That  the  doctrine  here  held  is  no  "  new  thing  under 
the  sun"  is  evident  from  many  venerated  authors.  Plu- 
tarch says  "  The  advice  which  I  am  now  about  te  give, 


THE    CONDITION    OF    A    STALLION.  45 

is  indeed  no  other  than  what  hath  been  given  by  those 
who  have  undertaken  this  argument  before  me.  You 
will  ask  me  what  is  that  ?  'Tis  this,  that  no  man  keep 
company  with  his  wife  for  issue  sake,  but  when  he  is 
sober — as  not  having  before  either  drunk  any  wine,  or, 
at  least,  not  tc  such  a  quantity  as  to  distemper  him ;  for 
they  usually  prove  wine-bibbers  and  drunkards  whose 
parents  begot  them  when  they  were  drunk ;  wherefore, 
Diogenes  said  to  a  stripling  somewhat  crack-brained  and 
half-witted,  « Surely,  young  man,  thy  father  begot  thee 
when  he  w^as  drunk  ?'  " 

Shakspeare  intimates  the  same  belief  in  making  a  hero 
insult  his  enemies  with  the  taunt 

«  For  ye  were  got  in  fear." 
On  no  other  known  principle  than  this  condition,  or  a 
peculiar  state  of  the  system  at  and  before  the  time  of 
copulation,  can  be  explained  the  important  fact  which 
forms  at  once  a  criterion  of  skill  in  the  scientific  breeder, 
and  a  stumbling-block  to  the  ignorant  and  unreasonable 
one,  who  would  expect  success  without  giving  himself 
the  trouble  of  investigating  the  natural  law^s  which  govern 
the  subject  of  his  operation :  such  a  person  is  too  apt  to 
argue  wdthin  himself  that  because  the  same  parents  at 
different  times  produce  offspring  of  opposite  character- 
istics, there  can  be  no  certain  rules  by  which  to  create 
determinate  qualities  in  the  progeny :  such  a  one  would 
maintain  that,  because  all  the  children  of  one  married 
couple  are  usually  somew^hat  different  in  characteristics 
from  each  other,  there  can  be  no  means  of  predicting, 
with  an  approach  to  certainty,  the  qualities  to  be  pro- 
duced in  the  offspring  by  a  particular  sexual  intercourse. 
Now  this  law  of  condition  accounts  for  the  difference 
between  individuals  produced  at  several  births  from  the 
same  parents.  The  case  of  twins,  in  the  human  species, 
serves  to  strengthen  this  argument,  inasmuch  as  the  two 


46  THE    CONDITION    OF    A    STALLION. 

persons  produced  at  one  birlh  usually  beai  a  close  resem 
blance  to  each  other,  in  all  respects. 

It    is   known   that    ideal    impressions   on  the  femal 
parent,  subsequent  to  conception,  frequently  take  per- 
manent effect  on  the  offspring.     That  such  causes  do  not 
usually  give  the  leading  characteristics  to  the  progeny, 
is  evident  from  these  considerations: 

1st.  The  consequences  of  such  impressions  on  the 
female,  are  usually  somewhat  of  an  unnatural  or  mon- 
strous order,  being  different  from  the  traits  of  either 
parent,  and  from  the  common  nature  of  the  variety  to 
which  the  animals  belong. 

2d.  It  is  a  settled  point  with  breeders  that  the  pro 
geny  is  more  strongly  characterized  by  the  traits  of  the 
male,  than  by  those  of  the  female  parent.  This  fact  is 
well  known  ;  and  indeed  it  can  hardly  be  expected  other- 
wise than  that  the  sex  which  bears  so  much  the  stronge. 
impress  of  character,  should  impart  the  more  visible  re- 
semblance to  the  offspring. 

3d.  It  is  an  ascertained  law  of  Nature,  that  peculiar- 
ities of  climate,  food,  occupation  and  most  other  circum 
stances  affecting  the  well-being  of  an  animal,  produce  in 
its  constitution  a  change  such  as  is  necessary  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  species;  and  that  this  proceeds  throughout 
many  generations,  until  the  animal  becomes  completely 
adapted  to  the  circumstances  of  its  existence.  [The 
same  thing  occurs  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.] 

This  last  consideration,  of  the  gradually  altered  state 
of  an  animal  through  successive  generations,  is  a  strong 
instance  of  the  effect  of  condition  ;  and  it  is  by  a  regard 
to  this  invariable  law  of  Nature,  of  self-adaptation  to  cir- 
cumstances, that  the  cultivation  or  improvement  of  any 
oreea  is  to  be  effected.  <' Hence  the  most  acid  and 
worthless  grape  is  by  skilful  culture  rendered  sweet  and 
iiscious ,  flowery  without  attraction  are  gradually  nurtured 


THE    CONDITION    OF    A    STALLION.  47 

into  beauty  and  fragrance  ;  the  cat  may  be  made  to  pre- 
sent all  the  rich  colours  of  the  tortoise-shell,  and  the 
pigeon  may  be  '  bred  to  a  feather.'  " 

Le."  us  now  endeavour  to  deduce  a  useful,  practical 
conclusion  from  the  foregoing  arguments.  If  our  doc- 
trine be  correct,  the  horse-breeder  will  depend  upon  the 
condition  of  the  stallion,  in  order  to  the  producing  of 
valuable  stock  from  him,  as  well  as  upon  his  other  qual- 
ities of  pedigree,  speed,  action,  bottom,  wind,  temper, 
spirit,  form,  style,  size,  colour,  &c. 

The  next  practical  question  is,  how  this  condition  is 
to  be  attained,  and  how  the  animal  is  to  be  kept  at  the 
required  standard  in  this  respect.  The  requisite  condition 
is  only  to  be  attained  by  training  for  health  and  strength 
in  a  great  measure  according  to  the  system  of  training 
for  races  :  supplying  an  abundant  nourishment  of  the 
best  quality,  allowing  sufficient  periods  of  repose  for  di- 
gestion, and  giving  regular  and  strong  exercise,  the 
whole  with  such  variations  as  only  experience  and  close 
observation,  under  constant  practice,  can  dictate. 

The  aptitude  of  an  animal  to  benefit  by  training  is 
often  inherited,  like  other  qualities,  from  its  parentage; 
and  judicious  breeding  alone  can  insure  a  continuance 
of  the  desirable  quality,  or  create  a  propensity  for  it  by 
proper  crossing,  when  it  does  not  exist  in  the  parents. 

The  age  at  which  the  horse  is  best  adapted  to  under- 
go a  course  of  training,  is  just  at  the  close  of  his  most 
rapid  period  of  growth,  while  the  system  is  in  its  great- 
est freshness  and  vigour.  This  period  is  at  abo'J)C  five 
years  old.  The  powers  of  a  horse  will  augment  by  suit- 
able treatment  in  this  respect  until  about  the  age  of  nine 
years:  and,  in  order  to  obtaining  the  most  valuable 
stock,  a  stallion  should  not  be  put  to  service  before  at- 
taining a  full  de^  elopment  of  his  powers,  nor  kept  at  it 
after  his  form  or  energies  appear  to  be  affected  for  the 

40* 


48  THE    CONDITION    OF   A    STALLION. 

worse.  He  should  be,  then,  between  five  and  fifteen 
years  (jf  age,  if  of  an  ordinary  constitution ;  but  if  of  re- 
markable energy  and  endurance,  and  exhibiting  no  symp- 
tom of  debility,  may  be  continued  until  past  twenty. 

Trainers  find  their  endeavours  to  produce  the  highest 
state  of  strength,  in  an  animal,  greatly  impeded  by  any 
excitement  of  the  sexual  appetite.  It  is  then  the  more 
necessary  to  keep  the  horse  in  a  state  of  training  through- 
out the  year,  impressing  most  forcibly  a  tone  of  health 
and  strength  upon  his  system  at  the  time  when  his  nerves 
are  liable  to  the  least  distraction;  and  continuing  the 
course  carefully  thoroughout  the  season  of  copulation  ; 
never  allowing  such  excess  of  service,  or  of  the  excite- 
ment of  sexual  appetite,  as  to  induce  a  disturbance  of 
spirit  or  temper,  or  a  relapse  from  tlie  most  thoroughly 
strong,  healthy  and  regular  tone  of  the  vy^t^m. 


TABLES 


Tub  following  Tables  may  be  so  often  useful  to  the  classes  ai 
persons  for  whom  this  work  is  intended,  that  it  has  been  thought 
expedient  to  give  them  a  place. 

The  list  of  medicines  embraces  such  as  ought  to  be  kept  con- 
stantly on  hand,  not  only  in  every  training  and  livery  stable,  but 
by  every  farmer  and  breeder  who  aspires  to  good  management,  and 
to  deserve  the  praise  of  all  men  who  happen  to  visit  his  establish- 
ment, and  who  know,  as  the  French  say,  what  is  comme  il  faut. 
Some  other  medicines  might  well  be  added,  but  it  is  thought  best 
not  to  leave  any  excuse  to  the  indolent  and  improvident  to  say  tnat 
too  much  is  required — but  we  will  begin  with 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Apothecaries'  or  Troy  weight  is  most  usually  employed  in  medi 
cine.     In  this,  a  pound  contains  twelve  ounces : 

1  lb.  is 5760  Troy  grains. 

9  oz.  or  three-quarters  of  a  lb 4320     "         " 

6  «'    «  a  half  lb 2880     «         « 

3  "    "  one-fourth  of  a  lb 1440     «♦        * 

1  «    «'  8  drachms    480  "  « 

7  drachms 420  ««  « 

6         "         360  «  « 

6         «         300  «  « 

4  «        or  a  half  oz 240     «         « 

3         «         180     «         « 

2  "         120     "         « 

1         «         60     «         «• 

1  scruple 20     "        « 

apothecaries'  weight. 

Twenty  grains one  scruple 

Three  scruples one  drachnr 

Eight  drachms one  ounce. 

Twelve  ounces   one  pound. 

KEASITBE    OF    FLUIDS. 

Sixty  drops one  fluid  drachm. 

Eight  fluid  drachms   , one  fluid  ounce. 

Four  fluid  ounces   a  measure  or  naggr'ji 

Sixteen  fluid  ounces one  fluid  pint. 

Eight  fluic'  pints one  gallon. 

:4&) 


60 


TABLES. 


LIST  OF  MEDICINES, 

And  other  articles  which  ought  to  be  at  hand  about  every  training  and 
livery  stable,  and  every  Farmers  and  Breeder's  estaolishment : 


MEDICINES. 


Aloes,  Barbadoes, 

Alum, 

Arrow  Root, 

Bas:Iicon,  yellow, 

Camphor, 

Castile  Soap, 

Goulard's  Extract, 

Honey, 

Hog's  Lard, 

Linseed  Meal, 

Nitre, 

Oil  of  Caraway, 

Oil,  Castor, 

Oil  of  Cloves, 

Oil  of  Olives, 

Hartshorn, 


Resin, 

Spanish  Flies, 

Sweet  Spirit  of  Nitre 

Spirit  of  Turpentine, 

Salt,  common. 

Soft  Soap, 

Tar, 

Tartar  Emetic, 

Tincture  of  Myrrh, 

Venus  Turpentine, 

Vinegar, 

Vitriol,  Blue, 

Verdigris, 

Wax, 

White  Lead. 


Apparatus  for  Compounding  Medicines. 

A  box  of  small  weights  and  scales,  for  the  weighing  of  medicines 
in  small  portions,  as  from  a  grain  to  two  drachms — the  weights 
marked  with  English  characters. 

One  pair  of  two-ounce  scales ;  one  pair  of  pound  scales  ,  one 
pound  of  brass  box-weights. 

A  graduated  glass  for  the  measure  of  fluids,  marked  witli  English 
'.sharacters. 

One  large  and  one  small  pestle  and  mortar. 

One  marble  slab,  a  foot  and  a  half  square,  for  mixing  ointments. 

One  large  and  one  small  ladle. 

One  large  and  one  small  pallet  knife — to  mix  and  spread  plasters 

Articles  necessary  to  be  kept  for  administering  and  applying  Medicines. 

Improved  Ball  Iron. 

Drenching  horn. 

Flannel — for  the  applying  of  fomentations  and  poultices. 

Woollen  and  linen  bandages. 

Tow,  and  broad  coarse  tape. 


Jnstrvments. 


Stomach-pump, 

Elastij  tube, 

Fleam  and  blood  stick, 

Abscess  lancet, 

Tooth  rasp,  with  a  guard, 


Seton,  and  curved  needles, 
Improved  casting  hobbles, 
Brushes,   cutryccmbs,   &c.;    o/ 
course. 


TASLES. 


51 


CALVING  TABLE. 

Day  Bulled. 

Will  Calve. 

Day  Bulled. 

Will  Calve. 

Day  bulled. 

Will  Calve. 

Day  Bulled. 

Will  Calve. 

Jan'y  1 

Oct'r  8 

April  1 

Jan'y  6 

July    1 

April  7 

Octr   1 

July    9 

u       7 

«     14 

"       7 

«     12 

«       7 

"     13 

«       7 

«     15 

:           «          14 

«     21 

«    14 

«     19 

u     14 

«     20 

«     14 

«     22 

«     21 

«     28 

«     21 

«     26 

«     21 

«     28 

«     21 

"     29 

"     28 

Nov.  4 

«     28 

Feb'y  2 

«     28 

May    4 

«     28 

Aug.  5 

"    CI 

«       7 

«    30 

u      4 

«    31 

«       8 

«    31 

«      8 

Feb'y  1 

»-•       8 

May    1 

«       5 

Aug.    1 

"       9 

Nov.   1 

«      9 

«       7 

«     14 

«       7 

«     11 

«       7 

"     15 

«      7 

«    15 

«     14 

«     21 

"     14 

"     18 

«     14 

"     22 

«     14 

«    21 

«     21 

«     28 

«     21 

"     25 

«     21 

«     29 

"    21 

«    29 

»     28 

Dec'r  5 

«     28 

Mar.  4 

«     28 

June  5 

«     28 

Sept.  5 

Mar.  1 

«      6 

«    31 

«       7 

«    31 

"       8 

«    30 

«       7 

«       7 

"    12 

June   1 

«       8 

Sept.  1 

"      9 

Dec'r  1 

«      8 

«     14 

«     19 

«       7 

«     14 

u      7 

«    15 

u       7 

«    21 

«    21 

«    26 

«     14 

«    21 

«     14 

«'    22 

«     14 

«    21 

«    28 

Jan'y  2 

«    21 

«     28 

«     21 

«     29 

«    21 

«    28 

«    31 

«      5 

"     28 

April  4 

«     28 

July    6 

«    28 

Oct'r  5 

«    50 

«      6 

«    30 

«      8 

«    31 

«      8 

LAMBING  TABLE. 

When  to 
Ram. 

WiU  Lamb. 

When  to 
Eara. 

Will  Lamb. 

When  to 
Ram. 

Will  I.amh. 

When  to 
turn. 

Will  Lamb. 

Jan'y  1 

May  27 

April  1 

Aug,26 

July    1 

Nov.  25 

Oct'r  1 

Feb.  25 

«    14 

June  10 

u     14 

Sept.  8 

"      14 

Dec'r  9 

"    14 

M«ir.l0 

Feb'y  1 

«    28 

May    1 

«    22 

Aug.   1 

«    26 

Nov.  1 

*'     26 

«    14 

July  12 

u    14 

Oct'r  8 

«    14 

Jan'y  8 

«    14 

April  9 

Mar.  1 

"    26 

June  1 

«    25 

Sept.  1 

«     26 

Dec'r  1 

«    25 

"     14 

Aug.    8 

«    14 

Nov.  8 

"     14 

Feb'y  9 

«    14 

May    9 

TO  THE  PUBLISHERS. 

Should  you  have  anywhere  a  spare  corner,  please  enter  a  protest 
in  my  name,  against  the  cruel  practice  recommended,  of  firing  for 
the  lampas ;  which  takes  its  name  from  the  brutal  custom  among 
old  farriers,  but  now  abandoned  in  England,  of  burning  the  swell- 
ing down  with  a  red-hot  lamp-iron.  In  most  cases,  it  will  soon 
subside  of  itself,  especially  if  a  few  mashes  be  given,  aided  by  a 
gentle  alterative.  If  need  be,  a  few  moderate  cuts  may  be  made 
across  the  bars  with  a  pen-knife. 

Founder  may  be  cured,  and  the  traveller  pursue  his  journey  the 
next  day,  by  giving  a  table-spoonful  of  alum  !  This  I  got  from  Dr. 
P.  Thornton,  of  Montpeliei,  Rappahannoc  county,  Virginia,  aa 
founded  en  his  own  observation  in  seveial  cases. 

.   S.S 


TROTTING. 


This  :s  a  gait  held  in  high  estimpttion  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
(Jnited  States,  and  in  Canada;  especially  when  a  horse  can  go  his 
mile  within  three  minutes.  Then,  as  he  falls  by  seconds,  his  value 
rises  by  guineas.  In  the  south,  gentlemen  don't  "cotton"  to  such 
action;  though  a  passion  for  this  sort  of  equestrian  display  is  travel- 
ling towards  the  land  of  the  magnolia  grandiflora,  with  some  other 
changes  less  compatible  with  their  ancient  high-born  chivalry. 

On  the  good  old  track  at  Charleston,  among  gentlemen  who  have 
never  let  the  old  Huguenot  fires  go  down,  you  rarely  see  a  snaffle- 
bridle^  or  what  is  called  a  ^^  goer  !"  They  have  an  eye  and  a  hear^ 
for  a  good  horse ;  but  choose  to  retain  the  power  of  throwing  him 
on  his  haunches  when  occasion  may  demand  it. 

It  is,  we  believe,  a  rule  on  all  courses  in  the  United  States,  that 
the  jockey's  weight,  in  a  trotting  race,  whether  in  harness  or  saddle, 
must  be  not  under  145  pounds. 

In  harness,  simply  signifies  a  sulky,  as  light  as  the  owner  may 
choose.  They  generally  weigh  from  75  to  125  lbs.  The  weight  of 
a  trotting  wagon  is  from  125  to  200  lbs.  Hiram  Woodrufl''s  weight 
was  about  160  lbs. 

An  interesting  investigation  is  now  going  on  in  England  to  ascer- 
tain whether  Tom  Thumb,  the  celebrated  American  trotter,  ever 
performed  20  miles  within  the  hour.  Large  bets  are  pending  on 
the  result.  If  he  has  ever  accomplished  such  a  feat,  it  has  not  been, 
within  our  knowledge,  officially  recorded.  Many  of  the  parties 
betting  on  Tom  Thumb  having  performed  the  above  feat,  failing 
to  procure  satisfactory  proof  thereof,  have  paid  their  bets. 

Fanny  Jeaks  trotted  101  miles  in  harness,  over  the  Bull's  Head 
course,  Albany,  in  9  hours,  42  minutes,  57  seconds,  on  the  5th  of 
May,  1845. 

Fanny  Murray,  trotted  100  miles,  in  harness,  in  9  hours,  41  mi- 
nutes, 26  seconds,  on  the  15th  of  May,  1846,  over  the  Bull's  Head 
course,  A.lbany. 

(52) 


TROTTING. 


53 


BEST  TROTTING  TIME,  AT  MILE  HEATS. 


Name. 

Saddle  or 
Harnesfc 

lime. 

Course.                           Date.          i 

AggyDown 

saddle 

2  27,  2  29i,  2  30,  ) 
2  30,  2  31, 

Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 

Sep.  25.  1845 

2  32^.2311,2  33,  I 

Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 

Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 
Beacon  Course,  N.J. 

JLae26,1843 

June  —  1841 
July  —  1839 

Confidence 

Dutchman 

harness 

2  38, 
2  35,  2  37,  2  30  .. . 
2  35,2  32,2  35... 

Dutchman 

saddle 

(  2  36,  2  :«,  2  33,  ) 
2  33,  2  40, 

Trenton,  N.J 

Sep.   —1836 

Edwin  Foirest . . 
Lady  Suffolk 

" 

2  31i,  2  33 

(  2  28i,  2  28,  2  28,  ) 
}      2  29,  2  32, 

Centreville,  L.  I 

BeaconCourse,  N.  J. 

May  —  1834 
July  4,  1843 

Lady  Suffolk. . . . 
Norman  Leslie. . 

" 

2  2iii,  2  27,  2  27  . . 

(  2  38,  2  3(>i,  2  38,  (f 

2  39,  2  38,          i 

Beacon  Course,  N.  J 
Trenton, N.  J 

July  12,  1843 
June  —  1836, 



TWO  MILE  HEATS. 


Americus 

Americus 

Black  Maria .... 

Confidence 

D.  D.  Tompkins. 

Dutchman 

Dutchman 

Edwin  Forrest . . 
Edwin  Forrest . . 
Hector 

harness 

saddle 
harness 
saddle 

harness 
saddle 
harness 

saddle 
harness 

James  K.  Polk  . . 
Lady  Suffolk.... 
Lady  Suffolk.... 
Lady  Suffolk 

Rinton    •   • 

5  13,  5  11 

5  17i,  5  17,  5  22 

5  19i,  5  m  .... 

5  161,5  ItU,  5  10, 

5  18,  5  25, 

5  1Gi  5  11 

5  16,  5  09 

5  11,5  16 

5  05,  5  06 

5  17,  5  13,  5  17  . 
5  24,  5  19,  5  17i 
5  If),  5  16i 

4  59,  5  031 

5  10.  5  15 

5  17,  5  19,  5  18  . 
5  lOi,  5  121  ...  . 

5  07,  5  15 

5  07,  5  15,  5  17  . 


Union  Course,  L.  I 
Hunting  Park,  Pa.  . 
Cambridge  Park  . . . 

Centreville,  L.  L  . . . 


Centreville,  L. 
Beacon  Course, 
Beacon  Course, 
Hunting  Park, 
Hunting  Park, 
Hunting  Park, 
IJjiion  Course, 
Centreville,  L. 
Centreville,  L. 
Beacon  Course, 
Beacon  Course, 
Hunting  Park, 
Hunting  Park, 


N.J. 
N.J. 
Pa.  . 
Pa.  . 
Pa.  . 
L.I 
I.  ... 
I.... 
N.J 
N.J, 
Pa.  . 
Pa.  . 


Oct.  8,  1846 
Oct.  17.  184() 
June  18, 1845 

May  —  1841 

Oct.  —  1837 
April—  1839 
Oct.  —  18.39 
May  —  1840 
Oct.  —  1838 
June  2,  1846 
Nov.  18, 1846 
Sep.  —  IHIO 
Mav  '-  1842 
Mav  21, 1844 
May  -  1842 
May  —  1842 
May    -1842 


THREE  MILE  HEATS. 


Columbus. .. 
Dutchman  . . 
Dutchman  .  . 

Dutchman  . . 

Dutchman  . . 
Lady  Suffolk 
llipton  . .  V.  • 


harness 
saddle 


7  58,  8  07 

7  .321 

7  41 

7  541,  7  50,  8  02, 

8^1 
751,751 

7  401.  7  56 

8  00,  7  561 


Huntins  Park,  Pa.  . 
Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 
Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 

Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 

Hunting  Park,  Pa.  . 
Hunting  Park,  Pa.  . 
Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 


June 
Aug 
July 

Oct.  —  1838 


-  18.34 

-  18.39 

—  183!) 


May 
May 
Auj 


1840 
1841 
18421 


FOUR  MILE  HEATS. 

Dutchman 

Lady  Suffolk 

Ladv  Suffolk... 

Sir  Peter  

Rllen  Thompson, 

saddle 

harness 
saddle 

11  19,  10  51 

11  15,  n.58 

1122,  1134 

11  23,  n  27 

11  55,  11  33  

Contreviile,  L.  I.  . .  . 
Centrevill,-.  L.  I.    .  • 
Cambridge  Park  ... 
Hunting  Park,  Pa. 
Beacon  Course,  N.  J. 

May 
Jtne 
Nov. 
Oct. 
Mav 

Illll 

RACING 


BEST  TIME  ON  RECORD  AT  MILE  KEATS. 


Name. 


Date. 


[Aduella 

Aduella 

Bendigo 

Bendigo 

Beta 

Big  Alick 

Capt.  McHeath. 

Cassandra 

Colt  by  Levia- 
than, 
Kenner'i 

Creath 

Croton 

Croton  

Dan.  Mclntyre. 

Fred.  Kaye 

Fred.  Kaye  . . . . 


Levia-  ) 
D.  F.\ 
t's,        ) 


1  48,  1  50,  1  49 

1  50,  1  47,  1  52^ 

1  50,  1  48,  1  49 

1  48,  1  50,  1  48,  1  49  . 

45,  1  45,  1  57,  -2  01  . 

1  57,  1  47i,  1  50,  1  51 

),  1  48,  1  50 

148,149i 


1  48,  1  47J,  1  50 


Gildersleeve  . . . 
Harden'd  Sinner 
Ilouri,  (Imp.)  . . 
Jane  Adams  . . . 

Jim  Bell 

John  Hampden. 
Kitty  Harris  . . . 

Leda 

Little  Trick  . . . 
Lucy  c.  (Bu  ford's) 
Mary  Brennan 

Minstrel 

Miss  Footo  . . . 

Music 

Music 

Nathan  Rice. . 

Prospect 

Sailor  Boy .... 

Serenade  

t.  Pierre 

Sunbeam 

Susan  Hill .... 

The  Duke  

Uncas 

Victor 


148,148,146 

151,154i,  149 

1  49 

150,  148,  151 

1  50,  1  48i,  1  50,  1  53i,  1  52^ 

(  1  52,  1  47i,  1  52,  1  48,  ) 
1  57i,  1  5Gi,  j  •  ■ 

1  51,  1  49,  1  53,  1  56 

1  50,  1  48,  1  49i 

147,153 

147i,  152 

151,  146 

148,149,  153 

148,  151,2  02 

1  48,  1  48 

148 

149,  148,151 

148,  149 

1  48,  1  48 

1  47,  1  49,  1  48,  1  50,  1  50  . . 

1  50,  1  48 

148i,  146i,  148 

145,152 

1  50,  1  48,  1  53 

151,  149,  148 

1  48,  1  55,  2  00 

147,  156,  155 

1  47,  1  48,  1  46i,  1  47,  1  47  . 

1  55,  1  50,  1  48  . . . .- 

1  48,  1  55i,  1  53i 

1  4.5i,  1  48,  1  47i 

150,  155,  148 


New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La. . 
Lexington,  Ky.  . . . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Nashville,  Tenn... 
Louisville,  Ky.  . . . 

Columbus,  Ga 

Washington,  D.  C. 

New  Orleans,  La. . 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Georgetown,  Ky.  . 
Louisville,  Ky.  . . . 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 


Versailles,  Ky 

Jackson,  Miss.  ... 
New  Orleans,  La. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Lexington,  Ky.  . . 
Orange  C.  H.,  Va. 
Baltimore,  Md.  . . 
Lexington,  Ky.  .. 
E.  Feliciana,  La. 
Bardstown,Ky. . . 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Louisville,  Ky.  . . 
New  Orleans,  La. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Louisville,  Ky.  . . 
Trenton,  N.  J.  . . . 
Cynthiana,  Ky.  . . 
Cynthiana,  Ky.  . . 
Orange  C.  H.,  Va. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

Havana  

Trenton,  N.  J.  ... 
E.  Feliciana,  La. 
Kanawha,  Va 


Dec.  25, 1842 
Mar.  19, 1843 
Sep.  24.  1840 
Mar.  21, 1841 
May  22, 1841 
June  4,  1842 
May  4,  1839 
June  1,  1841 

April  1,  1846 

Mar.  27, 1842 
Dec.  20,  1846 
Mar.  15, 1846 
Apr.  28, 1842 
Oct.  9,  1846 

Dec.  6.  1846 


Sep.  18, 
Feb.  17, 
Mar.  18, 
Oct.  29, 
May  21, 
Sep.  18, 
May  17, 
May  19, 
Apr.  24, 
Oct.  12, 
Oct.  19, 
June  4, 
Dec.  12, 
Mar.  17, 
Dec.  29, 
Oct.  7, 
May  25, 
Oct.  25, 
Oct.  25, 
Sep.  15, 
Mar.  24, 
Apr,  30, 
May  31, 
Apr.  27, 
June  7, 


1846 

1844 

1840 

1845 

1841 

1839 

1842 

184 

1844 

1839 

1839 

1839 

1841 

1842 

1844 

1844 

1841 

li-39 

1839 

1841 

1844 

1843 

1839 

18441 

1839 


BEST  TIME  ON  RECORD  AT  TWO  MILE  HEATS. 


Name. 

Alarick 

Ann  Hayes  .   .. 

Ann  Stuart 

Arralinc 

Attakapas 

Balie  Peyto.i  . 

Bee's- Wing . .. 

I  Betsey    Archy, 

filly, 

P'a'k-Nose  . . . 
Brown  K  =  ttv 

Buck-Eve 

[Butterfly  filly  . 


3  54,  3  39 

3  43A,  3  42i 

3  50,  3  44,3  45 

3  44i,  3  49,  3  49,  3  50 

3  46,  3  52 

3  54,  3  45 

3  44,  3  47 

353,344 

3  491,3  45, 

?  491,  3  44,  3  45  ... . 

3  56,  3  40.  3  47 

3  48i,  3  50,  3  40  ... . 


Lexinolon,  Ky.  . . . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Memphis,  Tenn.  . . 
Louisville,  Ky.  . . . 

Columbus,  Ga 

Broad  Rock,  Va.  . . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Washington,  D.C. 

Georgetown,  Ky.  . 
New  Orleans,  La. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Lexington,  Ky-  ••• 


Date. 


Sep.  26,  18-45 
Nov.  21, 1844 
Nov.  14, 1843 
June  7.  1843 
May  2,  1839 
Apf.  26, 1839 
Mar.  26, 1839 

May  31, 1841 

Sep.  18,  1841 
Dec.  1,  1846 
Mar.  18, 1841 
Sep.  27,  1845 


Continued  on  page  55. 


■•5.) 


RACING. 


56 


BEST  TIME  ON  RECORD  AT  TWO  MILE  HEATS. 


Churchill 

Consol  Tunior  .... 

Creath    

Creath    

Creath    

Croton    

Croton    

Croton  

Cub 

Earl  of  Margrave. 

Gazan  

George  W.  Kendall 
Governor  Butler  . . 

Grey  Medoc 

Grey  Medoc 

Hero 

Hornblovver 

La  Bacchante 

Laneville 

Maid  of  Northampt'n 

Midas 

Miss  Clash 

Motto 

Motto 

Music 

Music 

Music 

Nancy  Clark 

Nannv  Rogers 

Of'  Ve 

Passenger,  (Imp.)  . . 

Purity 

Ralph 

Rirhard  of  York  ... 
Richard  of  York  . . . 

Robert  Bruce 

Rocker 

Ruffin   

Ruffin   •. 

Sally  Shannon 

Sally  Ward 

Sarah  Bladen 

Sarah  Washington. 

Senator  

Snag 


Sorrow,  (Tmp.)  . 
Stanley  Eclipse 

Sthreshli'V 

Susan  Hill 

Tailioni  , 

Tarantula 

The  Colonel .. . 

Treasurer 

Trenton 

Vertncr 

Viola 

Warfield's  Too  > 
Soon  colt,       \ 

Wellington 

West  Florida  . . . 

Will-Go 

Wilton  Brown. . 
Young  Whig  . . . 


3  49,  3  46,  3  47 

3  4(),  3  53,  3  47 

3  41,3  41 

3  46,  3  42 

3  40,  3  45 

3  50,  3  44i,  3  50  . . . . 
3  44i,  3  43i,  3  43i  . . 

3  47i,  3  46 

3  45i,  3  44 

3  46,  3  40i. 

3  45,  3  45 

3  50,  3  47,  3  45,  4  07 

357,346 

3  46,  3  49,  3  55 

3  45,  3  55 

3  45,  3  55 

3  46,  3  51 

3  41,  4  03 

3  50,  3  45,  3  51i 

3  45 

3  46,3  46 

3  46,  3  43 

3  48i,  3  43 

3  46,  3  48i 

3  49,  3  46,  3  51 

3  51,3  46,3  55 

3  49,  3  45 

3  46,  3  46 

3  48,  3  46,  3  51 

3  49,  3  46 

4  10,3  53,3  44 

3  50,  3  44 

351,345 

3  49,  3  46 

3  46,  3  44 

3  43,3  43,3  47    

3  48,  3  46 

3  49,  3  45i,  4  42i  . . . 

3  49,  3  46 

3  50,  3  43 

3  ,50,  3  41i 

3  46 

3  45 

3  46,  3  46 

3  48,  3  43 

3  55,  3  43 

3  44,  3  45i 

3  43,  3  45 

3  45,3  51 

3  49,  3  46 

3  48,  3  46 

3  45,  3  50 

3  47,  3  45J 

3  46,345 

3  46,  3  48 

3  47,3  45 

3  49,  3  45 


3  56,  3  52,  3  43,  3  50 
3  51i,  3  46,  3  53  ... . 

3  46 

3  52,  3  45 

3  53.  3  44 


Lexington,  Ky.  . .. 
Louisville,  Ky.  ... 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Louisville,  Ky.  . . . 

Havana  

New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  • 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Louisville,  Ky.  . .. 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Lexington,  Ky.  ... 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Camden,  S.  C 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Pineville,  S.C 

Union  Course,  L.  I 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Fairfield,  Va 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Baltimore,  Md.  . .. 
Louisville,  Ky.  ... 
Lexington,  Ky.  . . . 
Bardstown,  Ky.  . . . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Augusta,  Ga 

Lexington,  Ky.  ... 
Richmond,  Va.  . .. 

Trenton, N.  J 

Jackson,  Miss 

Louisville,  Ky.  ... 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. ., 

Trenton,  N.  J  

Lexington,  Ky.  ... 

Natchez,  Miss 

Frankfort,  Ky 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Orange  C.  U.  Va.  . 
Baltimore,  Md.  . . . 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.  . 

Springfield,  HI 

Trenton,  N.  J 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Havana  

Pineville,  S.C 

Nashville,  Tenn.  . ., 
Baltimore,  Md.  . . . . 

Trenton,  N.  J 

Union  Course,  L.  I 

fiexington,  Ky 

E.  Feliciana,  La. 

Lexington   Ky.  .   . . 


Camdf  n,  N.  J.  .  . 
Geor':eto\vn,  Ky.. 
Broad  Rock,  Va.  . 
Alexandria,  D.  C. 
Oakley,  Miss 


Sep.  20, 
June  8, 
Mar.  24 
June  1, 
Apr.  26. 
Apr.  13, 
Apr.  2, 
Apr.  16. 
Oct.  1, 
Mar.  23, 
May  23, 
Dec.  10, 
Nov.  21, 
Dec.  27, 
Mar.  18, 
Feb.  — 
May  8. 
Apr.  3, 
May  20, 
Oct.  2, 
May  9, 
June  15, 
Sep.  26, 
Sep.  — 
Dec.  22, 
Jan.  4, 
Dec.  25, 
Dec.  9, 
May  22, 
Apr.  16, 
Oct.  25, 
Jan.  28, 
June  5, 
Mar.  13, 
Mar.  24, 
Oct.  14, 
Mav  29, 
Sep.  21, 
Nov.  19, 
Sep.  7, 
Dec.  3, 
Mar.  17, 
Sep.  16, 
May  8, 
S.p.  - 
Apr.  24, 
Oct.  30, 
Mar.  19, 
Apr.  28, 
Jan.  30, 
Oct.  4, 
Mav  4, 
May  28, 
Oct.  8, 
Sep.  21, 
Apr.  25, 

May  23, 

Oct.  26, 
Apr.  12, 
Oct.  2, 
June  5, 
Dec.  7, 


1843 
1843 
1842 
.842 
1843 
1845 
1846 
1846 
1839 
1842 
1840 
1841 
1840 
1840 
1839 
1843 
1839 
1845 
1841 
1845 
1&44 
1844 
1844 
1842 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1840 
1846 
1845 
1839 
1846 
1839 
1839 
1839 
18.39 
1839 
1843 
1&45 
1842 
1846 
1842 
1841 
1844 
1844 
1839 
1845 
1840 
1843 
1844 
1844 
1844 
1840 
1839 
1839 
1844 

1846 

184] 
1839 
1839 
1842 

1844 


41 


56 


RACING 


BEST  TIME  ON  RECORD  AT  THREE  MILE  HEATS. 


Name. 


Vilsey  Scroggins. .. 

\ndre\vetta 

Argeiitile 

Aslor 

Black-Nose   

Black-Nose   

Blue  Dick 

Blue  Dick  

Blue  Dick  

Bob  Letcher 

Boston 

Clarion 

Creatli 

Creaih 

Creath  

Eliza  Calvert 

Fashion    

George  Martin 

George  Martin 

Glorvina 

iHard  Cider 

Isola 

James  F.  Robinson 

Jeannetton    

Joe  (.hahners 

Kate  Aubray 

Liz  Ileujtt 

Louisa  Jordan 

Maria 

Mariner 

Master  Henry  .... 

Midas   

Miss  Foote 

Polly  Green 

Ciueen  Mary 

Red  Bill 

Rpgistcr 

Ripple 

Rover 

Ruffin 

Sally  Shannon 

Santa  Anna 

Sarah  Washington. . 
Sarah  Washington.  . 

Tazewell    

Ten  Broeck 

The  Colonel 

Treasurer  

Treasuier  


Tini< 


Wilton  Brown. 


5  57,  5  40,  5  54i 

5  48,  5  42i 

5  42,5  51 

5  45,  5  44 

5  48,  5  4»i 

5  45,546 

5  44,  5  38i 

5  42,  5  3!>i 

5  50,  5  46 

5  52,  5  46,  6  12,  5  51  . . 

5  46 

5  45i,  5  57 

5  57,  5  43 

5  45,  5  44^ 

5  44,  5  53 

()  OOi,  5  59,  5  46 

5  43 

5  40,  5  46 

5  45i,  5  49,  5  52 

5  45,5  51 

5  41,  0  14,  5  55,  5  50  . . 

6  04i,  5  45,  C  02i  6  44 

546.555 

5  45,  5  38^ 

5  48,  5  45 

5  40,5  41 

5  44i 

5  39,  5  40 

5  57,  5  44 

5  46.  5  56 

5  47i,  5  40,  5  56,  6  01  . 

5  45,  5  58 

5  59,  5  46 

5  46,  5  48 

5  37,  5  40,  5  40 

5  40,  5  48,  5  49 

5  45,  5  49 

5  51,  5  47,  5  44,  5  52  . . 
5  47,  5  48,  5  46,  5  52  . . 

5  40i,  5  36 

5  41i,  5  50,  5  57,  6  OJ  . 

5  43i,5  48 

5  51,5  45 

5  40,  5  45 

54ti 

<i  (11,5  41,  5  49 

5  42,  5  54,  5  56 

5  42 

5  55i,  5  40 

5  45,  0  05 


Bardstown,Ky 

Trenton,  N.  J 

Louisville,  Ky 

Washington,  D.  C.  . 

Frankfort,  Ky 

Lexington,  Ky 

Trenton,  N.J 

Alexandria,  D.  C.  .  . 

Baltimore,  Md 

Lexington,  Ky 

Broad  Rock,  Va.  . . . 
Union  Course,  L.  L 

Louisville,  Ky 

New  Orleans,  La.  . . 

Havana  

Camden,  N.  J 

Baltimore,  Md 

New  Orleans,  La.  . . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Natchez,  Miss 

Fredericksburg,  Va 

Li'xington,  Ky 

L.xiiigton,  Ky 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Memphis,  Tenn.  . . . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 

Peoria,  HI 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 
E.  Feliciana,  La..  -. 

Camden,  N.  J 

Baltimore,  Md 

Washington,  D.  C.  . 

Mobile,  Ala 

Columbus,  Ga 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. .. 
Lexington,  Ky.  ■ . . . 

Baltimore,  Md 

Louisville,  Ky.  . . . 
Lexington,  Ky.  ... 
N(>w  Orleans,  La.  . 

Lexington,  Ky. 

Pineville,  S.  C 

Broad  Rock,  Va.  .. 

Baltimore,  IVId. 

Rome,  (ia 

I  Louisville,  Ky. 

Camden,  N.  J 

Union  Course,  L.  I 
Union  Cour.«e,  L.  I 
Alexandria,  D.  C.  . 


Dite. 


Sep.  —  184*J 
May  29, 1340 
June  6,  1844 
June  3,  1841 
Sep.  24,  1840 
Sep.  28,  1840 
May  19, 1842 
June  3,  1842 
May  6,  1844 
May  26, 1843 
Apr.  27,  1839 
Oct.  9,  1839 
Oct.  15,  1841 
Mar.  28, 1843 
Apr.  29, 1843 
Oct.  29,  1841 
Oct.  16,  1846 
Mar.  25, 1842 
Mar.  17, 1843* 
Aur.  25, 1839 
May  28,  1840 
Sep.  19,  1843] 
May  20,  1841 
Dec.  27,  1844 
Nov.  15, 1843 
Dec.  23,  1842 
Oct.  28,  1843 
Dec.  4,  1846 
Apr.  26,  1844 
May  21,  1841 
Mav  10,  1830 
May  16,  1844 
Mar.  10^1842 
Mav  2,  18.39 
O,  17,  18.39 
May  22,  1840 
Oct.  20,  1842 
Oct.  8,  1840 
Srp.  24,  1844 
Mar.  22, 1844 
Sep.  21,  1842 
Feb.  8,  1843 
Apr.  21,  1842 
May  19,  18431 
Sei>.  16,  1840 
June  2,  1842 
Nov.  27,  184.T 
June  5,  1840 
Oct.  5,  184^.; 
June  1,  1842 


RACING. 


57 


• 


BEST  TIIViE  ON  RECORD  AT  FOUR  MILE  HEATS. 


Name. 


Anrlrevvetta 

Ann  Hayes 

Bandit 

Boston 

Eiitavv 

Eclipse  

Fashion    

Fashion    

Fashion   

Fashion   

Fashion   

Fashion   

Fas'iion   

George  Martin 

Greyhead 

Grey  Medoc 

lago 

Jerry  Lancaster. . . . 
Jerry  Lancaster.. .. 
Jerry  Lancaster... . 
Jerry  Lancaster. . . . 

Jim  Bell 

Miss  Foote 

Miss  Foote 

Miss  Foote 

Omega 

Peytona 

Peytona 

Reel 

Reel 

Rover 

Sarah  Bladen 

Vashti 


Course. 


40 Raleigh,  N.  C.  ... 

:M)i,  7  42 1  New  Orleans,  La. 

0-i,  7  44 1  Baltimore,  Md.  . . 

13,  7  4(3,  7  58i !  Union  Course,  L. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Union  Course,  L. 

Camden,  N.J.  ... 

Union  Course,  L. 

Camdon,  N.  J.  .. . 

Trenton,  N.  J.  ... 

Baltimore,  Md.  . . 

Union  Course,  L. 

Baltimore,  Md.  . . 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Lexington,  Ky.  . . 

New  Orleans,  La. 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  .  .. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Lexington,  Ky.  . . 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Augusta,  Ga 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Union  Course,  L. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Baltimore,  Md.  . . , 


01,  7  43 
37i,  7  49,8  24 

42,  7  48 

32i,  7  45 

38,  7  52i 

3«,  7  49 

35i 

43i 

313,7  51 

33,743 

45i,  7  50 

35,  8  19,  7  42,  8  17  . . . 
45,758 

43,  7  40 

38,8  14 

55.745 

51,743,808 

37,  7  40 

02,  7  35 

42,740 

3Gi,  7  39,  7  5]i 

57,  7  45 

45,748 

39J,  7  45i 

40,743 

43i,  7  41 

39,  7  39i,  7  51,  8  29  . , 

45,740 

53,  7  46,  8  19 


Dale. 


Nov.  7, 
Mar.  23, 
May  15, 
May  13, 
May  (3, 
May  27, 
Oct.  28, 
May  10, 
Oct.  29, 
Nov.  4, 
Oct.  20, 
Oct.  23, 
Mav  14, 
Mar.  29, 
Sep.  23, 
Mar.  20. 
June  24, 
Apr,  5, 
Apr.  12, 
Oct.  21, 
Dec.  5, 
Mar.  19, 
Mar.  2(), 
Sep.  25, 
Dec.  24, 
Dec.  11, 
Jan.  0, 
May  13, 
Dec.  11, 
Mar.  18, 
Dec.  28, 
Mar.  17, 
Ma/ 15, 


1839 
1844 
1840 
1842 
1842 
1843 
1841 
1842 
1842 
1842 
1843 
1845 
\S4G\ 
1843 
1843 
184]! 
x844| 
1*^6 
1845 
1846 

iS4r, 
1842 
1842 
1842 
1842 
1840 
1844 
1845 
1841 
1843 
1844 
1841 


58  KACING. 


THE  ST.  LEGER. 

The  Doncaster  St.  Leger  (m  England  prono'^nce  Sellenger,) 
is  the  most  important  stake  in  Great  Britain,  amou'  dng  to  froii 
eighteen  to  twenty-four  thousand  dollars,  and  is  rurj  for,  annually, 
by  three  year  old  colts  and  fillies:  the  former  carry  19  pounds,  the 
latter  114. 

With  these  tables  in  view,  a  comparison  of  the  ^peed  of  English 
and  American  horses  can  easily  be  made,  having  due  regard  to 
weight,  age,  and  the  distance  run.  The  St.  I  eger  is  a  race  of  one 
straight  heat,  and  the  horse  has  only  to  do  his  '  est  for  that  single  run. 

J.  S.  S. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  rea/  .i  tb-?  distance  pet  sec^d 
averaged  by  horses  running  at  any  disti    ce  : 

Time  of  running  Distance  per  second 

one  mile.  Yds.   Ft.    In. 

140 ^ 17     1     9| 

141 ^ 17     1     3i 


142 ^ 17  0  9» 

143 - 17  0  3j 

144 16  2  9i» 

145 16  2  33 

146 16  1  9| 

147 16  1  4» 

148 16  0  10§ 

149 ^ 16  0  52 

150 16  0  0 

151 15  2  6-j^ 

152 15  2  If 

153 15  1  8^ 

1  54 15  1  3| 

155 , 15  Oil 

156 15  0  6,-% 

157 15  0  If^ 

158 14  2  8f| 

159 14  2  4j^2^ 

200 14  2  0 


RACING.  59 


AVERA8E  SPEED  FOR  THE  DONCASTER  ST.  LEGER. 

Distance  1  mile  6  furlongs  138  yard*. 


rear.  Name  of  Horse.  "^j^^'  Yds.  mi 

M.  a.  minute. 

1818 iLrveller 3  15  ^  988 

1846 Sir  Tatton  Sykes 3  16  ^  983 

^838 Dt.rt  John 3  17  978 

_819 Ar.rtjnio 3  18  973 

1842 Bit,*  Bonnet 3  19  ^  968 

1835 Qu«5»n  of  Trumps 3  20  963 

1836 Elia 3  20  963 

1840 Lau«celot 3  20  963 

1843 Nutwith 3  20  963 

1847 Van  fromp 3  20  963 

1834 Touchstone 3  22  954 

-841 Satirist 3  22  954 

1837   Mango 3  23  949 

1844 Faugh-a-ballagh 3  23  949 

1823 Barefoot 3  23j  948 

1825 Memnon 3  231 947 

1827 Matilda 3  24  945 

1826 Tarrare 3  25  940 

1839 Charles  XII.... 3  25  940 

1845  ......  The  Baron 3  25  940 

1820 St.  Patrick 3  26  935 

1822 Theodore 3  26  935 

1824 Jerry 3  29  922 

1810 Octavian 3  30  918 

1812 Otterington 3  31  913 

1833 Rockingham 3  38  884 

Mean  speed 3  24  945 

41* 


PEDIGREES 


ov 


WINNING  HORSES, 

SINCE  1839. 
Being  an  Appendix  to  Mason^s  Farrier 


A. 

AARON,  b.  h.  by  Tennessee  Citizen,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

ABBEVILLE,  b.  h.  by  Nullifier,  dam  by  Gallatin. 

ABNER  HUNTER,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Blackburn's  Whip. 

ACALIA,  b.  m.  by  Luckless. 

ACHILLES,  gr.  h.  by  Boxer. 

ADELA,  b.  m.  by  The  Colonel,  dam  [Imp.]  Variella  by  Blacklock. 

ADELAIDE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Napoleon. 

ADELIA,  b.  m.  by  Mens.  Tonson,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

ADRIAN,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  Phenomena,  by  Sii 
Archy. 

ADUELLA,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Glencoe,  dam  Giantess  by  [Imp.]  Le- 
viathan. 

^SOP,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Priam,  dam  Trumpetta  by  Mons.  Touson. 

JETNA,  b.  m.  by  Volcano,  dam  Rebecca  by  Palafox. 

AHIRA,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Tiger. 

AILSEY  SCROGGINS,  ch.  m.  by  Giles  Scroggins»  dam  by  Pirate. 

AJARRAH  HARRISON,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Gallatin. 

AJAX,  gr.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

A.  J.  LAWSON,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  Kitty  Fisher  bf 
Gallatin. 

ALAMODE,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Mai^rave,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

ALARIC,  b.  h.  by  Mirabeau,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Tranby. 

ALATOONA,  b.  m.  by  Argyle,  dam  Viola  by  Gallatin. 

ALBION,  [Imp.]  bl.  h.  by  Cain  or  Actseon,  dam  by  Comus  or  Black 
lock. 

ALBORAC,  b.  h.  by  Telegraph,  dam  by  Monday. 

ALDERMAN,  ch.  g.  by  [Imp.]  Langford,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

ALLEGRA,  b.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

ALLEN  BROWN,  ch.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  [Imp  ]  Eagle. 

(60) 


WINNING   HORSES    SINCE    1839.  61 

ALEXANDER  CAMPBELL,  b.  h.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Koiciusko. 
ALEXANDER  CHURCHILL,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Zinganee,  dam  by 

Bertrand. 
ALICE,  b.  m.  by  Conqueror,  dam  by  Wild  Medley. 
I  b.  m.  by  [/mjo.]  Sarpedon,  dam  Rowena  by  Sumpter. 

ALICE  ANN,  gr.  m.  by  Director,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
ALMIRA,  gr.  m.  by  Eclipse   dam  by  Stockholder. 
ALTORF,  b.  h.  by  [Imp]  Fylde,  dam  by  Virginian. 
ALWILDA,  gr.  m.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  John  Richards. 
AMBASSADOR,  ch.  h.  by  Plenipotentiary,  dam  [Imp.]  Jenny  Milli 

by  Whisker. 
AMELIA,  br.  m.  by  Bluster,  dam  by  Messenger. 
AMERICA,  b.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Democrat. 

■  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Trustee,  dam  Di  Vernon  by  Florizel. 
AMERICAN  CITIZEN,  b.  h.  by  Marion,  dam  by  Harwood. 
EAGLE,  gr.  h.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  by  Waxy. 

■  STAR,  ch.  h.  by  Cramp,  dam  by  Pulaski. 

AMY  THE  ORPHAN,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Nonplus,  dam  by  Comet 
ANDREWANNA,  b.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
ANDREWETTA,  gr.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Oscar. 
ANDREW  HAMET,  b.  h.  by  Sidi  Hamet,  dam  by  Trumpator. 
ANN  BARROW,  b.  m.  by  Cock  of  the  Rock,  dam  by  Virginian. 
ANN  BELL,  ch.  m.  by  Frank,  dam  Jonquil  by  Little  John. 
ANN  BLAKE,  b.  m.  by  Lance,  dam  by  Blackburn's  Whip. 
ANN  CALENDAR,  ch.  m.   by  Eclipse,  dam   Grand  Duchess  by 

[Imp.]  Gracchus. 
ANN  GILLESPIE,  br.  m.  by  McCarty's  Henry  Clay,  dam  Susan  by 

Sir  William. 
ANN  HARROD,  ch.  m.  by  Hickory  John,  dam  by  King  William. 
ANN  HAYES,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacific. 
ArTN  INNIS,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  (the  dam  of  Mary  Morris)  by 

Sumpter. 
ANN  KING,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Sorrow,  dam  Lady  of  the  Lake  by 

Henry  Tonson. 
ANN  STEVENS,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Trustee,  dam  (an  imported  raave) 

by  Muley. 
ANN  STEWART,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Kitty  Hunter  by  Paragon 
ANNE  ROYALE,  br,  m.  by  Stockholder,   dam   Alice  Lee  by  Sii 

Henry  Tonson. 
ANTOINETTE,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Multiflora  bv 

Director. 
ANTIPATOR,  ch.  h.  by  Tychicus,  dam  Club  Foot  by  Napoleon. 
ANVIL,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Contract,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
ARAB,  b.  h.  by  Arab,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
ARABELLA,  b.  m.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
ARABIAN  MARK,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
A.RGENTILE,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Allegrante  by  [Imp.]  Trufflf 
ARGYLE,  br.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  Thistle  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 
ARILLA,  gr.  m.  by  OKelly,  dam  by  Medley. 
AJIKA.LUKA.  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  SaUy  McGehee 


62  WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

.AROOSTOOK,  b.  h.  by  Wheeling  Rodolph,  dam  by  Moses. 
ARRALINE,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
ARRAH  NEAL,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Martha  Wash 

ingtoa  by  Sir  Charles. 
ARSENIC,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Mary  Farmer  by  Con 

queror. 
ASHLAND,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Lady  Jackson  by  Sumpter. 
ASTOR,  b.  h.  by  Ivanhoe,  dam  Tripit  by  Mars. 
ATTAKAPAS,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Arab. 
ATTILA  LECOMTE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Glencoe,  dam  Extant  by 

[Imp.]  Leviathan. 
ATLANTIC,  b.  m.  by  Blood  and  Turf,  dam  Old  Fly. 
AUNT  PONTYPOOL,  ch.  m.  by  Bertrand  Junior,  dam  Gold  Finder 

by  Virginius. 
AUSTER,  br.  h.  by  Westwind,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan. 
AUTHENTIC,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Timoura  by  Timo- 

leon. 

B. 
BALD  HORNET,  ch.  g.  by  Bald  Hornet,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
BALIE  PEYTON,  b.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  (Master  Henry's  dam)  by 

Eclipse. 
BALTIMORE,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Gohanna. 
BAND  BOX,  gr.  m.  by  O'Kelly,  dam  Lucy  Brooks  by  Bertrand." 
BANDIT,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Virginian. 
BANJO  BILL,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Sarpedon,  dam  byDarnaby's  Diomed. 
BAND  OF  MUSIC,  ch.  m.  by  OKelly,  dam  by  Oscar. 
BARBARA    ALLEN,  ch.  m.   by  Collier,  dam  Lady  Jackson   by 

Sumpter, 
BASSINGER,  bl.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  by  Randolph's  Roanoke. 
BAYWOOD,  b.  h.  by  Editor,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
BEACON  LIGHT,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Glencoe,  dam  Giantess  by  [Imp.] 

Leviathan. 
BEATRICE  OF  FERRARA,  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Duroc. 
LEAU-CATCHER,  ch.  m.  by  Leopold,  dam  Cranberry. 
BEE'S-WING,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Black  Sophia  by 

Topgallant. 
BELFIELD,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Priam,  dam  [Imp.]  Bustle  by  Whale- 
bone. 
BELLISSIMA,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Belshazzar,  dam  Wingfoot  by  Rat 

tier. 
BELLE  OF  WINCHESTER,  ch.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Sir 

Archy. 
*- ,  ch.  m.   by   [Imp.]  Shakspeare,  dam 

Cado  by  Sir  Archy. 
BELLE  TAYLOR,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
BEN  SARKLEY,  b.  h.  by  Push  Pin,  dam  Miss  Wakefield  by  Sir 

Hal. 
BEN  BUSTER,b.  h.  by  Cherokee,  dam  by  Whip. 
BEN  FRANKLIN,  ch.  h.  by  Flagellator,  dam  Medova  by  Ecl'pse. 
"  ' — ch.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Franklitj  Beamy 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  63 

BEN  FRANKLIN,  cli.  h.  by  [Imp  ]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder 
BENDIGO  gr.  h.  by  Timoleon,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

BENGAL,  ch.  h.  by  Gobanna,  dam  Sportsmistress   (or  Gulnare)  by 

Duroc. 
BERENICE,  ch.  m.  by  Skylark,  dam  Kathleen  by  [Imp.]  Leviavhao. 
BETA,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviatlian,  dam  by  Kosciusko. 
BETHESDA,  b.  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Sir  Henry  Tonson. 
BETHUNE,  br.  h.  by  Sidi  Hamet,  dam  Susette  by  Aratus. 
BETSEY  COLEMAN,  ch.  m.  by  Goliah,  dam  Melinda. 
BETSEY  COODEY,  ch.m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
BETSEY  HUNTER,  ch.  m.  by  Sir  Clinton,  ■  am  by  Hamiltonian. 
BETSEY'  LAUDERDALE,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir 

Richard. 
BETSEY  MILLER,  gr.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Jane  Shore 

by  Oscar. 
BETSEY  RED,  ch.  m.  by  Red  Rover,  dam  Betsey  West  by  [Imp.] 

Buzzard. 
BETSEY  SHELTON,  b.  m.  by  Jackson,  dam  Harriet  Haxall  by  Sii 

Hal. 
BETSEY  WATSON,  br.  m.  by  Jefferson,  dam  bv  Sir  Henry  Tonson. 
BETSEY  WHITE,  ch.  m.  by  Goliah,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
BIG  ALECK,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Tiger. 
BIG  ELLEN,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Old  Whip. 
BIG  JOHN,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
BIG  NANCY,  ch.  m.  by  Jackson,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
BILLY  AYNESWORTH,  ch.  h.  by  Traveller,  dam  Helen  by  Timo- 

leon. 
BILLY  BLACK,  b.  h.  by  Volcano. 

BILLY  BOWIE,  b.  h.  by  Drone,  dam  Agility  by  Sir  James. 
BILLY  GAY,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  Mary  Francis  by  Di 

rector. 
BILLY  TONSON,  gr.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  by  Cherokee. 
BILLY  TOWNES,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  by  Virginian. 
BILLY  WALKER,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Valparaiso,  dam  by  Sir  Richa'^i 
BILLET,  ch.  h.  by  Mingo,  dam  by  Mambrino. 
BILOXE,  ch.  h.  by  Dick  Chinn,  dam  Extio  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan. 
BLACK  BOY,  bl.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  by  [In^] 

Chance. 
bl.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  Lady  Mayo 

by  Van  Tromp. 
BLACK  DICK,  bl.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Margrave,  dam  by  Pamunky. 
BLACK  FOOT,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Blackburn's  Whip. 
BLACK  HAWK,  bl.  h.  by  Industry. 
.  bl.  h.  by  Mucklejohn. 

BLACK  JACK,  bl.  h.  by  Tom  Fletcher,  dam  by  Baronet. 
BLACK  LOCUST,  bl.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir  Aichy. 
BLACK  NOSE,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Lucy  by  Orpnan. 
ELACK  PRINCE,  bl.  h.  by  limp.]  Fylde,  dam  Fantail  by  Sir  Aiohy 


64.  WINNING   HORSES   SINCE    1839. 

BLACK  RABBIT,  bl.h.  by  [Imp.]  Nonplus,  dam  (Fair  Ellen's  dam) 

by  Virginius. 
BLACK  ROSE,  bl.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Arab. 
BLAZING  STAR,  b.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
BLOODY  NATHAN,  gr.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
BLOOMFIELD  RIDLEY,  b.  h.  by  Bell-Air,  dam  Cedar  Snags. 
BLOOMSBURY,  eh.  ni.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  by  Giles  Scroggins. 
BLUE  BONNET,  gr.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  Grey  Fanny  by 

Bertrand. 
BLUE  DICK,  gr.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Margrave,  dam  by  Lance. 
BLUE  JIM,  ch.  h.  by  Mucklejohn. 
BLUE  SKIN,  h.  by  Ms  -mion,  dam  by  Tecumseh. 
BOB  BUSH,  ch.  h.  by  I^  tedoc,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
BOB  LETCHER,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Rattler. 
BOB  LOGIC,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Langford,  dam  by  Mambrino. 
BOB  RUCKER,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
BOIS  DARC,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Hortensia  by  Contention. 
BONNY  BLACK,  bl.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Valentine,  dam  Helen  Mar  by 

Rattler. 
BORAC,  ch.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Bagdad. 
BOSTON,  ch.  h.  by  Timoleon,  dam  (Robin  Brown's  dam)  by  Bail's 

Florizel. 
BOSTON  FILLY,  m.  by  Boston,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Priam. 
BO  WD  ARK,  b.  h.  by  Anvil,  dam  by  Bagdad. 
BOXER,  b.  h.  by  Mingo,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
BOYD  M'NAIRY,  ch.  b.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Morgiana  by 

Pacolet. 
BRACELET,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  [Imp.]  Trinket. 
BREAN,  ch.  h.  by  Goliah. 

BRILLIANT,  b.  h.  by  Sidi  Hamet,  dam  Miss  Lancess  by  Lance. 
BRITANNIA,  [Imp.]  b.  m.  by  Action,  dam  by  Scandal. 
BROCKLESBY,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Roanoke. 
BROKER,  b,  h.  by  [Imp.]  Rowton,  dam  Jane  Bertrand  by  Bertrand. 
BROTHER  TO  HORNBLOWER,  b.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipso,  dam 

Music  bvJohn  Richards. 
BROTHER  TO  PEYTONA,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Glencoe,  dam  Giantess 

by  [Imp.]  Levfathan. 
BROTHER  TO  VICTOR,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Cetus,  dam  [Imp.]  My 

Lady  by  Comus. 
BROWN  ELK,  b.  h.  by  Buck  Elk,  dam  by  Whip. 
BROWN  GAL,  br.  m.  by  [Lnp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Virginian. 
BROWN  KITTY,  br.  m.  by  Birmingliam,  dam  by  Tiger. 
BROWN  LOCK,  br.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Sir  Hal. 
BROWN  STOUT,  bi  ...  by  [Imp.]  Sarpedou,  dam  Feathers  by  Mons. 

Tonson. 
BROWNLOW,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Merman,  dam   (Glenare's   iam)  by 

[Imp.]  Leviatlian. 
BRUCE,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Nonplus,  dam  La.nbal'e  by  Kosciusko 
BUBB,  b  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Whig. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  65 

imCK-EYE,  b.  h.  by  Critic,  darn  Ann  Page  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 

b.  h.  by  Lafayette  Stockholder,  dam  Old  Squaw  by  Iq> 

dian. 
.  BELLE,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 

LAD,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  a  Son  of  Spread  Ea 


gle. 
BUCK  RABBIT,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Nonplus,  dam  (Fair  Ellen's  dam) 

by  Virginius. 
BULGER  BROWN,  b.  h.  by  Lance,  dam  by  Jenkins'  Sir  William: 
BUNKUM,  ch.  g.  by  Hyazim,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
BURLEIGH,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archie  Montorio,  dam  Mary  Lee  by  Con 

tention. 
BUSTAMENTE,  ch.  h.  by  Whalebone,  dam  Sarah  Dancy  by  Timo 

leon. 
BUZ  FUZ,  gr.  h.  by  Medley,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough. 

C. 

CADMUS,  h  h,  by  Cadmus. 

CALANTHE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Jackson. 

CALANTHE,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 

CAMANCHE,  ch.  h.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  by  Rattler. 

CAMDEN,  br.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  [Imp.]  InvaUd  by  Whisker. 

CAMEO,  b,  ra.  by  [Imp.]  Tranby,  dam  by  Buzzard. 

CAMEL,  ch.  h.  by  Birmingham,  dam  by  Whip  or  Sumpter. 

CAMILLA,  br.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  (Picayune's  dam)  by  S« 

William  of  Transport. 
CAPTAIN  BURTON,  br.  h.  by  Cherokee,  dam  by  Green  Oak. 
CAPTAIN  M'HEATH,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Miss  Bailej 

by  [Imp.]  Boaster. 
CAPTAIN  THOMAS  HOSKINS,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Autocrat,  dam  by 

Tom  Tough. 
CAPTAIN  (The)  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy  Montorio,  dam  OpheKa  by  Wild 

Medley. 
CAPTAIN  WHITE-EYE,  bl.  h.  by  Chifney,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
CAROLINE  MALONE,  (Col.  Thomas  Watson's),  ch.  ra.  by  [Imp.] 

Leviathan,  dam  Proserpine  by  Oscar. 
(Col.  J.  C.  Guild's),  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Levia- 

than,  dam  by  Sir  Richard. 
(Col.  Thomas  Watson's),  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  L»« 

viathan,  dam  by  Jerry. 
CASHIER,  ch.  h.  by  Goliah,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
CASKET,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Priam,  dam  by  Constitution. 
CASETTA  CHIEF,  ch.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Wildair. 
CASSANDRA,  b.  m.  by  [I'np.]  Priam,  dam  FiirtiUa  Jr.  by  Sir  Archy. 
CASTIANIRA,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
CATALPA,  b.  m.  by  Frank,  dam  by  John  Richards. 
CATARACT,  b.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  John  Richards. 
CATHERINE,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Black-eyed  Susan  by  Tiger. 
CATHERINE  FEN  WICK,  gr.  m.   by  Mucklejohn,  dam   by  Sax«. 

"Weimar 


66  WINNING    HORSKS    SINCE    1839. 

CATHERINE  RECTOR,  ch.  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  Mary  Tonson. 

CAVALIER  SERVANTS,  gr.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Andrew. 

CEDRIC,  b.  h.  by  [I'lip-]  PiKim,  dam  Countess  Plater  by  Virginian. 

CELERITY,  ch."m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Patty  Puff  by  Pacolet 

CHAMPAGNE,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

CHARLES,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Rowton,  dam  Leocadia. 

CHARLES  ARCHY,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  Eclipse. 

CHARLES  MALCOLM,  ch.  h.  by  Malcolm,  dam  by  Albert  Gallatin. 

CHARLEY  ANDERSON,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Mercury. 

CHARLEY  FOX,  b.  h.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Buckner's  Leviathan. 

CHARLEY  NAYLOR,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Tiger. 

CHARLOTTE  BARNES,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

CHARLOTTE  CLAIBORNE,  b.  m.  by  Havoc,  dam  by  Conqueroc 

CHARLOTTE  HILL,  b.  m.  by  Hpphestion,  dam  by  Cook's  Whip. 

CHARITY  GIBSON,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

CHATEAU,   [Imp.]    b.  m.    by   Chateau    Margaux.  dam   Cuirass  by 
Oiseau. 

CHEMISETTE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Glencoe,  dam  by  Arab. 

CHEROKEE  MAID,  gr.  m.  by  Marmion,  dam  by  Tecumseh. 

CHESAPEAKE,  b.  or  br.  h.  by  [Imp,]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Thaddeua, 

CHICOMAH,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]   Leviathan,  dam   White   Feather  by 
Conqueror. 

CHICOPA,  ch.  m.  by  Tuscahoma,  dam  Fortuna  by  Pacolet. 

CHIEFTAIN,  b.  h.  by  Godolphin,  dam  Young  Lottery  by  Sir  Archy. 

CHOTAUK,  br.  h.  by  Pamunky,  dam  by  Arab. 

CHURCHILL,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Zinganee,  dam  by  Buzzard. 

CINDERELLA,  b.  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  Mary  Vaughan  by  Pacolet. 

CLARA  BOARDMAN,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  ConsoCdam  Sally  Bell  by 
Sir  Archy. 

CLARION,  ch.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 

CLARISSA,  ch.  m.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  (Clarion's  dam)  by 
Ogle's  Oscar. 

CLEAR  THE  TRACK,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  bj  Stock- 
holder. 

CLEUPATRA,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

CLEVELAND,  gr.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Emancipation,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Levia- 
than. 

COAL  BLACK  ROSE,  hi.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Arab. 

COLUMBUS,  Junior,  b.  h.  by  Columbus,  dam  by  Bertrand. 

COMPROMISE,  b.  m.  by  Nullifier,  dam  by  Anti-Tariff. 

CONCHITA,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Miss  Bailey  by  [Imp. 
Boaster. 

CONSOL,  Junior,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]    Consol,  dam  [Imp.]  The  Nuu'» 
Daughter  by  Filho  da  Puta. 

CORA,  [Imp.']  ch.  m.  by  Muley  Moloch,  dam  by  Champion. 

CORA  MUNRO,  ch.  m.  by  Hugh  L.  White,  dam  by  Crusher. 

CORDELIA,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

CORK,  b.  h.  by  [lmp.'\  Leviathan,  dam  Caledonia  by  Jerry. 

(U)RNELIA,  b.  m.  by  Skylark,  dam  by  Arab. 

« '/ORONATION,  ch.  h.  bv  Laplander,  dam  by  Oscar. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    l839.  67 

COTTON  PLANT,  gr.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

COWBOY,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Virginian. 

ORACKAWAY,  ch.  h.  by  Marmaduke. 

CRACOVIENNE,  gr.  m.  by  limp.']  Glcncoe,  dam  [Imp.]  Gallopade 
by  Catton. 

CREATH,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Tranby,  dam  by  Sir  Archy  Montorio. 

CRICHTON,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Phenomenon. 

CRIPPLE,  gr.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Philip,  dam  (Gamma's  dam)  by  Sir  Ri- 
chard, 

CROCKETT,  b.  h.  by  Crockett,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

CROTON,  gr.  h.  by  Chorister,  dam  by  Mucklejohn. 

CRUCIFIX,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Virginia  by  Sir  Archy. 

CUB,  ch.  m.  by  ?»Iedoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 

CUMBERLAND,  b.  h,  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  William. 

CURCULIA,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 

CZARINA,  gr.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Autocrat,  dam  Aurora  by  Arab. 

D, 

JjrANDRIDGE,  b.  h.  by  Garrison's  Zinganee,  dam  by  Walnut  or  La- 
fayette. 

DAN  MARBLE,  ch.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  (a  sister  to  West  Flo- 
rida's dam)  by  Potomac. 

DAN  M'INTYRE,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 

DAN  TUCKER,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Belshazzar,  dam  by  Pulaski. 

DANIEL  BUCK,  ch.  h.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

DARIUS,  b.  h.  by  Orphan  Boy,  darn  bv  Cumberland. 

DARKNESS,  bl.  m.  by  Wagner,  dazi  Sally  Shannon's  dam'i  bv  Sir 
Richard. 

PARNLEY,  ch.  h.  by  John  Richards,  dam  Lady  Gray  by  Sir  Richard. 

DART,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Doncaster,  dam  Jane  Gray  by  Orphan  Boy. 

DAVE  PATTON,  ch.  h.  by  Sumpter,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 

DAVID  FYLDE,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  by  Clay's  Sir  William. 

DAY  DREAM,  br.  m.  by  [Imp]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

DAYTON,  ch.  h.  by  Tormentor,  dam  by  Tuckahoe. 

DECATUR,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Ostrich  by  Eclipse. 

DECEPTION,  b.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan. 

DE  LATTRE,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Consol,  dam  [Imp.]  Design  by  Tramp, 

DELAWARE,  b.  h.  by  Mingo,  dam  by  John  Richards. 

DELPHINE,  ch.  m.  by  Sumpter. 

DEMOCRAT,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Eagle. 

DENMARK,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  Betsey  Harrison  by 
Aratus. 

DENIZEN,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  by  Actaeon,  dam  Design  by  Tramp. 

DEVIL  JACK,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Lady  Burton  b> 
Timoleon. 

DIANA  CROW,  bl.  m.  by  Mark  Antony,  dam  by  Botts'  Lafayette. 

DIAN^A  SYNTAX,  br.  m.  by  Doctor  Syntax,  dam  [Imp.]  Dia.ia  bv 
Catton. 

DICK  COLLIER,  ch.  h.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Whip. 

DICK  MENIFEE,  br.  h.  by  Lance,  dam  by  Sir  William  of  Transpot 

42 


68  WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

DOCTOR  DUDLEY,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Robin  Gray. 

DOCTOR  DUNCAN,  ch.  h.  by  Cudinus,  dam  by  Old  Court. 

DOCTOR  FRANKLIN,  ch.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  Althea  by  Big  Archy. 

DOCTOR  WILSON,  ch.  h.  by  John  Bascombe,  dam  Bolivia  by  Bo 
livar. 

DOLLY  DIXON,  b.  m.  by  [hnp.]  Tranby,  dam  Sally  House  by  Vir- 
ginian. 

DOLLY  MILAM,  b.  m.  by  [7m/).]  Sarpedon,  dam  by  Eclipse. 

DONCASTER,  [/mjo.]  bl.  h.  by  Longwaist,  dam  by  Muley. 

DONNA  VIOLA,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  uam  (Jack  Downing'* 
dam)  by  Mons.  Tonson. 

DUANNA,  gr.  m.  by  [7m/}.]  Sarpedon,  dam  Goodloe  Washington  l.y 
Washington. 

DUBLIN,  gr.  h.  by  [Imp.']  Leviathan,  dam  by  Jerry. 

DUCKIE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Sarpedon,  dam  Mary  Jones  by  Kosciusko. 

DUKE  SUMNER,  gr.  h.  hy  Pacific,  dam  by  Grey  Archy. 

DUNGANNON,  b.  h.  by  Mingo,  dam  by  John  Stanley. 

DUN  VEGAN,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Trustee,  dam  Jemima  by  Rattler. 

E. 

EARL  OF  MARGRAVE,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Sarpedon,  dam  Dncliess 
of  Marlborough  by  Sir  Archy. 

ECLIPTIC,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  (Rodolph's  dam)  by  Moses. 

EDISTA,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Rowton,  dam  Empress. 

EDWARD  EAGLE,  ch.  h.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  by  Director. 

EFFIE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 

EL  BOLERO,  br.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan. 

EL  FURIOSO,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  Rattlesnake  by  Ber- 
trand. 

ELIAS  RECTOR,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  Kate  Blair. 

ELI  ODOM,  br.  h.  by  [Lyip.]  Leviathan,  dam  Chuckfahila  by  Ber- 
trand. 

ELIZA  CULVERT  (or  Calvert),  ch.  m.  by  Cymon,  dam  Lady  Sum 
ner  by  Shawnee. 

ELIZA  HUGHES,  b.  m.  by  Marmion,  dam  by  Whip. 

ELIZA  JANE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Monarch,  dam  Big  Jinny  by  Rattler. 

ELIZA  ROSS,  b.  m.  by  Marmion,  dam  by  Tiger  or  Whip  (or  Tigei 
Whip). 

ELIZABETH  GRE ATHOUSE,  b.  m.  by  Masaniello,  dam  by  Waxy. 

ELIZABETH  JONES,  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Mons.  Tonson. 

ELLA,  ch.  m.  by  Young  Virginian,  dam  by  Harwood. 

ELLEN  HUTCHINSON,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Ber 
traiid. 

ELLEN  CARNELL,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp]  Behhazzar,  dam  by  [Imp., 
Leviathan. 

ELLEN  JORDAN,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Jordan,   dam    Ellen    Tiee    bv 
Henry. 

ELLEN  PERCY,  ch.  m.  by  Godolphin,  dam  by  (Jw;).)  Bedford. 

■ ch.  m.  by  Godolphin,  dam  by  Financier. 

EJLLEN  WALKER,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Consol,  dam  (Imp.)  Plenty  y? 
Emihus. 

BLLISIF,  b.  ra.  by  PlatofF,  dam  by  Mucklejohn. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  69 

ELLIPTIC,  ch.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Amanda  by  Revenge 
ELOISE,  cii.  m.  by   (Imp.)   Luzborough,  dam  Mary  Wasp  by  Dou 

Quixotte. 
ELVIRA,  ch.  m.  by  Red  Gauntlet,  dam  by  Rob  Roy. 
EMERALD,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam   (Imp.)   Eliza  by  Ru 

bens. 
EMIGRANT,  gr.  h.  by  Cadet,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Contract. 
EMILY,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  Spider  by  Almanzar. 

br.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  by  Tom  Tough. 

(Imp.)  b.  m.  by  Emilius,  dam  Elizabeth  by  Rainbow. 

FAMILY  SPEED,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacolet 

EMMET,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Gallatin. 

ESMERALDA,  b.  m.  by  Pressure,  dam  by  Murat. 

ESPER  SY^KES,  (Mp.)  br.  h.  by  Belshazzar,  dam  Capsicum  by 

Emilius. 
ESTA,  gr.  m.  by  Bolivar,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Barefoot. 
ESTHER  WAKE,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)   Luzborough,  dam  by  Stock- 

holder. 
ETHIOPIA,  bl.  m.  by  Dashall,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Expedition. 
EUDORA,  br.  m.  by  Jefferson,  dam  by  Oscar. 
EUCLID,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
EUTAW,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
EVERGREEN,  ch.  m.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
EXTIO,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  (Imp.)  Refugee  by  Wan- 
derer. 

F. 
FANCY,  br.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
FANDANGO,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam   (Imp.)   Gallopade 

by  Catton. 
FANNY,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Maria  West  by  Marion. 
(J.  Guildersleeve's),  bl.  m.  by  Sidi  Hamet,  dam  by  Sump- 

ter. 
(Joseph  Alston's),  b.  m.  by  Woodpecker,    dam  Fan  by 

Trumpator. 
FANNY  BAILEY,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
FANNY  FORESTER,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  by  In- 
dustry. 
FANNY  GREEN,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Betsey  Archy  by 

Sir  Archy. 
FANNY  KING,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  Mary  Smith  by  Sir 

Richard. 
FANNY  LIGHTFOOT,  b.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
FANNY  ROBERTSON,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Arietta  by  Vir 

ginian. 
FANNY  STRONG,  ch.  m.  by  (Mp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Sally  Bell  ly 

Sir  Archy. 
FANNY  WYATT,  ch.  m.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  Sir  HaL 
FAN  TAIL,  ch.  m.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
FAIRLY  FAIR,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough*  dam  by  Peter  Teazle. 
FAITH,  b.  rrx.  by  (Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  Lady  Painter  by  Lauc«» 
FASHION,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Bonnets  O'Blue  by  ^ 

Charles. 


7C  WINNING   HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

FEATHERS,  ch.  rn.  by  (^Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam   (George  Kendall's 

(lam)  by  Stockholder. 
FESTIVITY,  b.  h.  by  (^Imp.)   Leviathan,  dam  Magnolia  by  Mon& 

Tonson. 
FIAT,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  Lady  Tompkins  by  Eclipse. 
FIFER,  b.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Music  by  John  Richards. 
FILE-LEADER,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam   Saluda   by  Timo 

leon. 
FINANCE,  b.  m.  by  Davy  Crocket,  dam  by  Sir  Henry  Tonson. 
FLASH,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Conqueror. 
FLAXINELLA,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Virginian. 
FLEETFOOT,  gr.  m.  by  (/wjjt;.)  Barefoot,  dam  Dove  by  Duroc. 
FLETA  (James  L.  French's)  br.  m.  by  (Imp.)   Sarpedon,  dam  by 

Rasselas. 

(G.  B.  Williams's),  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Clay's 

Sir  William. 

FLIGHT,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
FLORA  HUNTER,  gr.  m.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  Duroc. 
FORDHAM,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Janene  by  Sir  Archy. 
FORTUNATUS,  ch.  h.  by  Carolinian,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
FORTUNE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  by  Maryland  Eclipse, 
FRANCES  AMANDA,  ch.  m.  by  Pennoyer,  dam  Sally  McGrath. 
FRANCES  TYRREL,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Rockingham. 
FRED  KAYE,  b.  h.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  by  Moses. 
FRESHET,  ch.  m.  by  Tom  Fletcher,  dam  Caroline  (or  Catherine) 

by  Pacific. 
FREE  JACK,  br.  h.  by  (Im]}.)  Luzborough,  dam  (Imp.)  Tinsel  by 

Napoleon. 
FROSTY,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Martha  Holloway  by  Rattler. 
FURY,  bl.  m.  by  Terror,  dam  by  Smith's  Bedford. 

(Col.  Wade  Hampton's),  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  (Imp.) 

sister  to  Ainderby  by  Velocipede. 


GABRIEL,  ch.  h.  by  Napoleon,  dam  Harpalyce  by  Collier. 
GALANTHA,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Jackson. 
GAMMA,  gr.  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  (Melzare's  dam)  by  Sir  Richard. 
GANO,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Betsey  Richards  by  Sir  Archy. 
GARRICK,  gr.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Shakspeare,  dam  by  Eaton's  Columbus 
GARTER,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  by  Trumpator. 
GAS-LIGHT,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Merman,  dam  by  Mercury. 
GAZAN,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Leslie,  dam  Directress  by  Director. 
GENERAL    DEBUYS,    ch.   h.  by  (Imp.)    Leviathan,   dam    (Im-. 

Nanny  Kilham  by  Voltaire. 
GENERAL  RESULT,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Consol,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
GENEVA,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Arab. 
GEORGE  BURBRIDGE,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  b) 

Mons.  Tonson. 
GEORGE  ELLIOTT,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Lawrence 
UEORGE    LIGHTFOOT,  b.  U.  by  Eclipse  Lightfoot,  dam  Mh*7 

Logan  by  Arab. 


WINNINIA   HOUSES   SINCE    1839.  7j 

GEORGE  MARTIN,  b.  h.  by  Garrison's  Ziiiganee,  dam  Gabriolla 

by  Sir  Arch  v. 
GEORGE  W.  KENDALL,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Jemiy  Devers  by 

Stockholder. 
GEROW,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Vixen  by  Eclipse. 
GERTRUDE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Parasol  by  Napoleon 
GIFT,  ch.  m.  by  Dick  Chinn,  dam  Milch  Cow. 
GIPSEY,  b.  m.  by  Nul lifter,  dam  by  Anti-Tariff. 
RLENARA,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  Nell  Gwynne  by  Tramp. 
..__ (Davis  &.  Ragland's,)  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam 

Kitty  Clover  by  Sir  Charles. 
(Dr.  Thos.  Payne  s,)  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam 

Jane  Shore  by  Sir  Archy. 
GLIDER,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Valparaiso,  dam  by  Clifton. 
GLIMPSE,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Tiger. 
G  LOR  VINA,  ch.  m.  by  Industry,  dam  by  Bay  Richmond. 
GLOVER  ANN,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  by  Bolivar. 
GOLD  EAGLE,  ch.  h.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  Eliza  Jenkins  by  Sir 

William. 
GOLD  FRINGE,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  (Imp.)  Gold  Wire. 
GONE  AWAY,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Virginian. 
GOSPORT,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Margrave,  dam  Miss  Valentine  by  (Imp.) 

Valentine. 
GOVERNOR  BARBOUR,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Truffle,  dam  by  Holmes' 

Vampire. 
GOVERNOR  BUTLER,  ch.  h.  by  Argyle,  dam  Mary  Frances  by 

Director. 
GOVERNOR  CLARK,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Old  Court. 
GOVERNOR  POINDEXTER,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Eliza 

Clay  (the  dam  of  Giantess,)  by  Mons.  Tonson. 
GRACE    DARLING,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)   Trustee,  da?n  Celeste   by 

■    Henry. 
GRA3IPUS,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Whale,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

br.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  by  Mons.  Tonson. 

GRATTAN,  b.  h.  by  (Mp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  Flora  by  Mary- 
land Eclipse. 
GREY   ELLA,  (A.  G.  Reed,)  gr.  m.  by  Big  Archy,  dam  by  Bertrand. 

(A.  G.  Reed,)  gr.  m.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Gallatin 

GREY^  FRANK,  gr.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  by  Buzzard. 
GREY-HEAD,  (J.  L.  Bradley's,)  b.  h.  by  Chorister,  dam  by  Sumpter 
(J   L.  Bradley's,)  b.  h.  by  Chorister,  dam  by  Muckle 

John. 
GREY  MARY,  gr.  m.  by  Ben.  Sutton,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
GREY  MEDOC,  gr.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Grey  Fanny  by  Bertrand. 
GREY  MOMUS,  gr.  h.  by  Hard  Luck,  dam  by  Mons.  Tonson. 
GUINEA-COCK,  br.  h.  by  Merlin,  dam  by  Grey-tail  Florizel. 
GULNARE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)   Sarpedon,  dam  by  Sir  William  of 

Transport. 
RUSTAVUS,  b.  h.  by  Sussex,  dam  by  Thornton's  Rattler 
GUY  OF  WARWICK,  ch.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  by  Ha ttiiltonian. 

49» 


72  WIHfSriNG   HOKSES   SINCE    1839. 

H. 

Hannah  Harris,  b.  m.  by  Benrand,  dam  Grey  Goose  oy  Pacolel 

HANNIBAL,  b.  h.  by  OKelly,  dam  Roxana  by  Sir  Charles. 

HA'-PUNNY,  b.  m.  by  Birmingham,  dam  Picayune  by  Medoc. 

HARDENED  SINNER,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Philip,  dam  by  (Imp.) 
Bluster. 

HARD  CIDER,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

HARK-AWAY,  eh.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  (Imp.)  Trapes. 

HARPALYCE,  eh.  m.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Sea-Scrpent. 

HARRIET,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Shylock. 

HARRY  BLUFF,  bl.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  by  Pakenham. 

HARRY  CARGILL,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  (Imp.)  Flo- 
rentine by  Whisker. 

HARRY  HILL,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  (Imp.)  Anna 
Maria  by  Truffle'. 

HARRY  WHITEMAN,  ch.  h.  by  Orphan  Boy,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

HAWK-EYE,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Lovell,  dam  Eliza  Jenkins  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam. 

HEAD  'EM,  b,  h.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Itasca  by  Eclipse. 

HEALER,  ch.  m.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  Sir  Archy  of 
Transport. 

HEBE,  ch.  m.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Bertrand. 

HECTOR  BELL,  gr.  h.  by  Drone,  dam  Mary  Randolph  by  Gohanna. 

HEIRESS,  (THE)  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  by  Henry. 

HELEN,  (Imp.)  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Malibran  by  Rubens. 

HENRY  A.  WISE,  br.  h.  by  Dashall,  dam  by  Hickory. 

HENRY  CLAY.  br.  h.  by  Cock  of  the  Rock,  dam  by  Virginian. 

HENRY  CROWELL,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand  Junior,  dam  sister  to  Muckle- 
John  Junior. 

HERALD,  ch.  h.  by  Plenipotentiary,  dam  (Imp.)  Delphine  by 
Whisker. 

HERMIONE,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Non  Plus,  dam  Leocadia  by  Virginian. 

HERO,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand  Junior,  dam  (Imp.)  Mania  by  Figaro. 

HIT-OR-MISS,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Somonocodrom,  dam  (Imp.)  Baya- 
dere.    [These  horses  are  owned  in  Canada.] 

HOOSIER-GIRL,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Langford. 

HOPE,  ch.  h.  by  the  Ace  of  Diamonds,  dam  (The  Captain's  dam,) 
by  Oscar. 

HORNBLOWER,  br.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Music  by  Jehu 
Richards. 

HOURI,  (Imp.)  ch.  m.  by  Langar,  dam  Annot  Lyle  by  Ashtott. 

HUGUENOT,  ch.  h.  by  Convention,  dam  (Imp.)  Marigold. 

HUMMING-BIRD,  br.  m.  by  Industry,  dam  Virginia  by  Thornton 'i 
Rattle  . 

HUNTSMAN,  gr.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

HYDE  PARK,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  Saluda  by  Tlmolecii 

I. 

lAGO,  bl.  h.  by  Othello,  dam  (Sartin's  dam,)  by  Timoleon. 
<.CETiAND,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Lady  Jackson  by  SumpLer 
ILLINOIS^  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Bertrand. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  73 

/OWA,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  (Imp.)  Woodbine. 

IRENE,  ro.  m.  by  Printer,  dam  McKinney's  Roan. 

ISEE  TURNER,  cli.  in.  bv  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholdt;^ 

ISIDORA,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Blacklock. 

ISOLA,  ch.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Susette. 

J. 

JACK  DOWNING,  b.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Mons.  Tonson. 
JACK  PENDLETON,  ch.  h.  by  Goliah,  dam  (Pliilip's  dam,)  by  Tra 

falgar. 
JACK   WALKER,  ch.  h.  by  Cymon,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough. 
JAMES  ALLEN,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Donna  Maria  by 

Sir  Hal. 
JAMES  CROWELL,  br.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
JAMES  JACKSON,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Parasol   by 

Tiger. 
JAMES  F.  ROBINSON,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Potomac. 
JAMES  K.  POLK,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Oleana  by  Tele- 

graph. 

b.  h.  by  Telegraph,  dam  by  Buzzard. 

ch.  h.  by  Buck-eye,  dam  by  Medoc. 

JANE  ADAMS,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Tranby. 

JANE  FRANCIS,  b.  m.  by  Gran  by,  dam  by  Tecumseh. 

JANE  MITCHELL,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Conqueror. 

JANE  ROGERS,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

JANE  SMITH,  b.  m.  by  John  Dawson,  dam  by  Pacolet. 

JANE  SPLANE,  gr.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  Helen  McGregor 

by  Mercury. 
JEANETTE  BERKELEY,  ch.  m.  by  Bertrand  jr.,  dam  Carolina  by 

Young  Buzzard. 
JEANNETTON,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
JENNY-ARE-YOU-THERE,  ro.  m.  by  Sir  Archy  IVIontorio,  dam  by 

Potomac. 
JENNY  RICHMOND,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
JENNY  ROBERTSON,  b.  m.  by  {Lnp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Marcus. 
JEROME,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
JERRY,  gr.  h.  by  Jerry,  dam  by  Blackburn's  Sir  William. 
JERRY  LANCASTER,  ch.  g.  by  Mark  Moore,  dam  Maid  of  Warsa^^ 

by  Gohanna. 
JIM  BELL,  b.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  Jonquil  by  Little  John. 
JIM  ROCK,  ch.  h.  by  Young  Eclipse,  dam  by  Potomac. 
JOB,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Jemima  by  Rattler. 
JOE,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sir  Archy  Montorio. 
JOE  ALLEN,  ch.  h.  by  Goliah,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
JOE  CHALMERS,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Consol,  dam  {Mp.)  Rachel  by 

Partisan  (or  Whalebone). 
JOE  DAVIS,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Virginia  Washington  by  Saxa 

Weimar. 
JOE  GATES,  ch.  h.  by  Marlborough,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
JOE  MURRAY,  br.  h.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
;0E  STURGES,  ch.  h.  by  John  Bascombe,  dam  by  Thomas  s    ir 

Andrew. 
JOE  WINFIELD,  b.  h.  by  John  Dawson,  dam  Sally  Dillard. 


M  WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

TOIIIN   ANDERSON,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Bagdad. 
cl).  h.  by  Cadmus,  dam  (Kate  Anderson's  dainj 

by  {Imp.)  Gagle. 
JOHN  ARCHY,  ch.  h.  by  Johi   Richards,  dam  by  Old  Whip. 
JOHN  BEl-L,  b.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  Kate  Kearney. 
JOHN  BENTON,  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan. 
JOHN  BLEVINS,  ch.  h.  by  Tlie  Colonel,  dam  {Imp.)  Trinket. 
JOHN  B.  JONES,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Director. 
JOHN  BLUNT,  b.  h.  by  Marion,  dam  (Mary  Blunt's  dam,)  by  Alfred. 
JOHN    CAUSIN,  b.  h.  by   {Imp.)  Zinganee,   dam  Attaway  by  Sir 

James. 
JOHN  C.  STEVENS,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
JOHN   DUNKIN,  b.  h.  by  Mucklejohn,  dam  (Coquette. 
JOHN  FRANCIS,  ch.  h.  by  Francis  Marion,  dam  Mary  Doubleday  by 

Sir  Henry. 
JOHN  HAMPDEN,  eh.  h.  by  Goliah,  dam  by  Director. 
JOHN  HUNTER,  b.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  Coquette  by  Sir  Archy. 
'OHN  KIRKMaN,  ch.  h.  by  Birmingham,  dam  by  Sir  Henry  Tonson. 
JOHN  LEMON,  ch.  h.  by  Uncas,  dam  by  Oscar. 
JOHN  MALONE,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Proserpine  by 

Tennepsee  Oscar. 
JOHN  MARSHALL,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Lady  Bass 

by  Conqueror. 
JOHN  R.  GRYMES,  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Alice  Grey  by 

Pacolet. 
(Col.  A.  L.  Biiigaman'.s,)  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Levia- 

than,  dam  Fanny  Jarman  by  Mercury. 
JOHN  ROSS,  bl.  h.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Topgallant. 

ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Oscar. 

JOHN  VALIANT,  bl.  h.  by  Valiant,  dam  by  King's  Archer. 
JOHN  YOUNG,  b.  h.  by  John  Richards,  dam  by  Trumpator. 
JOHNSON,  br.  h.  by  Star,  dam  Vanity  by  Grigsby's  Potomac. 
JOSHUA  BELL,  ch.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  Jonquil  by  Little  John. 
JOYCE  ALLEN,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  Leannah  by 

Seagull. 
JULIA,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  by  Roscius. 
JUl>IA   BURTON,  ch.  m.  by  Gohanna,  dam  by  Tom  Tough. 
JULIA  DAVIE,  ch,  m.  by  {Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  by  Kosciusko. 
JULIA  FISHER,  ro.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Polly  Bellew  by 

Timoleon. 
JULIUS,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Jackson. 
JUMPER,  ch.  h.  by  Timoleon,  dam  Diana  Vernon  by  Herod. 

K. 

KANAWA,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Rattler. 

KATE,  b.  f.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Shepherdess  by  Apollo. 

KATE    ANDERSON,   b.  m.  by  Columbus,   dam   Eaglet  by  {Imp.) 

Eagle. 
KATE  AUBREY,  gr.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Grey  Fanny  by  Bertrand. 
KATF   CONVERSE,  b.  m.  by   {Imp.)    Non   Plus,    dam    Daisj   bv 

Kosciusko. 
KATE  COY,  b.  m.  by  Critic,  dam  Nancy  Bone  by  Susses. 
iCATE  HAUN,  br.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Timoleoo 


WINNING   HORSES   SINCE    1839.  75 

KATE  LUCKETT,  b.  m.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Shepherdess  by 

Apollo. 
KATE  NICKLEBY,  br.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  by  Teniers, 
b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Levia 

than. 
KATE  SEYTON,  br.  m.  by  Argyle,  dam  Pocahontas  by  Sir  Archy. 
KATE  SHELBY,  eh.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Maria  Shelby  by 

Stockholder. 
KAVANAGH,  b.  or  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Director. 
KEWANNA,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Cetus,  dam  (Imp.)  My  Lady  by  Comua 
KITTY  HARRIS,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Ninon  de  I'Enclos  by 

Rattler. 
KITTY  THOMPSON,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Margrave,  dam  Ninon  de 

I'Enclos  by  Rattler. 

LA  BACCHANTE,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
LA  BELLA  COMBS,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Director. 
LADY  CANTON,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  Mary  Randolph  b 

Gohanna. 
LADY  CAVA,  ch.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Betsey  Echols  by  Archy 

Montorio. 
LADY  FRANCIS,  b.  m.  by  Trumpator,  dam  (Pressure's  grandam.) 
LADY  FRANKLIN,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Sting  by  Con 

queror. 
LADY  HARRISON,  b.  m.  by  Sir  Henry,  dam  by  Mucklejohn. 
LADY  JACKSON,  -.  m.  by  Sumpter. 
LADY  JANE,  gr.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Lady  Grey  by  Orphan 

Boy. 
LADY  PLAQUEMINE,  ch.  m.  by  Little  Red,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Eagle. 
LADY  PLYMOUTH,  b.  m.  by  Flagellator,  dam  Black  Sophia  by 

Eclipse. 
LADY  SKIPETH,  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Truxton. 
LADY  SLIPPER,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan. 
LADY  STOCK,  ch.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Potomac. 
LADY  SUSAN,  b.  m.  by  Cramp,  dam  by  Pantaloon. 
LAFITTE,  gr.  h.  by  O'Kelly,  dam  Caroline  Wilson  by  Timoleon. 
LANDSCAPE,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Margrave,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
LANGHAM,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Cumberland. 
LANEVILLE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Arab. 
LASSO,  b.  m.  by  Mucklejohn,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
LAURA,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Moses. 
LAURA  LECOMTE,  b.  m.  by  Tarquin,  dam  Sarah  by  (Imp.)  S^. 

pedon. 
I AURETTE,  ch.  m.  by  Jerseyman,  dam  Maria  Harrison. 
LAVINIA  PIPER,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Murphy  i 

Pacolet. 
LAVOLTA,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Blackburne's  Buzzard. 
LAWYER    McCAMPEELL,  b.  h.  by  Lord  Byron,  dam  Warping 

Bars  by  Rattle  the  Cash. 
LED  A,  ch.  m.  by  Tiger,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
LEESBURG,  ch.  h.  by  Red  Rover,  dam  by  Tuckahoe. 
LEG-BAIL,  ch.  h.  by  Jackson,  dam  by  Marshal  Ney. 
LEG-TREASURER,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Cumberland. 


^6  WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

LEHIGH,  ch.  K.  by  {Ivip.)  Skylark,  dam  Nelly  Webb  by  Industry. 
LENNOX,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  'I'rustce,  dam  {Imp.)  Rosalind  by  Pawlowitz 
LESLIE,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
LETTY  FLOYD,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  Palmetto  by  Rob  Roy 
LEVI,  -.  h.  by  Star,  dam  by  Walnut. 
LEVITHA,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan. 
LEXPIHILI,  ch.  m.  by  Hugh  L.  White,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
LIATUNAH,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Aiiiderby,  dam  {Imp.)  Jenny  Mills   jy 

Whisker. 
LIBERALITY,  ch.  h.  by  Maryland  Eclipse,  dam  by  Sir  Alfred. 
LIBERTAS,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Director. 
LIEUTENANT    BASSi\GER,   br.  h.    by   {Imp.)    Fylde,  dam    by 

Roanoke. 
LIKENESS,  {Imp.)  ch.  m.  by  Sir  Peter  Lely,  dam  Worthless  by 

Walnut. 
LILY,  gr.  m.  by  Tychicus,  dam  Laura  by  Rob  Roy. 
LIMBER  JOHN,  ch.  h.  by  Kosciusko,  dam  by  Moses. 
LIN  WOOD,  ch.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  by  Pacolet, 
LITTLE  BARTON,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
LITTLE  BLUE,  gr.  h.  by  Marmion,  dam  by  Tecumseh. 
LITTLE  MISERY,  b.  m.  by  Anvil,  dam  {Imp.)  Anna  Maria  by 

Truffle. 
LITTLE  PRINCE,  gr.  h.  by  John  Bascombe,  dam  Bolivia  by  Bolivar. 
LITTLE  RED,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
LITTLE  TRICK,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  (Occident's  dam,)  by 

Florizel. 
LIVE  OAK,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Pacific. 
LIVINGSTON,  gr.  h.  by  Medley,  dum  by  Van  Tromp. 

b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  by  Henry, 

LIZ  LONG,  br.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Merman,  dam  by  Alplieus. 

LIZ  TILLETT,  ch.  m.  by  Frank,  dam  by  Medoc. 

LIZZY  HEWITT,  b.  m.  by  Ivanhoe,  dam  Princess  Ann  by  Mons 

Tonson. 
LOG-CABIN,  ch.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
LONG  TOM,  ch.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Jerry. 
LORD  OF  LORN,  br.  h.  by  Argyle,  dam  Maria  by  Virginian. 

■ br.  h.  by  Argyle,  dam  Duck  Filly  by  Virginias. 

LORD  OF  THE  ISLES,  gr.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Jerry. 

LORENZO,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Whip. 

LORINDA,  ch.  m.  by  Havoc,  dam  by  Conqueror. 

LOUISA  JORDAN,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dam  Betsey  Marshal 

by  John  Richards. 
LOUISA  WINSTON,  b.  m,  by  Waxy. 
LUCRETIA   NOLAND,  br.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  Frances 

Ann  by  Frank. 
LUCY  A.  MEYER,  b.  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Sir  Richard. 
LUCY  BENTON,  br.  m.  by  Hugh  L.  White,  dam  by  Moloch. 
LUCY  DASHWOOD,  gr.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Miss   Bailey 

by  {Imp.)  Boaster. 
LUCY  FULLER,  ch.  m.  by  Edipf^c,  dam  by  Pakenham. 
LUCY  LONG,  ni.  by  John  Richards,  dam  by  Diomed. 

b,  m,  by  Latitude,  dam  by  Whip. 

LUCY  WEP.B,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  '**? 

LUDA,  b.  m.  by  Mcdac,  dam  Duchess  of  Marlborough  by  Sir  Archy 
LUNA   DOE,  ch.  in.  by  (hnp.)  Leviatiian,  darn  Telle  Doe  by  Pucific 
L'ixVD HURST,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Wonder. 
LYNEDOCH,  ch.  h.  by  ilmjp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Wonder. 

M. 

MABEL  WYNNE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
MADAME  ARRALINE,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Cadmus. 
MAFFIT,  b.  h.  by  Frank,  dam  by  Aratus. 
MAGNATE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Cherry  Elliott  by  Sumpter 
MAID  OF  ATHENS,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  by  Arab. 
MAID  OF  NORTHAMPTON,  gr.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  bj 

Rattler. 
MAJOR  BOOTS,  br.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Merlin,  dam  by  Alborak. 
MANALOPAN,  gr.  b.  by  Medley,  dam  by  John  Richards. 
MANGO,  {Imp.)  ch.  m.  by  Taurus,  dam  Pickle  by  Emilius. 
MARCHIONESS,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  (Fancy's  da.ni)  bj 

Sir  Archy. 
MARCO,  b.  h,  by  Sir  Leslie,  dam  by  Lance. 
MARGARET  CARTER,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  Lady  Whip  by  Sii 

Archy. 
MARGARET  BLUNT,  b.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Contention. 
MARGARET  WOOD,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Maria  West  by 

Marion. 
MARIA,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dam  Polly  Powell  by  Virginian. 
MARIA  BLACK,  {Imp.)  br.  m.  by  Filho  da  Puta,  dam  by  Smolensko, 
MARIA  BROWN,  br.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Brunette  by  Sir 

Hal. 
MARIA  COLLIER,  br.  m.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
MARIA  MILLER,  br.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Madison. 
MARIA  PEYTON,  ch.  m.  by  Balie  Peyton,  dam  by  Tariff. 
MARIA  SHELTON,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam   (Ajarrah  Harrison's 

dam)  by  Gallatin. 
MARIA  SPEED,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacific. 
MARIA  WILLIAMS,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Napoleon 
MARINER,  bl.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  Bonnet's  o'  Blue  by  Sir  Charles. 
MARION,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  by  Rob  Roy. 
MARTHA  BICKER  TON,  b.  m.  by  Pamunky,  dam  by  Tariff. 
MARTHA  CARTER,  ch.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Sally  Naylor  by  Gal 

latin. 

ch.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Oscar. 

MARTHA  CALVIN,  b.  m.  by  Agrippa,  dam  by  Walnut. 

MAR  THA  MALONE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Tatchecant 

by  Bertrand. 
MARTHA  RANEY,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sumplei. 
MARTHA  ROWTON,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  Martha  Griffin 

by  Phenomenon. 
MARTHAVILLE,  b.  m.  by  Dick  Singleton,  dam  Black-Eyed  Susan 
MATCHEM,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  P':nd  Jackson. 
iMARTIN'S  JUDY,  br.  m.  by  Young's  Mercury,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
MARTIN  VAN  BUREN,  b.  h.  by  Lafayette  Stockholder,  dam  by  I» 

diar 
MARY,  gr.  m.  by  Old  Saul,  dam  by  Free  Mulatto. 


78  '.VINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

MARY,  gr.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Consol,  dam  Sally  Bell  by  Sir  Archy. 
MARY  ANN  FURMAN,  br.  in.   by  (Imp.)  Sarpedon,  dam  by  Bor- 

trand. 
MARY  BEECHLAND,  b.  m.  by  Sir  Leslie,  dam  by  Potomac. 
MARY  BELL,  b.  m.  by  Seagull,  dam  (Vidocq's  dam)  by  Stockholder 
MARY  BRENNAN,  b.  m.  by  Richard  Singleton,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
MARY  BURNHAM,  b.  m.  by  Archy  Montorio,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
MARY  CHASE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.-)  Felt,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
MARY  CHURCHILL,  b.  m.  by  (hnp.)  Barefoot. 
MARY  DOUGLAS,  gr.  m.  by  Jerry,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
MARY  ELIZABETH,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
MARY  ELLEN,  b.  m.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
MARY  HEDGFORD,  br.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  Mary  Francic 

by  Director. 
MARY  JONES,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
MARY  LEWIS,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Proserpine  by  Os 

car. 
MARY  LONG,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  Lady  Pest  by  Carolinian. 
MARY  LUCKETT,  ch.  m.  by  Marion,  dam  (Charles  Archy's  dam) 

by  Eclipse. 
MARY  MASON,  br.  m.  by  Pirate,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Consol. 
MARY  MEADOWS,  ch.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
MARY  MILLER,  ch.  m.  by  Arab,  dam  by  Peacemaker. 
MARY  MORRIS,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  Miss  Obstinate  by  Sumpter. 
Mary  OUSLEY,  br.  m.  by  King's  Bertrand,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
MARY  PORTER,  ch.  m.  by  Mucklejohn,  dam  by  Printer. 
MARY  REED,  br.  m.  by  Industry,  dam  by  Rattler. 
MARY  RODGERS,  b.  m.  by  (Mp.)  Hibiscus,  dam  Ten  Brueck'a 

dam. 
MARY  SCOTT,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Blackburn's  Whip. 
MARY  SHERWOOD,  b.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  (Imp,)  Levia- 

than. 
MARY  STEWART,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Valentine,  dam  by  Henry. 
MARY  THOMAS,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Consol,  dam  Parrot  by  Roanoke. 
MARY  TRIFLE,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
MARY  VAUGHAN,  b.  m.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Bluster. 
MARY  WALTON,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Miss  Bailey  by 

(Imp.)  Boaster. 
MARY  WATSON,  gr.  m.  by  Robin  Hood,  dam  Bolivia  by  Bolivar. 
MARY  WELLER,  ch.  m.  by  Sterling,  dam  Discord  by  (Imp.)  liuzbo- 

rough. 
MARY  WICKLIFFE,  b.  m.  bv  Medoc. 

MARY  WYNNE,  b.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Flirtilla  Jr.  by  Sir  Archy. 
MASTER  HENRY,  b.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  (Balie  Peyton's  dam)  by 

Eclipse. 
MAT.  MURPHY,  ch.  h.  by  Pete  Whetstone,  dam  by  Rattler. 
MEDINA,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  by  Director. 
ME  DOC  A,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Doublehead. 
ME  DORA  WINSTON,  b.  m.  by  Telegraph,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
MELISSE  BYRON,  b.  rn.  by  Cherokee,  dam  by  Barnett's  Diomed. 
MELODY,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,    dam    (Randolph's  dam)  hy  HaxaJl's 

Mosea 
MERCER  en.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Hamiltonian 


WINNING   HORSES   SINCE    1839.  79 

MERIDIAN,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
METARIE,  ch.  m.  by  Frank,  dam  (Musedora's  dam)  by  Kosciusko. 
ME  TEOR,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  (Baltimore's  dam)  by  Gro- 

hanna. 
McINTYRE,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
MIDNIGHT,  bl.  m.  hy  Sliark,  dam  Meg  Dods,  by  Sir  Archy. 
MIDAS,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Rowlon,  dam  by  Roanoke. 
MILTON  HARRISON,  b.  h.  by  Orange  Boy,  dam  by  Quicksilver. 
MINERVA  ANDERSON,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir 

Charles. 
MINERVA  PROFFIT,  ch.  m.  by  (,Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Sophia 

Bess. 
MINISTER,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Alexander. 
MINSTREL,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Bedford's  Alexander. 
MINT  JULEP,  br.  h.  by  Godolphin,  dam  Isora  by  Dockon. 
MIRABEAU,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Ann  Merry  by  Sumpter. 
MIRIAM,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  Laura  by  Rob  Roy. 
MIRTH,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  (Minstrel's  dam)  by  Bedford's  Alexan- 

der. 
MISKWA,  ch.  m.  by  Dick  Chinn,  dam  Linnet  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan. 
MISSISSIPPI,  b.  h.  by  John  Dawson,  dam  by  Partnership. 
MISSOURI,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Director. 
MISTAKE,  b.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
MISS  ACCIDENT,  {Imp.)  h.  m.  by  Tramp,  dam  Florestine  by  Whis- 

MISS  ANDREW,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Gallatin. 

MISS  BELL,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Consol,  dam  {Imp.)  Amanda  by  Morisca 

MISS  CHESTER,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Sarpedon,  dam  Delilah  by  Tiger. 

MISS  CLARK,  ch.  m.  by  Birmingham,  dam  by  Cumberland. 

MISS  CLASH,  ch.  m.  by  Birmingham,  dam  by  Stockholder. 

MISS  CLINKER,  {Imp.)  b.  m.  by  Humphrey  Clinker,  dam  Mani..  by 

Maniac. 
MISS  FOOTE,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Consol,  dam  {Imp.)  Gabriella  by  Oscar 

(or  Oiseau). 
VILSS  JACKSON,  ch.  m.  by  Oakland,  dam  by  Diomed. 
MISS  LETTY,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Patty  Burton  by  Marion. 
MISS  MACARTY,  b.  m.  by  Waxy. 
MISS  RIDDLE,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Riddlesworth,  dam  Lady  Jackson 

by  Sumpter. 
MISS  WILLS,  gr.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Zinganec,  dam  Sorrow  by  Rob  Roy. 
MOBILE,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Consol,  dam  {Imp.)  Sessions  by  Whalebone. 
MOLLY  LONG,  ch.  m.  by  Tom  Fletcher,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Janus. 
MOLLY  WARD,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
MOLOCH,  {Imp.)  b.  h.  by  Muley  Moloch,  dam  Sister  to  Puss  by  Te 

niers. 
MONARCH,  {Imp.)  h-  h.  by  Priam,  dam  Delphine  by  Wliisker. 
MONGRELIA,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  Brownlock  bv  Tiger. 
MONKEY  DICK,  b.  h.  by  Dick  Singleton,  dam  by  Sumpter 
MORDAC,  ch.  ii.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Whip. 
MORGAN,  ch.  h.  by  John  Bascombc,  dam  Amy  Hamilton. 
MORGIANA,  ch.  m.  by  Red  Gauntlet,  dam  by  Joe  Kent. 
MORTIMER,  ch.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  Ogle's  Oscar 

43 


80  WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

MOSELLE  (Colonel  Gavan's),  b.  m.  by  Telegraph,  dam  {Imp.}  Jan* 

chore. 
MOSELLE  (E.  P.  Dave's),  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  {Imp.) 

Jane  Shore. 
MOTH,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  {Imp.)  Jessica  by  Velocipede. 
MOTTO,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  Lady  Tompkins  by  Eclipse, 
MOUNTAINEER,  ch.  h.  by  Yorkshire,  dam  by  Kattler. 
MOUNTJOY,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
MUD,  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
MUSEDORA,  ch.  m,  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Kosciusko. 
MUSE  SANDFORD,  b.  h.  by  Hickory,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Contract. 
MUSIC,  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Philip,  dam  Piano  by  Bertrand. 

N. 
NANCY  BUFORD,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Thornton's  Rattler. 
NANCY  CLARK,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Morocco  Slipper  by  Timo 

leon. 
NANCY  DAWSON,  ch.  m.  by  Frank,  dam  by  Voltaire. 
NANCY  O.,  ch.  m.  by  Flagg,  dam  Milly  Tonson  by  Mons.  Tonson. 
NANCY  ROWLAND,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  by  Rob  Roy. 
NANNY,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Miss  Mattie  by  Sir  Archy. 
NARCISSA  PARISH,  ch.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Eagle. 
NARINE,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dam  Louisianaise. 
NAT  BRADFORD,  gr.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Morocco  Slipper  by  Ti 

moleon. 
NATHAN  RICE,  br.  h.  by  Birmingham,  dam  by  WhipRter. 
NED  WELLS,  b.  h.  by  O'Conncll,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
NEPTUNE,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dan  Louisianaise. 
NIAGARA,  ch.  h.  by  {l7np.)  Trustee,  dam  Gipsey  by  Eclipse. 
NICK  BIDDLE,  b.  h.  by  Score  Double,  dam  Highland  Mary. 
NICK  DAVIS,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe. 
NICON,  ch.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Jackson. 

NOBLEMAN,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Cetus,  dam  {Imp.)  My  Lady  by  Comus. 
NORFOLK,  br.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Fylde,  dam   Polly  Peachem  by  Joiin 

Richards. 
NORMA,  ch.  m.  by  Longwaist,  dam  {Imp.)  Novelty  by  Blacklock. 
NORTH  STAR,  ch.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  Polly  Hopkins  by  Virginian. 

O. 

OCTAVE,  b.  m.  by  {hnp.)  Emancipation,  dam  Polly  Kennedy. 
OGLENAH,  cli.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Maria  by  Hamiltonian. 
OH  SEE,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Foreigner,  dam  by  Mons.  Tonson. 
OLD  DOMINION,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Isabella  by  Sir  Archy. 
OLD  MISTRESS,  ch.  m.  by  Count  Badger,  dam  Timoura  by  Ti.no 

leon. 
OLEAN,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Truxton. 
OLEANDER,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  Aranelta  by  Bcrlruiid 
OLIVIA  WAKEFIELD,  gr.  m.  by  Patrick  Henry. 
OLYMPUS,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Flirtilla  Junior,  by  Sir  Archy. 
OMEGA,  gr.  m.  by  Timoleon,  dam  Daisy  Cropper  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 
OMOHONDRO,  ch.  h.  by  Robin  Brown,  dam  by  Mason's  Rutller. 
OREGON   b.  h  by  {Imp.)  Philip,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough. 
ORIANA,  br  m.  by  {Imp.)  Longwaist,  dam  {Imp.)  Orleana  by  Bu* 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  ^1 

ORIFLAMME,  ch.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  by  Sir  Hul. 
ORIOLE,  b.  m.  by  {Imp)  Levinthan,  dam  Object  by  Marshal  Ncy. 
ORLEANS,  cli.  h.  by  Cock  of  the  Rock,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
ORSON,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Valentine,  dam  Ethelinda  by  Marshal  Ber 

trand. 
OSTRICH,  ch.  h.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Shakspeare. 
OSCAR,  (Josiah  Chambers's),  ch.  h.  by  Ulysses,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
OSCEOLA,  b.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Oliver  H.  Perry. 

ch.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

— ch.  h.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Sumpter. 

OTHELLO,  ch.  h.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Hickory. 

OUR  MARY,  br.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Langford,  dam  Ostrich  by  Eclipse. 

P. 

PAIXHAN,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Felt,  dam  IVIary  Hutton. 
PALMERSTON,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Merman,  dam  {Imp.)  by  Cadmus. 
Panic,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Agg-y-up  by.  Timoleon. 
PARIS,  bl.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Water-Witch. 
PARTNER,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Doublehead. 
PASSENGER,  {Imp.)  b.  h.  by  Langar,  dam  My  Lady  by  Comus. 

. b.  h.  by  Balie  Peyton,  dam  by  Pamunky. 

PASSAIC,  {Imp.)  ch.  h.  by  Reveller,  dam  Rachel  by  Piloses. 
PATRICK  H.  GALWEY,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dam  Duchess  c/ 

Ashland  by  Shakspeare. 
PATSEY  ANTHONY,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  (Josephus's  dam) 

by  Virg-inian. 
PATSEY  BUFORD,  b.  m.  by  Mazeppa,  dam  by  Prattler. 
PATSEY  CROWDER,  gr.  m.  by  Patrick   Henry,  dam  Hillon  by 

Antelope. 
PATSEY  DAVIS,  ch.  m.  by  Count  Eadg^r,  dam  Timoura  by  Timo- 
leon. 
PATSEY  STUART,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Redgauntlet. 
PEDLAR,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dar.i  by  Pizarro. 
PEGGY  HALE,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Skylark,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
PENELOPE,  {Imp.)  ch.  m.  by  Plenioo,  dam  Brazil  by  Ivanhoe. 
PENSEE,  gr.  m.  by  Lauderdale^  dam  by  Lightning. 
PEORIA,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Whip. 

PETER  PINDAR,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Daghee,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Barefoot. 
PETER  SPYKE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  {hnp.)  Jack  Andrews. 
PETWAY,  b.  h.  hy{Imp.)  G^encoe,  dam  Kitty  Clover  by  Sir  Charles. 

br.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

PETVVORTH,  b.  h.  by  {hup.)  Philip,  dam  (Kinlock's  dam)  by  Shaw- 

nee. 
PEYTON  A,  ch.m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  Giantess  by  {Imp.)  Levia. 

than. 
PHANIOM,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Contract,  dam  by  Potomac. 
PHIL.  BROWN,  {Imp.)  ch.h.  by  Glaucus,  dam  Bustle  by  Whalebone, 
PICKWICK,  b.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
PICOLO,  br.  h.  by  Lord  Byron,  dam  Highland  Mary  "Nick  Biddlc'K 

dam). 
PILOT,  b.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  by  Oscar. 

PLENIPO,  {Imp.)  b.  h.  by  Plenipo,  dam  Polly  HopKins  by  Virgui7»n 
POKEROOT,  gr.  h.  by  William  Tell,  dam  by  Citizen 


82  WINNING   HORSES   SINCE    1839. 

POLLARD  BROWN,  b.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  Hippy  by  Pacolet. 
POLLY  ELLIS,  in.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Rosalind  by  Ogle's  Oscar 
POLLY  GREEN,  br.  m.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  Polly  Peachem  by  John 

Richards. 
POLLY  HUNTER,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Crusader. 
POLLY  MILAM,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Sarpedon,  dam  by  Escape. 
POLLY  PILLOW,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
POLLY  PIPER,  ch.  m.  by  Count  Piper,  dam  by  Consul  or  Sumpter 
PONEY,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
PONOLA,  ch.  h.  by  Hannibal,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
PORTSMOUTH,  br.  h.  by  (hnp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Polly  Peachenj 

by  John  Richards. 
POSTMASTER,  (The)  b.  h.  by  (hnp.)  Consol,  dam  Country  Maid  hy 

Pacific. 
POWELL,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Alexander  or  Virginian. 
PRENTISS,  (S.  S.)  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Washington. 
PRESTON,  br.h.  by  Telegraph,  dam  (Olivia's  dam). 
'  —  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Parrot  by  Roanoke. 

PRIMA  DONNA,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Lady  Rowland  by  Ti 

riff. 
PRINCE  ALBERT,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Margrave,  dam  (Eutaw*s  dam, 

by  Sir  Charles. 
PRINCESS,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Sally  Hope  by  Sir  Archy. 
PRINCESS  ANN,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
PRISCILLA  MARTIN,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Arab. 
PROMISE,  ch.  m.  by  Wagner,  dam  by  Lance. 

PROSPECT,  ch.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  (Imp)  Expedition. 
ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Anvilina  Smith  by 

Stockholder. 
PRYOR,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Queen  of  Clubs  by  Virginian. 
PURITY,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Ainderby,  dam  Betty  Martin  by  Giles 

Scroggins. 
PUSS,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  by  Virginian. 

Q. 

QUEEN  ANNE,  (Imp.)  bl.  m.  by  Cam'^I,  dam  by  Langar. 
QUEEN  ELIZABETH,  br.  m.  by  (Iw^.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Archy 
QUEEN  MARY,  ch.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Brimmer. 
QUININE,  ch.  m.  by  Red  Tom,  d^ra  by  Bertrand. 

R. 

RAGLAND,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 

RALPH,  b.  h.  by  Woodpe^Ker,  dam  Brown  Mary  by  Sampler. 

RANCOPUS,  ch.  m.  by  rlagellator,  dam  Molly  Longlegs. 

RAN  PEYTON,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 

RAPIDES,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Skylark,  dam  Margaret  May  by  Pacific. 

Rasp,  gr.  h.  by  (J7np.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Director. 

REBECCA  KENNER,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Skylark,  dam  Lady  HaistoB 

by  Bertrand. 
REBEL,  ch.  h.  by  Gohanna,  dam  (Ohio's  dam). 
PED  BILL,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Brown  Mary  by  Sumpter. 
RED  BREASl',  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Fanny  Wyutt  by  Sii 

Charles. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  83 

flED  BUCK,  ch  h.  by  \Imp.)  Rowton,  d:im  Lidy  Deerpond. 

RED  EAGLE,  br.  h.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  by  Moses. 

RH^D  FOX,  cli.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborouirb. 

RED  GAUNTLET,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  {Imp:)  Vaga. 

RED  HAWK,  eh.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sampler. 

RED  FIE  AD,  b.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Whipster. 

RED  MOROCCO,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  Brownlock  by  Tiger. 

RED  ROSE,  br.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Bagdad. 

RED  TOM,  ch.  h.  by  Berlrand,  dam  Duchess  of  Marlborough  by  Sif 
Archy. 

REEL,  sfi".  m.  by  (Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  (Imp.)  Gallopade  by  Catton. 

REGENT,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Fantail  by  Sir  Archy. 

REGISTER,  gr.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Maria  Louisa  by  Mons. 
Tonson. 

RELIANCE,  b.  h.  by  (Imp)  Autocrat,  dam  Lady  Culpeper  by  Caroli- 
nian. 

RESCUE,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  Louisa  Lee  by  Medley. 

REVEILLE,  b.  ni.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Sally  Melville  by  Virginian. 

■  b.  or  br.  h.  by  Young  Virginian,  dam  by  Harwood. 

REVERIE,  b.  or  br.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Ainderby,  dam  by  Giles  Scroggins. 

RHYNODINO,  gr.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Hamillonian. 

RICHARD  OF  YORK,  b.  h.  by  Star,  dam  by  Shylock. 

RICHARD  ROWTON,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  by  Falstaff. 

RIENZI,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  Peggy  White  by  (Imp.)  Sy 

phax  (or  Diomed). 

RINGDOVE,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Merman. 

RIPPLE,  b.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  Belle  Anderson  by  Sir  William. 

ROANNA,  ro.  m.  by  Archy  Montorio,  dam  by  Potomac. 

ROBERT  BRUCE,  b.  h.  by  Clinton,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

ROBIN  COBB,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Felt,  dam  Polly  Cobb. 

ROCKER,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Virginian. 

ROCKE  FT,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Leslie,  dam  Miss  Lancess  by  Lance. 

RODERICK  DHU,  gr.  h.  by  Merlin,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Bagdad. 

RODNEY,  br.  h,  by  (Lnp.)  Priam,  dam  Medora. 

ROSABELLA,  b.  m.  by  (hnp.)  Shakspeare,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

ROSA  VERTNER,  b.  m.  by  Sir  Leslie,  dam  Directress  by  Director 

ROSCOE,  b.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Grey  Archy. 

ROTHSCHILD,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Zinganee,  dam  by  Tiger. 

ROVER,  b.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  Sally  Miller  by  Cherokee. 

ROW  rONELLA,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  Sally  Hopkins  by 
Kosciusko. 

RUBY,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  Bay  Maria  by  Eclipse. 

■ ch.  ni.  by  Duke  of  Wellington,  dam  Lively  by  Eclipse 

RUFFIN,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  Duchess  of  Marlborough  by 
Sir  Archy. 

S. 

(SAILOR  BOY,  b.  h.  by  Jim  Cropper,  dam  by  Marshal. 
6ALADIN,  h.  h.  by  John  Richards,  dtun  by  Henry. 
SALKAHATCHIE,  b.  m.  by  Vertumnun,  dam  Sally  Richardson  bj 

Kosciusko. 
SAL.  STRICKLAND,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  bv  Pacolet 


84  WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839. 

SALLY  BAKTON,  ch.  m.  by  Jackson,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
SALLY  BROWN,  b.  m.  by  Jackson,  dim  by  G-illatin. 

SALLY  CARR,  b.  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by 

SALLY  CRESSOP,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dum  by  Arab. 

SALLY  DILLIARD  (or  MILLIARD),  gr.  m.  by  O'Kelly,  dam  bj 

Shawnee, 
SALIiY  HARDIN,  b.  m.  by  Berlrand,  dani  Peggy  Stewart  by  Wiiip 
SALLY  HART,  m.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Clear-the-Kitchen 

by  Shakspeare. 
RAlLLY  McGHEE,  ch.  m.  by  Gascoigne,  dam  Thisbe. 
SALLY  MORGAN,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  Lady  Mor 

gan  by  John  Richards. 
SALLY  SHANNON,  b.  m.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  (Darnley's  dam,) 

by  Sir  Richard. 

SALLY  WARD,  m.  by  John  R,  Grymes,  dam  by 

SAMBO,  ch.  h.  by  Equinox,  dam  by  Aratus. 

SAM  HOUSTON,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Major. 
SANDY  YOUNG,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Natchez  Bell  by  Seagull. 
SANTA  ANNA,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand  Junior,  dam  Daisy  by  Kosciusko. 
SANTEE,  ch.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  Sally  McGhee  by  Timoleon. 
SARAH  BLADEN,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Morgiana  by 

Pacolet. 
SARAH  BURTON,  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
SARAH  CHANCE,  rh.  m.  by  Lafayette,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
SARAH  JACKSON,  JUNIOR,  b.  m.  by  Piamingo,  dam  by  Arab. 
SARAH  MORTON,  b.  m.  by  Sidi  Hamet,  dam  Rowena  by  Sumpter. 
SARAH  WASHINGTON,  b.  m.  by  Garrison's  Zinganee,  dam  bj 

Contention. 
SARTIN,  br.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Julia  Fisher  by  Timo. 

leon. 
SCARLET,  ch.  h.  by  Uncas,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
SENATOR,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Ariadne  by  Gohanna, 
SERENADE,  b.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Cook's  Whip. 
SEVEN-UP,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  by  Arab. 
SHAMROCK,  {Imp.)    ch.  h.  by  St.  Patrick,    dam    Delight   by  R» 

veller. 
SHARATOCK,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Trumpator. 
SHEPHERDESS,  ch.  m.  by  Lance,  dam  Amanda  by  Revenge. 
SIGNAL,  bl.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Margrave,  dam  by  Mons.  Tonson. 
SIMON  BENTON,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Rattler. 
SIMON  GURTY,  ch.  h.  by  Mark  Moore,  dam  by  Tiger. 
SIMON  KENTON,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Rattler. 
SIR  ARISS,  g>.  h.  by  Trumpator,  dam  Ophelia  by  Wild  Medley. 
SIR  ELLIOTT,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Lady  Frolic  by  Sil 

Charles. 
SIR  JOSEPH    BANKS,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir 

Archy. 
SIR  WILLIAM,  b.  h.  by  Sir  William,  dam  by  Rattler. 
SISSY,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  {Imp.)  Gutty  by  Whalebone. 
SISTER  TO  THORNHILL,  cli.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  {Imp.) 

Pickle  b)  Emilius. 
SLEEPER,  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Sarpedon,  dam  Flora  by  Grand  Seigfnor. 


WINNING    HORSES   SINCE    1839.  85 

SLEKPER  (THE),  gr.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Stirpedon,  dam  by  G.       '  s  Mea. 

heng-er. 
SLEEPY  JOHN,  b.  h.  by  John  Dawson,  dam  Sally  Dilliira  by  Vir- 

ginian,  (or  Phenomena).  • 

SMOKE,  ch.  h.  by  (hnp.)  Trustee,  dam  Bianca  by  Medley. 
SNAG,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  bv  Rattler. 
SNOWBIRD,  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  Forsaken  Filly 

by  Jerry. 
SOPHIA  LOVELL,  b.  m.  by  Sir  Lovell,  dam  Eliza  Jenkins  by  «il 

William. 
SORROW,  (Imp.)  ch.  h.  by  Defence,  dam  Tears  by  Woful. 
SPLINT,  ch.  m.  by  Hualpa,  dam  by  Phenomenon. 
STAClvPOLE,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
STAGE-DRIVER,  b.  h.  by  Lance,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
STANHOPE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Helen  Mar  by  Rattler. 
STANLEY,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Aronetta  by  Bertrand. 

■ ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Busiris. 

ECLIPSE,  ch.  h.  by  Busiris,  dam  by  John  Stanley. 

STAR,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Skylark,  dam  Betsey  Epps  by  Timoleon. 
STAR  OF  THE  WEST,  b.  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Whip. 
ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Luzburough,  dam  by  Ber 

trand. 
STEEL,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Fylde,  dam  Dimont  by  Constitution. 
STHRESKLEY,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Paragon. 
S  IRANGER,  b.  h.  by  Lance,  dam  by  Whip. 
STOCKBOROUGH,  ch.  h.   by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Stock- 

holder. 
ST.  CHARLES,  ch.  h  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dam  by  Mercury. 
ST.  CLOUD,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Belshazzar,  dam  by  Old  Partner. 
ST.  LOUIS,  gr.  h.  by  Altorf,  dam  Fleta  by  Jackson's  (o/  Johnson's) 

Medley. 
ST.  PIERRE,  bl.  h.  by  Pamunky,  dam  by  Lafayette. 
SUFFERER,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Meg  Dods  by  Sir  Arch.y. 
SUFFOLK,  b.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  Ostiich  by  Eclipse. 
SUNBEAM,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Alice  Grey  by  Mercury. 

ch.  h,  by  (imp.)  Langford,  dam  Gipsey,  (sister  to  Medoc). 

SUSAN  HILL,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  Susan  Hill  by  Timo- 

leon. 
SUSAN  TYLER,  b.  m.  by  (Tmp.)  Sarpedon. 
SUSAN  VANCE,  ch.  m.  by  Saladin,  dam  by  Sir  William. 
SWALLOW,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Object  by  Marshal  Ney 
SWEET  HOME,  ch.  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
SWISS  BOY,  br.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Swiss,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
SYLPHIDE,  {Imp.)  b.  m.  by  Emilius,  dam  Polly  Hopkins  by  Vir^ 

nian. 
SYMMETRY,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Phenomena  by  Sir  Archj 

T. 

TABITHA,  ch.  m.  bv  Hualpa,  dam  by  Phenomenon. 
TAGLIONI,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
TALLEY,  ch.  h.  by  Talleyrand,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
TATiLULAH,  ch.  m.  by  Hyazim,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
TAMERLANE,  ch.  h.  by  Cowper,  dam  by  Director. 


86  WINNING   HORSES   SINCE    1839. 

TAMMANY,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Camilla  by  Henry. 
Tarantula,  cH.  m.  by  {Iinp.)  Belshazzar,  dam  Mary  Jane  Davii 

by  Stockholder. 
•TARLTON,  b.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Robin  Grey. 
TARQUIN,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Consol,  dam  Jeannie  Deans  by  Powhattaa 
TATTERSALL,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  (Volney's  dam,) 

by  Sir  Archy. 
TAYLOE,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  Pegcry  White. 
TAZEWELL,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Gallatin. 
TEA  RAW  AY,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Jemima  by  Thornton'* 

Rattler. 
TELAMON,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Cherry  Elliott  by  Sumpter. 
TELIE  DOE,  b.  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  Matilda  by  Greytail. 
TELLULA,  ch.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Whip. 
TEMPEST,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Jeanette  by  Sir  Archy. 
TEMPLAR,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Sarpedon,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
TEN  BROECK,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Bertrand. 
I'ENNESSEE,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Felt,  dam  Berenice  by  Archy  Junior. 
TEXANA,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  Goodlee  Washington  by 

Washington. 
TEXAS,  b.  h.  by  {hnp.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Potomac. 
THE  COLONEL,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  {Imp.)  My  Lady  by 

Comus. 
THE  COLONEL'S  DAUGHTER,  b.  m.  by  The  Colonel,  dam  {Imp.) 

Variella  by  Blacklock. 
THE  DUKE,  ch.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Expedition. 
THE  MAJOR,  b.  h.  by  Otliello,  dam  by  Citizen. 
THE  MERCER  COLT,  br.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Mercer,  dam  Miss  Mattie 

by  Sir  Archy. 
THE  PONEY,  ch.  h.  by  (hnp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
THE  POSTMASTER,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Consol,  dam  Country  Maid  by 

Pacific. 
THE  QUEEN,  (Imp.)  ch.  m.  by  Priam,  dam  Delphine  by  Whisker. 
THOMAS  HOSKINS,  b.  h,  by  {Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  Minerva  by  Tom 

Tough. 
THOMAS  R.  ROOTS,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Tranby,  dam  Eliza  Jenkins  by 

Sir  William  of  Transport. 
THORNHILL,  ch.  h.  by  {hnp.)  Glencoe,  dam  (Imp.)  Pickle  by  Emilias. 
TIBERIAS,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Fanny  Wright  by  Silverheels. 
TIPPECANOE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Rattler. 
TISHANNA,  b.  m.  by  Benbovv,  dam  Fidget  by  Eclipse. 
TISHIMINGO,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Maria  Shepherd  bv 

Sir  Archy. 
TOBY,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Eagle. 

TOM  AND  JERRY,  ch.  h.  by  Heart  of  Oak,  dam  by  Lafayette. 
TOM  BENTON,  b.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
TOM  BUCK,  ro.  h.  by  Ump.)  Glencoe,  dam  Lady  Sykes  by  Timoleoi*. 
TOM  CHILTON,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Childers. 
TOM  CORWIN,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  by  Lottery. 
TOM  CRINGLE,  ch.  h.  by  Carolinian. 

TOM  DAY,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Sally  Melville  by  Virginian. 
TOM  MARSHAL,  (Col.  Biugaman's.)  gr.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan,  dan 

Fanny  Jar  man  by  Mercury. 


WINNING    HORSES    SINCE    1839.  87 

TOM  MAPSHAL,  (Col.  BufordsO  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Sumpter. 
TOM  PAINE,   bl.  h.   by  {Imp.)    Margrave,  dam   (Emily  Thomas's 

dam)  by  Tom  Toiiglj. 
TOM  THiJRMAN,  b.  h.  by  (Lnp.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Citizen. 
TOM  WALKER,  ch.  h,  by  Marylander,  dam  by  Rattler. 
TOMMY  WAKEFIELD,  ch.  h.  by  Drone,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
TORCH-LIGHT,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Glencoe,  dam  Wax-light  by  {Imp. 

Leviathan. 
TORNADO,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Polly  Hopkins  by  Virginian. 
TRANBYANNA,  m.  by  {Imp.)  Tranby    dam  Lady  Tompkins  bf 

Eclipse. 
TRANSIT,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Hedgford,  dam  (Molly  Ward's  dam)  by 

Bertrand. 
TREASURER,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Roman,  dam  Dove  by  Duroc. 
TRENTON,  D.  h.  by  Eclipse  Lighifoot.  dam  by  Tuckahoe. 
TROUBADOUR,  bl.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
TRUXTON,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Barefoot,  dam  Princess  by  Defiance. 
TUSKENA,  b.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  Creeping  Kate. 
TYLER,  b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Kate  Kearney  by  Sir  Archy. 

U. 

UNCAS,  ch.  h.  by  Diomed. 

b.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Jordan,  dam  by  Pacific. 

UNITY,  ch.  f.  by  Genito,  dam  Lady  Pest  by  Carolinian. 

V. 
VAGABOND,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Ainderby,  dam  {Imp.)  Vaga. 
VAGRANT,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  {Imp.)  Vaga. 
VANITY,  b.  m.  by  Traveller. 

VAN  TROMP,  h.  by  Van  Tromp,  dam  by  Mucklejohn. 
VASHTI,  b.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Leviathan — Slazy  by  Bullock's  Mucklejohn. 
VELASCO,  b.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  by  Virginian. 

VELOCITY,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Patty  Puff  by  PacoieU 
VERTNER,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Lady  Adams  by  Whipster. 
VETO,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Diomed. 
h,  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Lady  Washington  by  Wash* 

ington. 
VICTOR,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Cetus,  dam  (Imp.)  My  Lady  by  Comus. 
VICTORIA,  gr.  m.  by  Sir  Kirkland,  dam  by  Tippoo  Saib. 

b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

ROWTON,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Rowton,  dam  by  Pheno 

menon. 
VICTRESS,  b.  m.  by  Grey  Eagle,  dam  by  Royal  Charley. 
VIDOCQ,  br.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Stockholder. 
VIOLA,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  Mary  Longfit  by  PacJIc; 
VIRGINIA,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Richd  Tonson. 
\  IRGINIA  ROBINSON,  b.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Becky 

by  Marquis  (or  Marcus). 
VOLTAIRE,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Bertrand. 

W. 
WACOUSTA,  ch.  h.  by  .Terseyman.  dam  Lady  Vixen. 
WADDY  THOMPSON,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp)  Emanoipaiion,  dam  by  Tr» 

ia\gar. 


88  WINNING   HORSES   SINCE    1839. 

WAGNER,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  Maria  West  by  Marioa. 

WALK  IN-THE-WATER,  b.  h.  by  Collier,  dam  by  Bertrand. 

WALTER  L..  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Fylde,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

WANTON  WILL,  b.  h.  by  Brunswick,  dam  by  Prince  Edward. 

WARSAW,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Arab. 

WARWICK,  ch.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan. 

WASHENANGO,  ch.  h.  by  (^Imp.)  Sorrow,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan 

W  A  TKINS,  ro.  h.  by  John  Richards,  dam  by  Whip. 

WAXETTA,  br.  m.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Kennedy's  Diomed. 

W  EBSTER.  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Fairy. 

WELLINGTON,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Sarpedon,  dam  (Volney's  dam)  b> 

Sir  Archy. 
WESLEY  MALONE,^.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Richard. 
WEST  FLORIDA,  b.  m.  by  Bertram,  dam  by  Potomac. 
WEST- WIND,  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  Mambrina 

by  Bertrand. 
WHALEBONE,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Cetus,  dam  by  Gohanna. 
WHISKER,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  by  Walnut. 
WILL-GO,  b.  or  br.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Luzbo rough,  dam  by  Eclipse. 
WILLIAM  R.,  b.  h.  by  Goliah,  dam  by  Sir  Alfred. 
WILD  BURK,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Bluster. 
WILLIS,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Merryfield. 
WILLIS  P.  MANGUM,  b.  h.  by  Shark,  dam  Aggy  Down. 
WILTON  BROWN,  gr.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Ninon  de  I'Enclot 

by  Rattler. 
WINCHESTER,  ch.  h.  by  Clifton,  dam  by  Contention. 
WINFIELD  (or  WINFIELD  SCOTT),  ch.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  bj 

Eclipse. 
WONDER,  b.  h.  by  Tychicus,  dam  Nancy  Marlborough  by  Rob  Roy. 
WOODCOCK,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Emancipation,  dam  by  Shylock. 
WORKMAN,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

Y. 

VAZOO  TRAPPER,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  William. 
VELLOW  ROSE,  ch.  m.  by  Andrew,  dam  Tuberose  by  Arab. 
YORKSHIRE,  b.  h.  by  St.  Nicholas,  dam  Moss  Rose  by  Tramp. 
YOUNG  DOVE,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Trustee,  dam  Dove  by  Duroc. 
YOUNG  FRAXINELLA,  gr.  m.  by  (Imp.)  Autocrat,  dam  by  Virgi- 

nian. 
YOUNG  MEDOC,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc. 

Z. 

ZAMPA,  ch.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Priam,  dam  Celeste  by  Henry. 
ZEBA,  ro.  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Miss  Walton  by  Mendoza, 
ZEMMA  (or  ZAMOUR),  ch.  h.  by  Ulysses,  dam  by  Stockholder 
ZENITH,  b.  h.  by  Ecliuse,  dam  Belle  Anderson  by  Sir  William  of 

Transport 
ZENOBIA,  c^  m.  by  (Imp.)  Roman,  dam  Dove  by  Duroc. 
20E,  ch.  m.  by  (Imp.)   Row  ton,  dam   (Little  Venus's  dam,)  by   Si« 

William. 
40RA?DA,  b  m.  by  Virginias,  dam  by  ComeL 


CELEBRATED  STALLIONS  AND  BROOD 
MARES. 


■WWV  JW> 


A. 

ABD ALLAH,  b.  h.  by  Mf.mbrino,  dam  Amazonia. 

ABJER,  [Imp.]  got  by  Old  Truffle,  dam  Briseis  by  Beningbrough, 
gr.  dam  Lady  Jane  by  Sir  Peter  Teazle  —  Paulina  by  Florizel, 
&c. — foaled  1817,  died  1828. — Alabama.         James  Jackson. 

ADMIRAL,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  got  by  Florizel,  dam  the  Spectator  mare, 
(who  was  also  the  dam  of  Old  imp.  Diomed) — foaled  1779. — 
New  York.  J.  Delancy. 

AFRICAN,  bl.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Valentine,  dam  by  Marshal  Bertrand, 

ALLEN  BROWN,  ch.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Eagle. 

ALL  FOURS,  [Imp.]  got  by  All  Fours,  son  of  Regulus— Blank— 
Bolton  Starling — Miss  Meynell  by  Partner — Greyhound — Cur- 
win's  Bay  Barb,  &c.  imp.  into  Massachusetts  or  Connecticut. 

ALONZO,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

AINDERBY,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Velocipede,  dam  Kate  by  Catton. 

ALTORF,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  Countess  Plater  by  Virgin ia^n. 

AMBASSADOR,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  [Imp.]  Trapes  by 
Tramp. 

AMERICUS,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  Babraham — Creeping  Molly  by  Se 
cond — General  Evans'  Arabian  Cartouch — foaled  1775. 

William  Macklin. 

ANDREW,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  Herod. 

ANDREW  JACKSON,  b.  h.  by  Timoleon,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Whip. 

ANN  PAGE,  m.  by  Maryland  Eclipse,  dam  by  Tuckahoe. 

ARAMINTA,  b.  m.  by  JNIay-Day,  dam  Tripit  by  Mars. 

ARGYLE,  br.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  Thistle  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 

AUTOCRAT,  [Imp.]  gr.  c.  got  by  Grand  Duke,  dam  Olivetta  by  Sli 
Oliver — Scotina  by  Delphi — Scota  by  Eclipse — foaled  1822. — ' 
New  York.  William  Jackson. 

B. 

BABRAHAM,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  got  by  Old  Fearnought  (son  of  Godolphin 
Ar.)  —  Silver  —  imported  into  Virginia  by  William  Evans  of 
Surrey  county,  and  got  by  the  Belsize  Arabian  in  England,  and 
foaled  1759. — Va.  1765.  William  and  George  Evans. 

[//«ji.]  b.  h.  got  by  Wiklair — Babraham — Sloe — Barr 

lett's  Chiiders  —  Counsellor  —  Snake,  &c.  —  foaled  1775. — Va 
1783.  Augustine  Willis 

S9\ 


90  CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND    BROOD    MARES. 

BALTE  PEYTON,  b.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  Pocahontas  by  Eclipse 
BAY  MIDDLETON,  b.  h.  by  [Imp]  Fylde,  dam  by  Potomac. 
BELLE  ANDERSON,  m.  by  William  of  Transport,  dam  Butterfly 
BELSHAZZAR,  limp.]  eh.  by  Blacklock,  dam  Manuella  by  Dicii 

Andrews. 
BERNERS  COMUS,  [Imp.\  h.  h.  by  Comus,  dam  Rotterdam   bj 

Juniper. 
BERTRAND  Junior,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Transport  by  Virgi- 

nius. 
BETSEY  MALONE,  m.  by  Stockholder,  dam  by  Potomac. 
BIANCA,  m.  by  Medley,  dam  Powancey  by  Sir  Alfred. 
BIG  JOHN,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 
BILL  AUSTIN,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
BIRxMINGHAM,  br.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  Black  Sophia  by  Top 

gallant. 
BLACK  ARABIAN,  [Zwijo.]— Presented  by  the  Emperor  of  Morocco 

to  the  United  States'  Government. 
BLACK  PRINCE,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Fylde,  dam  Fantail  by  Sir  Archy. 
[Imp.]  bl.  h.  got  by  Babraham  —  Riot  by  Regulus 

— Blaze — Fox,  &c. — foaled  1760.— New  York.     A.  Ramsay. 
BLOODY  NATHAN,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Valentine,  dam  Daphne  by 

Duroc. 
BOHEMOTH,  Junior,  b.  h.  by  Old  Bohemoth. 
BONNYFACE,  [Imp.]  (also  called  Master  Stephen)  dk.  b.  h.  got  by 

a  son  of  Regulud  out  of  the  Fen  mare,  got  by  Hutton's  Royal 

colt — Blunderbuss,  &c. — foaled  1768. — Va.  French, 

BOSTON,  ch.  h.  by  Timoleon,  dam  (Robin  Brown's  dam)  by  Ball's 

Florizel. 
BRITANNIA,  [Imp.]  m.  by  Muley,  dam  Nancy  by  Dick  Andrews. 
BUFF  COAT,  [Imp.]  dun  h.   got  by  Godolphin   Arabian —Silver 

Locks  by  the  Bald  Galloway — Ancaster  Turk — Leeds  Arabian, 

&c.— foaled  1742.— Va.  1761.  Joseph  Wells. 

BULLE  ROCK,  [Imp.]  got  by  the  Darley  Arabian  — Byerly  Turk, 

out  of  a  natural  Arabian    mare,  &c. — foaled    1718. — Virginia, 

1735-6.  Samuel  Patton. 

BUSIRIS,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Grand  Duchess  by  [Imp.]  Grac- 
chus. 
BUSSORAH  ARABIAN  — Imported  by  Abraham  Ogden,  Esq.,  of 

New  York. 
BUTTERFLY,  m.  by  Suirpter,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Buzzard. 


CADMUS,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Di  Vernon  by  Ball's  Florizel 
CAMDEN,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Sarpedon,  dam  by  Old  Cherokee. 
CAMILLA,  m.  by  [imp.]  Philip,  dam  Roxana  by  Timoleon. 
CANNON,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  got  by  Dungannon — Miss  Spindleshanks  by 

Omar — Starling,  &c. — foaled  1789. — Boston.       Gen.  Lyman. 
CAROLET,  ch.  m.   by   [Inip.]   Leviathan,  dam    Peg  Caruthers   by 

Arab. 
Caroline,  m.  by  Ecllpse,  dam  Miss  Mattie. 


CELEBRATED    STALLIONS   AND    BROOD   MARES.  91 

CARVER,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  Young  Snap  —  Blank. —  Babraham  — 
AiKsaster  Starling  —  Grasshopper,  &c.  —  foaled  1770. —  Norfolk 
county,  Va,  Dr.  Charles  Mayle. 

CETA,  m.  by  [Imp.]  Cetus,  dam  Harriet  Heth  by  Mons.  Tonsoa. 

CETUS,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Whalebone,  dam  Lamea  by  Gohanna. 

CHARLEY  NAILOR,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Tiger. 

CHARLOTTE  PAGE,  m.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Restless. 

CHATEAU  MARGAUX,  [Imp.]  dk.  br.  h.  got  by  Whalebone,  (best 
son  of  Waxy,)  dam  Wasp  by  Gohanna  —  Highflyer  —  Eclipse, 
&e.— foaled  1822.— Va.  1835.  J.  J.  Avery  &  Co. 

CHEROKEE,  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Roxana  by  Hephestion. 

CHESTERFIELD,  b.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Wilkes'  Madison. 

CHIFNEY,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

CHILTON,  b.  h.  by  Seagull,  dam  by  Hazard. 

CINDERELLA,  b.  m.  by  Saladin,  dam  by  Aratus. 

CIPPUS,  bl.  h.  by  Industry,  dam  by  Randolph's  Mark  Antony. 

CIVIL  JOHN,  gr.  h.  by  Tariff,  dam  by  Pakenham. 

CLARET,  [Imp.]  got  by  Chateau  Margaux,  dam  by  Partisan — Silver 
Tail  by  Gohanna — Orville,  &c. — foaled  1830. — N.  Carolina. 

Wyatt  CardweiL 

CLARINET,  ch.  m.  by  Kentucky  Sir  Charles,  dam  Mary  Grindle  by 
Eclipse. 

CLARION,  cb.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 

COCK  OF  THE  ROCK,  b.  h.  by  Duroc,  dam  by  Romp. 

COLORADO,  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

COMMENCEMENT,  m.  by  Arab,  dam  by  Francisco. 

COMMODORE,  b.  h.  by  Mambrino,  dam  by  True  American. 

CORONET,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Catton,  dam  by  Paynator. 

CORTES,  h.  by  Old  Rattler,  dam  by  Jack  Andrews. 

COUNT  BADGER,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Arabella  by  Hickory. 

COUNT  ZALDIVAR,  ch.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  by  Timoleon. 

COUNTESS  BERTRAND,  m.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Nancy  Dawson  by 
Piatt's  Alexander. 

CRIPPLE,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Grecian  Princess  by  Whip. 

CRITIC,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Eclipse  Herod. 

CUSSETA  CHIEF,  ch.  h.  by  Andrew,  dam  Virago  by  Wildair  oi 
Wonder. 

CYMON,  ch.  h.  by  Marion,  dam  Fair  Forester  by  [Imp.]  Chance. 

D. 

DAGHEE,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Muley,  dam  by  Arabian  Sheik. 
DAMASCUS,  h.  by  [Imp.]  Zilcadi,  dam  Dido  by  [Imp.]  Expedition. 
DANCING  MASTER,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  Woodpecker— Madcap  by 

Snap — Miss  Meredith  by  Cade,  &c. — foaled  1788. — S.  Carolina. 
DANIEL  O'CONNELL,  gr.  h.  by  Sir  Henry  Tonsoii,  dam  oy  [Imp] 

Sir  Harry. 
DAVY  CROCKETT,  h.  by  Constitution,  dam  by  Sutton's  Whip 
DEBASH,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  got  by  King  Fergus— Highflyer— Madcap  by 

Snap — Miss  Meredith  by  Cade,  &c. — foaled  17')2.     Imported 

into  Massachusetts.  J.^nee. 

44 


92  CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND    BROOD    MARES. 

DECATUR,  cb    h.  by  Henry,  dam  Ostrich  by  Eclipse. 

DERBY,  [7w/?.]  dr.  b.  h.  got  by  Peter  Lely  out  of  Urganda.  fo/merln 

Lady  Eleanor,  she  by  MWo,  dam  by  Sorcerer  Jut  of  Twins,  &c 

—foaled  1831.  R.  D.  Shepherd. 

DIANA,  m.  by  Mons,  Tonson,  dam  by  Conqueror. 
DIANA,  [/m/).]  m.  by  Catton,  dam  Trulla  by  Sorcerer. 
DIANA,  m.  by  Mercury,  dam  Rarity. 
DONCASTER,  [//n/).]  b.  h.  by  Longwaist,  dam  by  Muley,  grandam 

Lady  Em  by  Stamford. 
DON  QUIXOTE,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  O'Kelly's  Eclipse— Grecian  Prin- 

cess  by  Forester  —  Coalition  colt — Bustard,  &c. —  foaled  1784. 

Imported  into  Va. 
DORMOUSE,  [Imp.]  dk.  b.  h.  got  by  Old  Dormouse,  dam  by  White- 

foot  —  Silverlocks  by  Bald  Galloway,  &c.  —  foaled  1753. — Va. 

1759. 
DOSORIS,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  (Goliah's  dam)  by  Mendoza. 
DRONE,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  King  Herod— Lily  by  Blank— Peggy  by 

Cade — Croft's  Partner — Bloody  Buttocks,  &c. — foaled  1777. — 

Duchess  county,  New  York. 

ch.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  Isabella  by  Sir  Archy. 

DUANE,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  Goodloe  Washington  bj 

Washington. 
DUCHESS,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Coronet,  dam  by  Tariff. 
DUCHESS  OF  YORK,  [Imp.]  ch.  m.  got  by  Catton,  dam  by  Sancno 

—Coriander— Highflyer,  &c.— foaled  1821.— Va. 

R.  D.  Shepherd. 
DUKE  SUMNER,  gr.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Grey  Archy. 
DUNGANNON,  ch.  h.  by  Sumpter,  dam  by  Duke  of  Bedford. 

£. 

ECLIPSE,  (American,)  ch.  h.  by  Duroc,  dam   Miller's  Damsel   by 

[Imp.]  Messenger. 
ECLIPSE  THE  SECOND,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Lady  Nimble  by 

Sir  William. 
ELIZA  ARMSTRONG,  m.  by  Flying  Childers,  dam  Gipsey  by  Flo- 

rizel. 
ELIZA  MILLER,  m.  by  Miller's  Bertrand,  dam  Lucy  Forester  by 

Marshal  Ney. 
ELLEN  GRANVILLE,  b.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Tranby,  dam  by  Contention. 
EMANCIPATION,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Whisker,  dam  by  Ardrossan. 
ENGLISHMAN,  (Imp.  by  Mr.  Walter  Bell  of  Va.,  in  his  dam,)  by 

Eagle  (also  imported) — PotSos — Pegasus — Small  Bones  byJuv 

tice,  &c. — foaled  1812. 
ENTERPRISE,  h.  by  John  Richards,  dam  by  Don  Quixote. 
KUGENIUS,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Chrysolite,  dam  Mixbury  by  Regului 

— Little  Bowes  by  a  brother  to  Mixbury — Hutton's  Barb,  &c.— . 

foaled  1770. 
fcX^LE,  h.  by  [Imp]  Leviathan,  dam  [Imp.]  Refugee  by  Wand^jrei 


CELEBRAThID    STALLIONS    AND   BROOD    MARES.  93 


FAIRFAX  ROANE,  [Imp.]   (alias  Strawberry  Roan)  ro.  h.  got  by 

Adolphus,  dam  by  Smith's  Tartar  (a  son  of  Croft's  Partner)  g. 

dam  by  Midge  (son  of  Snake) — Hip,  &c.  —  foaled  1764— Va, 

— Fairfax. 
FANNY   WRIGHT,  m.  by  Silverheels,  dam  Aurora  by  Governoi 

Wright's  Vingtun. 
FELT,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Langar,  dam  Steam  by  Waxy  Pope. 
FESTIVAL,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Timoleon. 
PIFER,  b.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Music  by  John  Richards. 
FLATTERER,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Muley,  dam  Clari  by  Marmion. 
FLORANTHE,  m.  by  John  Richards,  dam  Fanny  Wright. 
FOP,  [Imp.]  gr.  h.  by  Stumps,  dam  by  Fitz  James. 
FRANCIS  MARION,  ch.  h.  by  Marion,  dam  Malvina  by  S.i  Archy 
FRANK,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  Betsey  Archy  by  Sir  Archy. 

G. 

GANDER,  gr.  h.  by  Wild  Bill,  dam  Grey  Goose  by  Pacolet. 

GANO,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Betsey  Richards  by  Sir  Archy. 

GENERAL  MABRY,  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Galen  by  Pacific. 

GEROW,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Vixen  by  Eclipse. 

GIFT,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  Cadormus,  dam  by  Old  Crab  —  Second 
Starling,  &c. — foaled  17G8. — New  Kent  county,  Va. 

Colonel  Dangerfield. 

GILES  SCROGGINS,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Lady  Bedford  by 
[Imp.]  Bedford. 

GLENCOE,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Sultan,  dam  Trampoline  by  Tramp. 

GLOSTER,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  Alfred. 

GOHANNA,  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Merino  Ewe  by  [/m;).].  Bed  ford. 

GOLD  BOY,  b.  h.  by  Industry,  dam  (Buck  Eye's  dam)  by  Medoc. 

GOLD  WIRE,  [Imp.]  br.  m.  by  Whalebone,  dam  Young  Amazon  by 
Gohanna. 

GOVERNOR  HAMILTON,  gr.  h.  by  Sir  Andrew,  dam  by  Bonaparte. 

GRANBY,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  got  by  Blank— Old  Crab— Cyprus  Ar.— Com- 
moner— Makeless  —  Brimmer,  &c. — foaled  1759.  —  Powhatan 
county,  Va.  Samuel  Watkins. 

GRECIAN  PRINCESS,  m.  by  Virginian,  dam  Calypso  by  Bell-Aii 
— Dare  Devil — Old  Wilda.i  —  Piccadilla  by  Fearnought  —  Go- 
dolphin — Hob  or  Nob,  &c. 

GREY  EAGLE,  gr.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  Ophelia  by  Wild  Med 
ley. 

GREY  MEDOC,  gr.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Grey  Fanny  by  Bertrand. 

GROUSE,  br.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Erie. 

GUM  ELASTIC,  b.  h.  by  Waxy,  dam  by  Read's  Spread  Eagle 

H. 

HALO,  h.  by  Sir  Archy  Montorio,  dam  Semiramis. 
HARD  LUCK,  gr.  h.  by  Randolph's  Roanoke,  darn  Lady  Washing 
ton. 


94  CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND    BROOD    MARES. 

H Al?  WOOD,  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Black  Sophia  by  Topgal 

lant. 
HECTOR,  [Imp.]  bl.  h.  got  by  Lath  — Childers— Basto  — Curwia'a 

Bay  Barb,&c — foaled  1745.  Colonel  Marshall. 

HEDGFORD,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Filho  da  Puta,  dam  Miss  Craigie  by 

Orville. 
(Young)  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  by  [Imp.}  Ea 

gle. 
HERCULES — a  grey  draft  horse,  imported  into  Louisville,  Ky. 
HERO,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  Blank— Godolphin  Ar.  &c.— foaled  1747. 

— Va.  John  S.  Wilson. 

HIAZIM,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Janey  by  [Imp.]  Archduke, 
HIBISCUS,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Sultan,  dam  Duchess  of  York  by  Waxy. 
HICKORY  JOHN,  ch.  h.  by  John  Richards,  dam  Kitty  Hickory  by 

Hickory. 
HIGHLAND  HENRY,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Highland  Mary  by 

Eclipse. 
HORNBLOWER,  br.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Music  by  John 

Richards. 
HUGH  LUPUS,  [Imp.]  b.b.  by  [Imp.]  Priam,  dam  Her  Highnew  by 

Moses. 

I, 

IBARRA,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Hedgford,  dam  by  Virginian. 
IBRAHIM  PACHA,  [Imp.] — a  pure  Bedouin  Arabian — imported  by 
Captain  James  Riley. 

J. 

JACK  OF  DIAMONDS,  [Imp.]  dk.  b.  h.  by  Cullen's  Arabian— Par- 
ley Ar.  —  Byerly  Turk,  &c.  — Va.  1763.  Imported  by  Colonel 
Si-ottswood.  Solomon  Dunn. 

JACK  PENDLETON,  ch.  h.  by  Goliah,  dam  by  Trafalgar. 

JANE  GRAY,  m.  by  Orphan  Boy,  dam  Rosalind  by  Ogle's  Oscar. 

JEROME,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 

JESSICA,  [Imp.]  ch.  m.  by  Velocipede,  dam  by  Sancho. 

JIM  JACKSON,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Conqueror. 

JOB,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Jemima  by  Thornton's  Rattler. 

JOHN  BASCOMBE,  ch.h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Grey  Goose  by  Pacolet 

JOHN  BULL,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Chateau  Margaiix,  dam  by  Woful. 

JOHN  DAWSON,  b.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  by  Grey  Archy. 

JOHN  GASCOIGNE,  h.  by  Randolph's  Gascoigne,  dam  by  Virgi 
nian. 

JOHN  RICHARDS,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  Rattler,  gr.  dam  by 
[Imp."]  Medley. 

JORDAN,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Langar,  dam  Matilda  by  Comus. 

'UNIUS,  [Imp.]  bl.  h.  got  by  Old  Starling  — Old  Crab  — Monkey— 
Curwin's  Bay  Barb— Spot,  &c.— foaled  1754.— Va.  1759. 

JUSTICE,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  got  by  Blank,  dam  Aura  by  Stamford  Turk, 
gi.  dam  by  a  b' other  to  Conqueror — Cliilders,  &c. — Va.  1780. 

George  Gould. 


CELEBRATED    STALLI0N3    AND    BROOD    MARES.  95 

/USTICE,  limp.]  got  by  01.1  Justice  (.-on  of  King  Herod) —Old 
Squirt  mare  —  Mogul  —  Cauailla  by  Bay  Bclton,  &c.  —  foaled 
1782. — S.Carolina.  Major  Butler. 

K 

KANGAROO,  ch,  h.  by  Uncas,  dam  by  Orphan. 

KATE  NICKLEBY,  m.  by  [Imp.]  Trustee,  dam  Lady  Mostyn  by 
Teniers. 

KING  WILLIAM,  [Imp.]  red  sor.  h.  got  by  Florizel,  dam  Millinei 
by  Matchem  — Cassandria  by  Blank,  &c. — foaled  1781. — Ches- 
ter county,  Pa.  Dr.  Norriss. 

[Imp.]  b.  h.  by  King  Herod,   dam   Madcap    by 

Snap  — Miss  Meredith  by  Old  Cade,  &c.— foaled  1777.  —  Con- 
necticut. Skinner. 

KITTY  BRIM,  b.  m.  by  Old  Conqueror,  dam  by  Gallatin  ;  gr.  dam 
by  Highflyer. 

L. 

LADY  CLIFDEN,  m.  by  Sussex,  dam  Betsey  Wilson. 

LADY  CULPEPER,  m.  by  Carolinian,  dam  Flora  by  Ball's  Florizel. 

LADY  MORGAN,  m.  by  John  Richards,  dam  Matchless  by  [Imp.] 
Expedition. 

LADY  MOSTYN,  [Imp.]  m.  by  Teniers,  dam  Invalid  by  Whisker. 

LADY  NIMBLE,  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Transport  by  Kosciusko. 

LADY  SCOTT,  [Imp.]  br.  m.  got  by  Ardrosson,  dam  Dido  by  Vis- 
count— Brilliant  by  Whiskey,  &c.  R.  D.  Shepherd. 

LADY  WHIP,  m.  by  Whip,  dam  by  Alonzo,  gr.  dam  by  [Imp.]  Buz- 
zard. 

LAPAYETTE,  b.  h.  by  Conqueror,  dam  Julia  by  Sir  Arthur. 

LANGFORD,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  got  by  Starch,  out  of  Peri  by  Wanderer, 
her  dam  Thahstris  by  Alexander,  out  of  Rival  by  Sir  Peter — 
Home  by  Drone— Manilla  by  Goldfinder— foaled  1833. 

F.  P.  Corbin. 

LAPLANDER,  ch.  or  br.  h.  by  Flagellator,  dam  Medora. 

LEOPARDESS,  m.  by  MedoJ,  dam  by  Haxall's  Moses. 

LEVIATHAN,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Muley,  dam  by  Windle. 

Junior,  ch,  h.  by  [Imp.]    Leviathan,  dam  by  Young 

Diomed. 

rJLY,  m.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Garland  by  Duroc. 

LIMBER  JOHN,  ch.  h.  by  Kosciusko,  dam  by  Moses. 

LOFTY,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Godolphin  Arabian— Croft's  Partner— Blood> 
Buttocks — Greyhound,  &c. — foaled  1753. — Virginia,  Chesterfield 
county.  Thomas  Goode. 

LOUISA,  ch.  m.  by  [Imp.]  Bluster,  dam  by  Hamiltonian. 

LURCHER,  [Imp.]  gr.  h  by  Grey  Leg,  dam  Harpalyce  byGohanna 

LUZBOROUGH,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Williamson's  Ditto,  dam  by  Dick 
Andrews. 

• Junior,. b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  by  Sump' 

ter. 

LYCURGUS,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Blank— Snip— Lath,  &c foaled  170" 

— Va.  1776  Geo.  H.  Harrisoa 

44  • 


96  CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND    BllOOD    MARES, 

LYNEDOCH,  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Kosetta  Dy  Wilke* 
Wonder. 

M. 

MAGNUM  BOjXUM,  [Imp.]  ro.  h.  by  Matchem— Swift — Regulus- 
Dairy  Maid  by  Bloody  Buttocks,  &c.  —  foaled  1774. —  Hartford, 
Conn.  F.  Kilborne. 

MANALOPAN,  gr.  h.  by  Medley,  dam  by  John  Richards. 

MARIA  DAVIESS,  ch.  m.   by  Sir  Charles,   dam   Mary  Grindle  ly 
Eclipse. 

M  \RIA  VAUGHAN,  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  Mary  Vaughan  by  Pacolet. 

MARION,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Citizen. 

MARGRAVE,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Muley,  dam  by  Election. 

MARK  MOORE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Lalla  Rookh  by  Gabriel  Os- 
car. 

MARMION,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Merman,  dam  by  Crusader. 

MARPLOT,  [Imp.]  by  Highflyer—Omar— Godolphin  Arabian,  «cc. 

MARTHA  BICKERTON,  b.  m.  by  Pamunky,  dam  by  Tariff. 

MARSHAL  NEY,  h.  by  Pacolet,  dam  Virginia  by  Dare  Devil. 

MARY  BIDDLE,  m.  by  [Imp.]  Priam,  dam  Flora  by  Mons.  Tonson. 

MARY  VAUGHAN,  gr.  m.  by  Old  Pacolet,  dam  by  Old  Chanticleer. 

MASTER  ROBERT,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.   by  Star,  dam  a  young  Marske 
mare — foaled  1793. 

MASTER  SOLOMON,  b.  h.  by  Reveller,  dam  by  Lord  Berners. 

MATCHEM,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Matchem— Lady  by  Sw^eepstakes — Pa- 
triot— Old  Crab,  &c. — foaled  1773. — S.  Carolina.  Gibbs. 

MATCHLESS,    [Imp.]    b.  h.  by  Godolphin   Arabian  —  Soreheel — 
Makeless,  &c. — S.  Carolina. 

MATILDA,  gr.  m.  by  Greytail  Florizel,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Jonah. 

MAXIMUS,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Miss  Dance  by  [Imp.]  Eagle. 

MAYZOUBE  —  a  gr.  horse  imported  from  Arabia  by  Captain  James 
Riley. 

MELZARE,  br.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  by  Sir  Richard. 

MENDOZA,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Javelin  —  Paymaster — Pamona  by  King 
Herod. 

MERMAN,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Whalebone,  dam  by  Orville. 

MERRY  PINTLE,  [Imp.]  gr.  h.  by  Old  England,  dam  by  Old  Merry 
Pintle— Skipjack,  &c.— foaled  1752.— Va.  1775.  J.  Strong. 

MERRY  TOM,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Regulus  — Locust  —  a  son  of  Flying 
Childers— Croft's  Old  Partner,  &c.— foaled  1758. 

MERCER,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  Young  Mouse  by  Godolphin. 

MERWICK  BALL,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Regulus — dam  a  Traveller  mar« 
— Hartley's  blind  horse — foaled  1762. 

MINOR,  b.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  by  Topgallant. 

MISS  ANDREWS,  [Imp.]  b.  m.  by  Catton,  dam  by  Dick  Andrews. 

MISS  MATTIE,  m.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Black  Ghost  by  Pantaloon. 

MISS  ROSE,  [Imp.]  b.  m.  by  Tramp,  dam  by  Sancho,  gr.  dam  by  Co- 
riander, &c. — foaled  1826.  R.  D.  Shepherd. 

MISS  VALENTINE,  m.  by  [Imp.]  Valentine,  dam  by  John  Richards. 

M(*N  ARCH,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  t.y  Priam,  dam  Delphine  by  Whisker. 

^ONMOU'i'H,  b.  h.  by  John  Richards,  dam  by  Duroc. 


CELEBRATED    STALLIONS   AND    BROOD   MARES.  97 

f^^ONMOUTH  ECLIPSE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Honesty  by  [Imp.'] 
Expedition. 

MONS.  TONSON,  gr.  h.  by  Pacolel,  dam  Madame  Toiison  by  Top- 
gallant. 

MORDECAI,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Lottery,  dam  by  Welbeck. 

MORVEN,  [Imp.]  ch.  b,  by  Rowton,  dam  Nanine  by  Selira, 

MOSES  MARE  (Chas.  Buford's)  by  Haxall's  Moses,  dam  by  Cook'i 
or  Blackburn's  Whip. 

N. 

NANCY  THATCHER,  m.  by  Medoc,  dam  by  Archy  of  Transport. 
NELL  GVVYNNE,  [Imp.]  m.  by  Tramp,  dam  by  Beningbrough. 
NETTY,  [Imp.]  ch.  m.  by  Velocipede,  dam  Miss  Rose. 
NICHOLAS,  [Imp.]  h.  by  St.  Nicholas,  dam  Miss  Rose. 
NIMROD,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  King  Fergus— O'Kelly's   Eclipse— -Old 

Marske,  &c.— Philadelphia.  1788. 
NON  PLUS,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Catton,  dam  Miss  Garforth  by  Walton — 

Hyacinthus,  &c. — foaled  1824. — S.  Carolina.       R'd.  Singleton. 
NORTH  BRITAIN,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Alcock's  Arabian—Northumber- 

land  Arabian — Hartley's  blin<l  horse. — Philad.  1768.  Crow. 

NOVELTY,  [Imp.]  m.  by  Blacklock,  dam  Washerwoman  by  Walton. 

O. 

O'KELLY,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  by  Oscar. 

OLIVER,  h.  by  May-Day,  dam  Young  Betsey  Richards  by  John  Ri- 
chards. 

ONUS,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Camel,  dam  The  Etching  by  Rubens. 

ORLEANA,  [Imp.]  m.  by  Bustard,  dam  Laureola  by  Orville. 

OROONOKO,  [Imp.']  bl.  h.  by  Old  Crab,  dam  Miss  Slammerkin  by 
Young  True  Blue — Bloody  Shouldered  Arabian,  &c. — foaled  1745 
— S.  Carolina.  J.  Mathews. 

OTHELLO,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 


PACIFIC,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Eliza  by  [Imp.]  Bedford. 
PACOLET,  [Imp.]  h.  by  Sparke,  dam  Queen  Mab — Hampton  Courf 

Childers — Harrison's  Arabian,  &c. — Va.  1791.       Thos.  Goode. 
PACTOLUS,  ch.  h.  by  Pacific,  dam  Mary  Vaughan  by  Pacolet. 
PAMUNKY,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Bellona  by  Sir  Harry. 
PAUL  CLIFFORD,  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Betsey  Richards  by  John  Ri 

chards. 
PETE   WHETSTONE,  b.  h.  by   limp.-]   Leviathan,  dam  by  Stock 

holder. 
PHARAOH,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Moses,  dam  by  Godolphin   Arabian 

Smockface  by  Old  Snail,  &c. — foaled  1753. — S.  Carolina. 
PHILIP,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Filho  da  Puta,  dam  Treasure  by  Camillua 
h.  by  Randolph's  Janus,  dam  (Jack   Pendleton's  dam)   bi 

Trafalgar. 
PICTON,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  Isabella  by  Sir  Archy, 
PLATOFF,  b.  h.  by  Kosciusko,  dam  by  Hephestion. 


98  CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND   BROOD    MARES. 

PONEY,  (The)  ch.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 

PORTLAND,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Recovery,  dam  by  Walton. 

PORTSMOUTH,  br.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Luzborough,  dam  Polly  Peachem 
by  John  Richards. 

POST  BOY,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Garland  by  Duroc. 

POWHATTAN,  b.  h.  by  Arab,  dam  by  Whip. 

PRESTO,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Stockholder. 

PRIAM,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  Cressida  by  Whisker. 

Junior,  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 

PRINCE,  [Imp.]  b.  h.  by  Herod,  dam  Helen  by  Blank— Crab,  Ac- 
foaled  1773.— S.  Carolina. 

PRINCE  FERDINAND,  [Imp.]  by  Herod,  dam  by  Matchem  — gr 
dam  the  Squirt  mare,  &c. 

PRUNELLA,  [Imp.]  m.  by  Comus,  dam  by  Partisan. 

PUZZLE,  [Zmp.]  b.  h.  by  Reveller,  dam  by  Juniper. 

Q. 

QUEEN  OF  THE  WEST,  br.  m.  by  Shark,  out  of  Lady  Mostyn  by 
Teniers,  gr,  dam  Invalid  by  Whisker, 

R. 

RATTLER,  ch,  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  [Imp.]  Robin  Red  Breast. 

RED  BILL,  b.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Brown  Mary  by  Sumpter, 

RED  BUCK,  b.  h,  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Sally  Bell  by  Contro- 

tion. 
RED  TOM,  ch.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Duchess  of  Marlborough  by  Sir 

Archy. 
REINDEER,  ch.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Sportsmistrcss  by  Hickory. 

ch.  h.  by  Sussex,  dam  by  Oscar. 

REPUBLICAN,  [Imp."]  ch.  h.  by  Wentworth's  Ancaster  — Old  Royal 

Changeling — Bethel's  Arabian,  &c. — Va.  1797. 

Charles  Young. 
RICHARD  SINGLETON,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Black-Eyed  Susan 

by  Tiger. 
RIDDLESWORTH,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  Filagree  by  Sooth- 
sayer. 
ROANOKE,  b.  h,  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  Coeur  de  Lion. 
ROBIN  BROWN,  ch.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  (Boston's  dam)  by 

Ball's  Florizel. 
RODOLPH,  b,  h,  by  Archy  of  Transport,  dam  by  Haxall's  Moses. 
RODERICK  DHU,  [Imp.]  by  Sir  Peter  Teazle,  dam  by  Young  Marsk« 

— Matchem — Tarquin,  &c.     Imported  into  New  York. 
ROSALBA,  m.  by  Old  Trafalgar,  dam  Rosalba  by  Spread  Eagle. 
HOSIN  THE  BOW,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dam  Lady  Grey  by  Robin  Grey 
RUBY,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  Eliza  by  Rubens, 
UUSHLIGHT,  ch.  m.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Pigeon  by  Pacolet. 


BALLY  BARBOUR,  m.  by  [//«/;.]  Truffle,  dam  by  Ball's  Florizel. 
BALLY  HYDE,  m.  by  Sumner's  Grey  Archy,  dam  by  Medley. 


CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND    BROOD   MARES.  99 

fSAM  HOUSTON,  ch.  h.  by  Barney  O'Lynn,  dam  Judy  Bakewell  by 

Eagle. 
SANTEE,  b.  h.  by  Rob  Roy,  dam  Betty  by  [7mjD.]  Buzzard. 
SARACEN,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Sally  Slouch  by  Virginian. 
SARPEDON,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Emilius,  dam  Icaria  by  The  Flyer- 
Parma  by  Dick  Andrews,  &c. 
eCIPIO,  b.  h.  by  [Imp.]  Leviathan,  dam  Kitty  Clover  by  Sir  Charles. 
SCOUT,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  St.  Nicholas,  dam  by  Blacklock. 
SEAGULL,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Nancy  Air  by  [Imp.]  Bedford. 
SHADOW,  bl.  h.  by  Eclipse  Lightfoot,  dam  Sally  Slouch  by  Virginian. 
SHADOW,  [Imp.]  h.  h.  got  by  Babraham — Bolton  Slarhng— Cough 

ing  Polly  by  Bartlett's  Childers,  &c.— foaled  1759 Va.  1771. 

T.  Burwell. 
SHAKSPEARE,  [Imp.]  br.  h.  by  Smolensko,  dam  Charming  Molly  by 

Rubens. 
SHARK,  bl.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Lady  Lightfoot  by  Sir  Archy. 
SHAMROCK,  [Imp.]  ch.  h.  St.  Patrick,  dam  Delight  by  Reveller. 
SHEPHERDESS,  [Imp.]  b.  m.  by  Young  Blacklock,  dam  Spermaceti 

by  Sligo  Waxy. 
SHERIFF  PACHA,  b.  h.  Nedji  bred— imported  by  Com.  Elliott. 
SHOCK,  [Imp.]  got  by  Shock — Partner — Makeless — Brimmer,  &c. — 

Va.  Caroline  county.  Jno.  Baylor. 

SIDI  HAMET,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Princess  by  Defiance. 
SIDNEY,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  Virginia  by  Thornton's  Rattler. 
SIR  CHARLES,  ch.  h.  by  Saladin,  dam  by  Cultivator 
SIR  JOSEPH,  br.  h.  by  {imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Sally  Maclin  by 

Sir  Archy. 
SIR  LESLIE,  b,  h.  by  Sir  William,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Buzzard. 
SIR  MEDLEY,  ch.  h.  by  Medley,  dam  by  Sir  Charles. 
SIR  PETER  TEAZLE,  (Imp.)  ro.  h.  got  by  Sir  Peter  Teazle— Mar- 

cury — Cythera  by  King  Herod — Blank,  «fcc. — foaled   1802. — S. 

Carolina.  Gen.  Jno.  McPherson. 

SIR  ROBERT,  (Imp.)   h.  h.  by  Bobadil,  dam  Fidalma  by  Waxy 

Pope. 
SIR  WILLIAM,  h.  by  Sir  William,  dam  by  Tiger. 
SKYLARK,  (Imp.)  br.  h.  by  Waxy  Pope,  dam  Skylark  by  Musician. 
SLOUCH,  (Imp.)  ch.  h.  by  Cade,  dam  the  little  Hartley  mare  by 

Bartlett's  Childers — Flying  Whig  by  Woodstock,  &c. — foaled 

1747.— S.  Carolina. 
SOURKROUT,  (Imp.)  b.  c.  by  Highflyer,   dam   Je«vel   by  Squirrel, 

Sophia  by  Blank,  &c, — foaled  1786. 
SOVEREIGN,   (Imp.)    b.   h.  by  Emilius,  dam    Fleur  de    Lis    by 

Bourbon. 
STARLING,  (Imp.)  by  Young  Starling— Regul us- -Snake,  Parmei 

ifcc— foaled  1756.— Va.  1762.  Carlisle  &  Dalton. 

STANHOPE,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Helen  Mar  by  Rattler. 
STEEL,  b.  h.  by  (Imp.)  Fylde,  dam  Diamond  by  Constitution. 
STOCKHOLDER,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  (Imp.)  Citizen 
ST.  LEGER,  gr  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  (Ariel's  dam,)  by  Financie*. 


100       CELEBRATED   STALLIONS   AND   BROOD   MARES. 

ST.  PAUL,  {Imp.)  sor.  h.  by  Old  Saltram,  dam  Purity  by  Matchem, 
Pratt's  famous  Squirt  mare,  &c. — foaled  1789. — Va.  1804. 

Wm.  Lightfoot, 
STRAWBERRY  ROAN,  (see  Fairfax  Roan). 
SWISS,  {Imp.)  b.  h.  by  Whisker,  dam  by  Shuttle. 
SYMMETRY,  ch.  m.  by  {Imp.)  Ainderby,  dam  Ellen  Douglass  by 
Bertrand. 

T. 

TARGET,  ch.  h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Becky  by  Marquis. 

lARLTON,  b.  h.  by  Woodpecker,  dam  by  Robin  Gray. 

TaRQUIN,  br.  h.  by  Henry,  dam  Ostricli  by  Eclipse. 

— h.  by  {Imp.)  Luzborough,  dam  Hackabout  by  Timoleon. 

— — — ^—  {Imp.)  li.  by  the  Hampton-Court  Chesnut  Ar.  out  of  Fair 
Rosamond  by  Cade — Traveller,  &c. — foaled  1720. 

TELIE  DOE,  m.  by  Pacific,  dam  Matilda  by  Grey-tail  Florizel. 

TENNESSEE  CITIZEN,  ch.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  Patty  Puff  by 
Pacolet. 

THOMAS  H.  BENTON,  br.  h.  by  Waxy,  dam  Virginia  by  Matapone. 

TITRY,  {Imp.)  ch.  m.  by  Langar,  dam  Zephyrina  by  Middlethorpe. 

TOBACCONIST,  b.  h.  by  Gohanna,  dam  Yankee  Maid  by  Ball's 
Florizel. 

TOM  MOORE,  h.  by  Contention,  dam  Pocahontas  by  Virginian. 

TORNADO,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Polly  Hopkins  by  Virginian. 

TRANBY,  {Imp.)  br.  h.  by  Blacklock,  dam  by  Orville— Miss  Grim- 
stone  by  Weazle — Ancaster,  &,c. — foaled  1826. — Va.  1835. 

J.  J.  Avery  &  Co. 

TRIPIT,  br.  m.  by  Mars,  dam  by  Post  Boy. 

TRUFFLE,  {Imp.)  h.  h.  by  Truffle,  dam  Helen  by  Whiskey. 

TRUSTEE,  {Imp.)  ch.  h.  by  Catton,  dam  Emma  by  Whisker. 

V. 

VALPARAISO,  {Imp.)  ch.  h.  by  Velocipede,  dam  Julianna  by  Gc 

hanna. 
VERTNER,  ch.  h.  by  Medoc,  dam  Lady  Adams  by  Whipster 
VERTUMNUS,  b.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Princess  by  Defiance. 
VICEROY,  ch.  h.  by  Eclipse,  dam  Saluda  by  Timoleon. 
VOLCANO,  b.  h.  by  Stockholder,  dam  Forest  Maid  by  Ratray. 
VOLNEY,  b.  h.  by  Mons.  Tonson,  dam  by  Sir  Archy. 
{Imp.)   b.  h.  by  Velocipede,  dam   (Voltaire's  dam,)   by 

Phantom. 

W. 

WACOUSTA,  ch.  n.  by  {Imp.)   Leviathan,  dam  Lady  Lightfoot  by 

Oscar. 
WAGNER,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  Maria  West  by  Marion. 
WASHENANGO,   ch.   h.   by   Timoleon,   dam   Ariadne    by  {Imp.) 

Citizen. 
WHALE,  {Imp.)  by  Whalebone,  (wlio  was  by  Waxy,)  dam  Rectory 

l)y  Octavius — Catharine  by  VVoodpecker. — N.  Carolina. 

Edward  Townes. 
WHALICBONE   b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  by  Pacolet. 


CELEBRATED    STALLIONS    AND    BROOD    MARLK.        101 

iVILD  BILL,  b.  h.  by  Sir  Arcbv.  rlam  Maria  by  Gallatin. 
vVILLIAM  H.  HARRISON,  g,-'.  u.  by  Truinpator,  dam  by  Double 

head. 
WILLIS,  ch.  h.  by  Sir  Charles,  dam  by  {Imp.)  Merryfield. 
WANDER,  ch.  h.  by  Monmouth  Eclipse,  dam  Powancey  by  Allret** 
WOODPECKER,  b.  h.  by  Bertrand,  dara  by  {Imp.)  Buzzard. 

Y. 

ORKSHIRE,  {Imp.)  got  by  St.  Nicholas,  dam  Miss  Rose. 

R.  D.  Shepherd. 
YOUNG  GOHANNA,  h.  by  Gohanna,  dam  by  Pacolet. 
YOUNG  MEDLEY,  h.  by  Potomac,  dam  by  Medley. 
YOUNG  TRAMP,  (imp.)  h.  by  Barefoot,  dam  Isabella  by  Comus. 
YOUNG  WONDER,  h.  by  Cock  of  the  Rock,  dam  Nell  Sanders. 


ZINGANEE,  {Imp.)  b.  h.  by  Tramp,  dam  Folly  by  Young  Drone. 

(Garrison's,)  b.  h.  by  Sir  Archy,  dam  Atalanta  by  (Jmf.'^ 

Chance. 


TB£  EK9. 


